The General Headquarters of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ( better known by its former name , the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) [1] ) ( Military Intelligence ) is the foreign intelligence body of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the central intelligence body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation .
General Directorate General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | |
---|---|
Flag GU (GRU) General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces | |
Large emblem of the GU (GRU) General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces | |
general information | |
A country | |
date of creation | 1992 |
Previous agency | Main Intelligence Agency of the USSR |
Superior Office | General Headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation |
Headquarters | |
Number of employees | classified |
Annual budget | classified |
Chief | vice admiral Igor Kostyukov |
Site | Official page |
On November 2, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking at a gala event on the eve of the Military Intelligence Day, proposed returning the General Intelligence Directorate to the General Staff Directorate General Board [2] .
History
The General Directorate General Directorate was formed in 2010 as a result of the renaming of the General Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which arose after the collapse of the USSR , when on May 7, 1992 an international agreement was signed on the final separation of the remnants of the Armed Forces of the USSR creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
However, back in the 1990s, the Main Intelligence Agency was officially called the General Directorate [3] .
The General Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation inherited all special purpose institutions and formations on the territory of Russia, which were previously part of the structure of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces .
Professional holiday - Day of military intelligence . Celebrated on November 5th .
Submissions and Goals
It is the executive body and body of the military administration of other military organizations (the Russian Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation); in turn, it has executive bodies comprising military authorities, other bodies, and subordinate organizations; It is a state institution, militarized by a formal social non-profit entity providing defense and intelligence services. Headed by the head of State.
The Chief of the Main Directorate submits to the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation , the administration and its structures are engaged in reconnaissance in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, including undercover , space , radio and others.
The employees of the State Administration in their activities are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation , laws of the Russian Federation and other regulatory and legal acts, including judicial decisions of military courts in the system of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation .
The structure, size, and funding of a state institution is classified as state secret information. However, from the tasks formulated before the State Administration, it follows that the main structural units of the State Administration are intelligence departments, in particular, the Operational Intelligence Directorate (in short, the Intelligence Directorate, RU).
The objectives of the intelligence activities of the State University are:
- providing the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation with intelligence information necessary for them to make decisions in political, economic, defense, scientific and technical and environmental areas;
- ensuring conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of defense and security;
- promotion of economic development, scientific and technical progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.
General Administration Structure
Throughout its history, the structure of the State Administration experienced several re-formations. According to the data available in open sources, the structure of the Main Department consists of 13 main departments and 8 auxiliary departments and offices.
Office
- First Office - European Community countries (except UK)
- Second Office - North and South America, UK , Australia , New Zealand
- Third Office - Asian countries
- 4th Office - African countries
- Fifth Directorate - Operational Intelligence Directorate
- Sixth Directorate - Radio Intelligence Directorate (OsNaz)
- Seventh Governance - NATO
- Eighth Office - Special Purpose Office
- Ninth Office - the management of military technology
- Tenth Directorate - War Economy Administration
- Eleventh Directorate - Directorate of Strategic Doctrines and Armaments
- Office Twelve bis - information war
- Space Intelligence Agency
- Personnel management
- Operational and technical management
- Administrative and Technical Management
- External Relations Department
- Archive department
- Information Service
Schools and officer training
Officers for sabotage (SPN) control are trained at the Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School in the following specialties:
- use of special intelligence units
Officers for the sixth department (OsNaz) are trained at the Cherepovets Higher Military Engineering School of Radio Electronics.
The officers of most departments, including agent intelligence, are trained at the Military Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation . Preparation is carried out at four main faculties:
- Faculty of Strategic Intelligence.
- Faculty of intelligence intelligence.
- Faculty of operational-tactical intelligence.
Admission is possible only as an officer, perhaps already with knowledge of one or more foreign languages, as well as in compliance with certain requirements. The Academy operates adjuncture and higher academic courses.
The structure of the Main Department also includes two research institutes located in Moscow , known as the 6th and 18th Central Research Institutes [4]
Sabotage units and connections
History
The forerunners of special forces should be considered Ukrainian watchdog Cossacks . In 1571, Tsar Ivan IV approved the " Boyarsky verdict on the stanitsa and guard service " "on the Field", in which the sentry Cossacks were assigned reconnaissance and sabotage tasks - to detect enemy troops ( Crimean and Nogai Tatars , " thieves " people) and report in the nearest fortresses , to “iam” “tongues”, secretly follow the path of the discovered detachment, eliminate enemy patrols and chiefs. Watchdog Cossacks had excellent health and physical strength, clever mind, quick response, knew how to disguise on any terrain, perfectly mastered hand-to-hand fighting, cold weapons and firearms of their time. At the same time they had to constantly keep themselves in good physical shape. They were governed by their separate “heads” and atamans . For their service, they received much more, as compared with ordinary city Cossacks , money support , and often the rank of children of the boyars of the Ukrainian level (corresponding to the junior officers ) and land allotments . For lost or damaged during service, weapons, equipment, clothing, and even horses, losses were paid to the guard Cossack by the treasury. The selection of the sentry Cossacks was very thorough, mostly "descendants" of service people , Zaporozhye (Cherkas) and Don Cossacks, and Lyakhs ( Poles ) who converted to Orthodoxy "imposed" there. Serfs and serfs in the guard Cossacks did not take.
The first special units in the Russian army were created on May 31, 1916, when the Special Marine Specialized Brigade (OMBON) was formed in Babinichi, near Vitebsk, consisting of the Minny and Artillery Special Purpose Regiments and the Special Purpose Flotilla. They were staffed by naval officers and took part in hostilities on the Western Front until early 1918, after which they were disbanded.
M. Svechnikov , who managed to convey many of his ideas to students of military academies, followers and supporters, could probably be considered a Russian theorist and author of the very ideology and concept of using special forces. The practical implementation and actual testing of ideas was probably begun by I. G. Starinov , he organized the first combat use during the Spanish Civil War. Probably there was a fruitful ideological exchange between M. Svechnikov and I. G. Starinov, while the latter was studying at the Academy.
The organization of the Armed Forces of the working people is the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the USSR .
The Worker-Peasant Red Army is divided into land , sea and air forces .The composition of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army also includes special forces : troops of the United State Political Directorate and Convoy troops .
- Article 2. Section I of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic Law “On Compulsory Military Service”, Approved by the CEC of the USSR, SNK of the USSR, August 13, 1930, No. 42 / 253b
On October 24, 1950 Directive of the Military Minister of the USSR No. ORG / 2/395/832 with the signature “Secret” was signed. It marked the beginning of the creation of special-purpose units (SPN) ( deep intelligence or special-purpose intelligence) for operations in the deepest rear of the enemy. In the autumn of the same year, in all military districts , 46 separate companies of Special Forces with 120 people each (parts) were created. Later, special operations forces were created (for the brigade for each military district or fleet and a brigade of central subordination). If NATO countries begin military operations against the USSR , units of units of special forces will be the first to defend. Intelligence groups were to appear in close proximity to command posts and other strategic facilities of the armed forces. Their task was to conduct reconnaissance and, if necessary, destroy control centers, rocket launchers, strategic aviation aircraft, nuclear submarines, disrupt communications, power supply, disrupt transport communications, sow panic and bring chaos into the military and state administration of the aggressor countries . The subunits of units and formations of SPN GRU played a huge role in the Afghan war , in Tajikistan and in operations on the territory of the Chechen Republic . [1] [5] After the collapse of the USSR, all units of special intelligence deployed on its territory came under the authority of the GRU of the General Staff of Russia.
The division of special intelligence units between the CIS states took place in the same way: brigades and separate special-purpose companies were transferred to the armed forces of the CIS states at the place of deployment .
The exceptions affected only the formations stationed in the Baltic States and Transcaucasia .
The Baltic states abandoned their claims to the formations of the USSR Armed Forces, in connection with which the 4th Separate Special Task Brigade stationed in Estonia was disbanded until October 1, 1992 [6] .
The situation in Transcaucasia is different: in connection with the outbreak of the Karabakh war , the Georgian-Abkhaz war and the South Ossetian conflict , the leadership of the Russian Armed Forces refused to transfer the 12th and 22nd separate brigades and 797th separate company under the jurisdiction of the Transcaucasian states. The 797th company as part of the GRVZ was disbanded at the station in Yerevan . The brigades were withdrawn to the territory of Russia: the 22nd brigade until July 19, 1992 from the outskirts of Baku to the Rostov region , the 12th brigade until September 3, 1992 from Lagodekhi to the Sverdlovsk region [6] .
List of formations referred to subversive control
- 2nd Special Operations Brigade - Western Military District (Pskov)
- The 2nd Special Operations Brigade was formed on the basis of directives of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the Commander of the Leningrad Military District from September 17, 1962 to March 1963.
- The 3rd Separate Guards Special Task Brigade - Central Military District . (Tolyatti)
- Formed in 1966 by the directive of the Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany on the funds of the 26th Separate Special Purpose Battalion in the Werder Garrison with personnel of the 27th Separate Special Forces Battalion of the Northern Group of Forces, the 48th and 166th Separate Reconnaissance Battalions.
- 10th Separate Special Task Brigade - Southern Military District (Molkino Village, Krasnodar Territory)
- It was formed in the North Caucasian Military District ( South Military District ) in May 2003. Not to be confused with the 10th Obrspn , which withdrew when the USSR Armed Forces were divided into the Armed Forces of Ukraine .
- 14th Separate Special Task Brigade - Eastern Military District (Ussuriysk)
- Formed on December 1, 1963. Over 200 officers, sergeants, and soldiers participated in combat operations in Afghanistan as part of special forces. 12 officers, 36 sergeants and soldiers were killed. From January to April 1995, the Special Forces detachment took part in establishing constitutional order in Chechnya .
- The 16th Separate Special Task Brigade is the Western Military District (Tambov).
- Formed on January 1, 1963, the Moscow Military District . In 1972, the brigade performed a government mission to eliminate fires in the Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Gorky regions. For this assignment, she was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
- The 22nd Separate Guards Special Task Brigade - Southern Military District ( Bataysk and Stepnoy, Rostov Region)
- Formed on July 21, 1976 by order of the commander of the troops of the Central Asian Military District in the city of Kapchagai of the Kazakh SSR. In March 1985, the unit was relocated in the city of Lashkargah of the Republic of Afghanistan and took part in the Afghan war. It is the first military unit that received the name of the Guard after World War II. In 1989-1992 the compound was stationed in Azerbaijan . In June 1992, the unit was redeployed to the territory of the Russian Federation and incorporated into the forces of the North Caucasus Military District. From November 1992 to August 1994, the task force of the compound was engaged to maintain the state of emergency and to separate the parties in the Ossetian-Ingush ethnic conflict. From December 1, 1994, the task force of the compound participated in the hostilities in the territory of the Chechen Republic.
- The 24th Separate Special Task Brigade - Central Military District ( Novosibirsk )
- Formed on November 1, 1977 on the basis of the 806th separate special purpose company [7] .
- The 346th Separate Special Task Brigade - Southern Military District (the city of Prokhladny , Kabardino-Balkaria )
Marine intelligence points :
- 42nd Marine Intelligence Point ( Russky Island , Dzhigit Bay, near Vladivostok , Pacific Fleet );
- 420th Marine Intelligence Point ( Zverosovkhoz , near Kola , Northern Fleet );
- 388th Marine Intelligence Point (Sevastopol, Black Sea Fleet . Military unit 43071). Former 431st Marine Intelligence Point ( Tuapse , Black Sea Fleet ), redeployed to Sevastopol of the same fleet;
- The 561st Marine Intelligence Point ( Parusnoe Settlement, near Baltiisk , Kaliningrad Region , Baltic Fleet ).
The number of parts and compounds
According to various sources, the number of special-purpose units and compounds currently stands at 6,000–15,000 people. In addition to special-purpose units and formations, combined-arms formations of about 25 thousand people are subordinate to the GU [8] .
At present, the special forces units, the Special Forces Command of the Main Directorate of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, consist of 8 separate special purpose brigades and several naval reconnaissance points of the Main Directorate of the total number of up to 10 thousand servicemen [9] .
Headquarters
Earlier, the headquarters of the Main Office was located in Moscow in the Khodynskoye Polye area, on Khoroshyovskoye Highway , house number 76, a little deeper in the quarter. The construction of the headquarters, which is a complex of buildings with a total area of about 70 thousand m², inside which there is a situational center, a command center , a sports complex and a swimming pool , was completed in autumn 2006. The new headquarters is located on the street. Grizodubova in Moscow. The cost of construction amounted to 9.5 billion rubles. [10] Literally 100 meters north of the new building there is also an old building, in the book called “Aquarium” . In fact, the building had the nickname Glass .
Operations, methods, objectives of operational work
“The most highly qualified, most educated people worked for us in the GRU”
- Marshal of the Soviet Union Dmitry Yazov [11]
According to Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu , the Russian military intelligence system in 2011–2015, under the command of Colonel-General Igor Sergun , worked efficiently, “timely uncovered new challenges and threats to the security of the Russian Federation.” Military intelligence participated in the planning and implementation of the operation to annex Crimea to Russia in February-March 2014 [12] . In the same years, military intelligence was reorganized, the successful and effective Russian president recognized the activities of the military secret service in searching for and collecting operational information about new and secret weapons and military equipment developed in other states [13] .
From the middle of the summer of 2015, military intelligence together with the staff of the Main Directorate of the General Staff planned the Russian military-air operation in Syria [12] [14] . In November 2015, according to the Financial Times and NATO intelligence, the head of the GU GSH, on behalf of Vladimir Putin, confidentially visited Damascus , where he delivered a message from the Russian president to the Syrian leader Bashar Asad with a proposal to consider retirement in the interests of intra-national consent [15] . The public administration prepared an open report at the International Conference on Afghanistan held in Moscow in the fall of 2015, where the objectives and recruiting activity of the Islamic State in the Central Asian region were analyzed [16] .
One of the main functions of the Main Department is to provide data of space, radio electronic and undercover intelligence to the top leadership of Russia [17] .
The head office uses high-tech cyber-methods of data collection to search for secret information. In January 2016, the German magazine Spiegel , citing sources in German intelligence, claimed that the hacker attack on the Bundestag at the beginning of 2015 was connected with Russian military intelligence. Similar hacker actions took place in other NATO countries. Investigations in Germany showed that the hacker attack was organized by the computer hacker groups Sofacy and APT28 - according to the German special services, they are funded from the Russian budget [18] .
The agency Bloomberg pointed out that Russian intelligence officers use such a disguise in cyberspace that even the US National Security Agency is unable to reveal. The competence of Russian specialists is so high that their presence can be revealed only if they themselves want it, said Fidelis Cybersecurity Vice President Mike Buratovsky. The hacker group APT28 was mentioned by the press in April 2015 in connection with an attempt to obtain information about the negotiations between the United States and its allies regarding sanctions against Russia. In May of the same year, APT28 was suspected of organizing cyber attacks on Western banks. On the account of the APT28 grouping - penetration into the computer networks of the White House and the State Department [19] .
British and American sources in January 2016 published the main current goals of the intelligence structures of Russia (GU and SVR ). They included, among other things, secret funding by Russian intelligence officers of European parties and funds with a view to “undermining the political integrity” of the European Union , introducing disagreements between EU members on the issue of sanctions against Russia , the negative impact on NATO’s Euro-Atlantic solidarity , blocking the deployment of anti - missile systems US defense in Europe and creating conditions for Russia's energy monopoly. Among the ultra-right parties in Europe who fell under suspicion of co-operation and funding through Russian intelligence channels, according to The Telegraph , are the Hungarian nationalist party Jobbik , the Italian League of the North , the Greek Golden Dawn , the French National Front [ 20] .
In May 2016, a British expert on Russian intelligence services, Mark Galeotti, analyzed the activities of the Russian foreign intelligence agencies, including state agencies, in the West in 2014–2016. The general conclusion of the Galeotti analysis is that the top leadership of Russia, due to hierarchical bureaucratic obstacles and preferred comfort expectations, is not reached by valuable information and analytical calculations collected by Russian military intelligence officers in Western countries. Galeotti associates the Kremlin’s erroneous forecast with regard to these trends in terms of the consolidated position of the West and the duration of EU anti-Russian sanctions in connection with the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation , the possibility of further retaining Ukraine in the sphere of Russian influence and other pressing problems of international politics [21] .
A number of media outlets considered Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, one of the leaders of the " Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ", to be liquidated on February 13, 2004 in Doha ( Qatar ) by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria [22] [23] [24] . On February 26, 2004, the Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Igor Ivanov, acknowledged the fact that the “bombers” arrested and then convicted in Qatar of “demolitions” to the Russian special services were recognized in a special statement addressed to the authorities of the emirate. In the same year, intelligence officers were released from a Qatari prison by diplomatic efforts and returned to their homeland [25] .
With the beginning of the Russian military operation in Syria in September 2015 , officers of the Main Directorate ensure the successful work of the aerospace forces during this operation [26] . Russian President Vladimir Putin especially noted the enormous role of military intelligence in the "destruction of the ringleaders of bandits, the bases and infrastructure of the militants" and in the "point-and-ball strikes of our air force and fleet" [27] .
As of 2017, not a single Russian military intelligence officer (as well as SVR intelligence officers, with the exception of a number of agents - citizens of foreign states) is not under arrest or imprisoned abroad - all of them are rescued, exchanged or bought out, as reported in an interview TV channel Russia 24 is a writer and historian of the special services, laureate of the Prize of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation Nikolay Dolgopolov [28] .
In November 2017, it became known about the conviction in Poland to 7 years in prison of a Russian citizen Stanislav Shipovsky, who worked for military intelligence for a number of years [29] .
In 2017, 750 military intelligence officers were awarded the titles Hero of the Soviet Union and the Hero of Russia , thousands were awarded orders and medals [26] .
In 2018, in the United States , official charges were filed against a number of UG employees in connection with obtaining information from the electoral headquarters of the US Democratic Party by hacker methods and attempting to influence the presidential election of 2016 [30] , as well as in obtaining information from computers by hacker methods anti-doping agencies and the Court of Sports Arbitration in connection with the accusations of Russian athletes in the mass use of doping [31] .
Власти Великобритании утверждают, что отравление бывшего сотрудника российской военной разведки Сергея Скрипаля в марте 2018 года , в результате которого погибла британка Дон Старджесс , осуществили сотрудники ГУ, действовавшие под именами Александр Петров и Руслан Боширов [32] [33] . Ряд СМИ, Минфин США и Совет ЕС по иностранным делам отождествляют Боширова и Петрова с разведчиками ГРУ, героями России Анатолием Чепигой и Александром Мишкиным [34] [35] [36] [37] .
«Совинформспутник»
ЗАО «Совинформспутник», дата основания — 1991 год . Численность 107 человек. Совинформспутник — организация Главного управления ГШ, в чьи задачи входит продажа несекретных снимков, сделанных спутниками ГУ. Получила известность в апреле 2000 года, когда американские журналисты обнаружили среди распространяемых Совинформспутником снимков фотографии сверхсекретной военной базы США , также известной под именем « Зоны 51 ».
Gallery
Малая эмблема ГРУ
(с 1997 года)Средняя эмблема ( нагрудный знак военнослужащих )
Большая эмблема (нагрудный знак офицеров)
Нарукавный знак ГРУ
- (до 2010 года)
Большая эмблема Новосибирского филиала ОВА ВС России ( НВВКУ )
Руководители Главного управления
- генерал-полковник Тимохин Евгений Леонидович (ноябрь 1991 — август 1992)
- генерал-полковник Ладыгин Фёдор Иванович (август 1992 — май 1997)
- генерал армии Корабельников Валентин Владимирович (май 1997 — апрель 2009)
- генерал-полковник Шляхтуров Александр Васильевич (14 апреля 2009 — 26 декабря 2011)
- генерал-полковник Сергун Игорь Дмитриевич (26 декабря 2011 — 3 января 2016)
- генерал-полковник Коробов Игорь Валентинович (январь 2016 — 21 ноября 2018) [38] .
- вице-адмирал Костюков Игорь Олегович (декабрь 2018 — настоящее время)
Заместители начальника
Действующие
- Первые заместители
- Алексеев Владимир Степанович, генерал-лейтенант (2011 — настоящее время) [39] .
- Заместители
- Кондрашов, Вячеслав Викторович, генерал-лейтенант (2011 — настоящее время)
- Гизунов Сергей Александрович (2015 — настоящее время)
- Лелин Игорь Викторович, генерал-лейтенант (2014 — настоящее время) [40] .
Начальник Военной академии Минобороны России и командующий Силами специальных операций так же являются заместителями начальника Главного управления Генштаба Вооружённых сил Российской Федерации.
Бывшие
- генерал-полковник Гусев Юрий Александрович — первый заместитель с января 1986 года до гибели в автокатастрофе в 1992 году
- генерал-лейтенант Алексей Геннадьевич Дюмин (2014—2015), командующий Силами специальных операций
- Костюков Игорь Олегович , первый заместитель по декабрь 2018 года, вице-адмирал [39] .
- генерал-майор Иванов Юрий Евгеньевич (2006—2010)
- генерал-полковник Измайлов Владимир Макарович — первый заместитель
- генерал-лейтенант Коробов Игорь Валентинович (2016—2018)
- генерал-полковник Костечко Николай Николаевич (?—2009) — первый заместитель
- генерал-майор авиации Соколин Валерий Владимирович
- генерал-лейтенант Шляхтуров Александр Васильевич (?—2009) — первый заместитель
See also
- Главное разведывательное управление (СССР)
- Специальный факультет Военной академии РККА имени М. В. Фрунзе
- Аквариум (книга)
- Богомолов, Владимир Осипович
- Видовая разведка
- День военного разведчика
- День подразделений специального назначения
- Персона
- Нелегальная разведка
- Первое главное управление КГБ СССР
- Разведывательный спутник
- Служба внешней разведки Российской Федерации
- Стратегическая разведка
- СОУД
- Тайная канцелярия
- Элитные войска
Notes
- ↑ Умер начальник ГРУ Игорь Коробов | RIA News
- ↑ Путин предложил вернуть военной разведке название ГРУ . Интерфакс (2 ноября 2018). Дата обращения 31 января 2019.
- ↑ Красная звезда. — 1997. — Генерал-майор В. Шипилов (некролог)
- ↑ см. Структура ГРУ Архивная копия от 20 июня 2015 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ РГ
- ↑ 1 2 Спецназ ГРУ. Том 4. Безвременье. 1989-1999 гг.. — М. : НПИД «Русская панорама», 2010. — С. 34-35. — 400 с. — ISBN 978-5-93165-167-5 .
- ↑ Сергей Козлов. Спецназ ГРУ: Очерки истории. // Том 2. История создания: от рот к бригадам. 1950-1979 гг.. — Москва: Русская панорама, 2009. — P. 133, 178. — 424 p. — 3 000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-93165-135-4 .
- ↑ Чуприн К. В. Вооружённые силы стран СНГ и Балтии: справочник / Под общ. ed. А. Е. Тараса . - Mn. : Современная школа, 2009. — С. 25. — 832 с. — ISBN 978-985-513-617-1 .
- ↑ Аргументы недели. Спецназ сольют воедино. Министерство обороны предлагает создать универсального солдата
- ↑ «Дом разведчика». «Ведомости», № 211 (1738), 9 ноября 2006
- ↑ Дмитрий ЯЗОВ: «Войны ведутся народами»
- ↑ 1 2 Синергиев, Иван . Начальнику ГРУ хотели изменить место смерти с Подмосковья на Ливан , Коммерсантъ (8 января 2016). Дата обращения 8 января 2016.
- ↑ Сирия добавила России героев , Коммерсантъ (4 мая 2016). Дата обращения 4 мая 2016.
- ↑ Баранец, Виктор . Игорь Сергун. Жизнь под грифом «Секретно» , Комсомольская правда (4 января 2016). Дата обращения 8 января 2016.
- ↑ Владимир Путин просил Башара Асада уйти , Инопресса (22 января 2016). Дата обращения 22 января 2016.
- ↑ Бойко А. Офицеры России прощаются с главным военным разведчиком Игорем Сергуном // Комсомольская правда. — 04.01.2016.
- ↑ Разведка среди своих. Кто может заменить Игоря Сергуна на посту начальника ГРУ , Коммерсантъ (13 января 2016). Дата обращения 2 февраля 2016.
- ↑ Спецслужбы ФРГ заподозрили ГРУ в организации хакерской атаки на бундестаг , Росбизнесконсалтинг (30 января 2016). Дата обращения 30 января 2016.
- ↑ Bloomberg рассказал о «втором фронте» конфликта России и НАТО , Росбизнесконсалтинг (14 октября 2015). Дата обращения 30 января 2016.
- ↑ Американская разведка ищет российских агентов, влияющих на ЕС , Lenta.ru (16 января 2016). Дата обращения 30 января 2016.
- ↑ «Власти России игнорируют данные своей внешней разведки» , Gazeta.ru (16 мая 2016). The appeal date is May 16, 2016.
- ↑ Ликвидация Зелимхана Яндарбиева // Известия , 30 декабря 2004
- ↑ Независимое военное обозрение, 16 апреля 2004 года. Приказ: «Ликвидировать!»
- ↑ Алексей Малашенко «Фактор ислама в российской внешней политике.» / «Россия в глобальной политике». Фонд исследований мировой политики
- ↑ Игорь Иванов потребовал от властей Катара незамедлительно освободить трех сотрудников российских спецслужб - МИД РФ , РИА «Новости» (26 февраля 2004). Дата обращения 23 марта 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 Министр обороны России поздравил сотрудников и ветеранов Главного управления Генерального штаба с профессиональным праздником — Днём военного разведчика , Минобороны России (2 ноября 2017). Дата обращения 2 ноября 2017.
- ↑ Торжественное мероприятие по случаю 100-летия ГРУ / kremlin.ru
- ↑ Долгополов: Кто на самом деле передал СССР чертежи атомной бомбы. Беседа с Эвелиной Закамской , Россия 24 (14 апреля 2017). The appeal date is April 16, 2017.
- ↑ В Польше суд ужесточил наказание осужденному за шпионаж россиянину , Росбизнесконсалтинг (28 ноября 2017). Дата обращения 28 ноября 2017.
- ↑ Козачек, он же Kazak, он же blablabla1234565 12 сотрудников ГРУ обвинили во вмешательстве в американские выборы. Кто они и что сделали (по версии США) , Meduza (13 июля 2018). The date of appeal is November 17, 2017.
- ↑ Минюст США предъявил обвинения семерым сотрудникам ГРУ , Meduza (13 июля 2018). The date of appeal is November 17, 2017.
- ↑ В отравлении Скрипалей обвинили двух офицеров ГРУ. Британская полиция рассказала, как они действовали . Meduza (5 сентября 2018). Дата обращения 5 сентября 2018.
- ↑ THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2019/84 of 21 January 2019 implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1542 concerning restrictive measures against the proliferation and use of chemical weapons . Official Journal of the European Union (21.01.2019).
- ↑ В США заявили о внесении в санкционный список 15 сотрудников ГРУ . Газета.ru (19 декабря 2018). Дата обращения 19 декабря 2018.
- ↑ США ввели санкции против агентства ФАН, Мишкина и Чепиги . RBC. Дата обращения 19 декабря 2018.
- ↑ Notice of Intended Removals; Ukraine-/Russia-related Designations; Cyber-related Designations . www.treasury.gov. Дата обращения 19 декабря 2018.
- ↑ ЕС ввел санкции против ГРУ за применение химоружия в Солсбери (англ.) (21 января 2019). Дата обращения 21 января 2019.
- ↑ Коробов Игорь Валентинович : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации
- ↑ 1 2 Issuance of Amended Executive Order 13694; Cyber-Related Sanctions Designations
- ↑ Ъ-Газета — Разведка среди своих
Literature
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Links
- http://militaryrazvedka.wordpress.com/
- Information about the establishment of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
- Gru - is that all? Who are taken as spies? And why are they so often revealed? Daniil Turovsky answers the main questions about Russian intelligence , Meduza (October 15, 2018). The date of appeal is November 17, 2017.
- Training units of the GRU GS
- GRU structure, history, documents
- Evgeny Rozhkov . "New GRU: Modern complex for Russian intelligence" // News of the Week. 12.11.2006
- Intelligence History Articles
- Kolpakidi A.I., Prokhorov D.P. Empire of the GRU. Essays on the history of Russian military intelligence
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- Sergey Serov . “The GRU returns: The General Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia is 100 years old” // Stoletie.RU. 11.05.2018