Karelian labor commune

Background

In July 1918, the Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted. It entrenched the possibility of creating autonomy within the RSFSR. Article 11 said that “... autonomous regional unions are part of the federation in the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. ” In practice, this norm was implemented at the end of 1918 by the formation of the Volga German Labor Commune , in March 1919 - by the formation of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic ^[4] . Autonomous regions and labor communes, thus, like the autonomous republics, were a kind of autonomous regional union.

In the fall of 1919, one of the prominent figures in the Finnish Communist Party, Edward Gülling , who left for Sweden after the defeat of the "Reds" in the civil war , sent to Lenin the proposal he had prepared for the Karelian commune to Moscow. The essence of the “Proposal” was to solve three problems through the formation of the Karelian commune in the space from the Svir River to the Arctic Ocean: to satisfy the national interests of the Karelian population , deprive Finland of the grounds to lay claim to Eastern Karelia and create a bridgehead for preparing the revolution in Finland and the Scandinavian countries . In accordance with these “Proposals”, the Karelian commune was to become a kind of socialist alternative to the bourgeois Finnish state. ^[five]

In 1920, hostilities continued in Karelia. On April 12, 1920, formal peace talks between Finland and Soviet Russia began at Rajajoki Station. At the talks, the Soviet government refused to recognize the provisional Karelian (Ukhta) government , leaning towards the decision to create autonomy of Karelia as part of Russia with the possible participation of Finnish emigrant communists who left their country as a result of the defeat in the civil war in 1918 . On April 24, negotiations were interrupted due to disagreements on the demarcation line and the future fate of the Red Finnish detachments. ^[6]

In the spring of 1920, the question of the national state structure of Karelia was repeatedly considered by the leadership of the RSFSR. In late March - early April, the head of the Soviet Government V.I. Lenin spoke about this with the delegates of the IX Congress of the RCP (B.) From the Olonets Provincial Party Organization.

At the invitation of V.I. Lenin, Gylling arrived in Moscow and in the middle of May 1920, the Lenin had a conversation in the Kremlin with Gylling and another Finnish emigrant communist, a former member of the Finnish revolutionary government Yu. E. Sirol " on the creation of the Karelian Autonomous Republic " . Gulling proposed to provide the economic and generally relatively broad autonomy of Karelia.

On May 18, 1920, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) Approved the creation of the Karelian Commune by its decision, instructing the representatives of the People's Commissariats of Internal and Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR MF Vladimirsky and L. M. Karakhan to prepare a draft resolution of the All - Russian Central Executive Committee on the formation of the Karelian Labor Commune. On June 1, 1920, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.), With the participation of V.I. Lenin, reviewed and approved the draft resolution on the establishment of the CPC and proposed to submit it for approval by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

On June 8, 1920, a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee created the Karelian labor commune from the areas populated by Karelians of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces ^[7] .

Creation (1920)

On the basis of the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 8, 1920, the Karelian Revolutionary Committee was established as the temporary supreme organ of state power of the CPC. The committee included E. A. Gylling (chairman), V. M. Kudzhiev and Ya. T. Myaki .

On July 1-3, the first All-Karelian Congress of representatives of working Karelians was held in Petrozavodsk . 142 delegates from 24 Karelian volosts of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces took part in the congress. The congress approved the formation of the CPC as part of the RSFSR. The Congress additionally elected representatives of the Karelians to the Karelian Revolutionary Committee - I. Nikitin (from the Olonets Uyezd), V. Guriev (from the Povenets Uyezd), F. E. Pottoev . Later, Danilov I.A. and Bogdanov G.Kh. joined the Revolutionary Committee. At the same time, the first provincial congress of the RKSM was held there , uniting all the Komsomol organizations of the Olonets province.

At a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on August 3, 1920, under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin, the issue of the territorial structure and borders of the Karelian labor commune was considered.

The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of August 4, 1920 established that the Karelian labor commune includes:

• from Olonets province:
  • the city of Olonets , Tulomozerskaya , Vedlozerskaya , Vidlitskaya , Kotkozerskaya , Rypushkalskaya , Nekkulskaya , Knyazhegubskaya volosts of the Olonets uezd (including the Kashkan rural society of the Vazha volost );
  • Petrozavodsk , Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya , Konchezerskaya, Syamozerskaya , Shuyskaya , Yalgubskaya, Svyatozerskaya , Derevyanskaya, Suna, Kondopoga , Tivdiya volosts of Petrozavodsk district ;
  • Epiphany , Myanduselgskaya , Porosozerskaya , Rebolskaya , Rugozersky volosts of the Povenetsky district , (including the Käppeselga society and the village of Unitsa of the Shung volost );
• from the Arkhangelsk province - the town of Kem , Kandalaksha, Kovd, Keret, Olang, Kesteng, Vychetaybol, Tikhtozers, Voknavolotskaya, Ukhtinsky, Pogosskaya, Pongomskaya, Poduzhemskaya, Kondokskaya, Yushkozerskaya, Tungeretskaya, Shuzhetskaya, Kemtskaya, Sholetskaya, Kuznetsky, Shuzhetskaya, Kuznetsk . ^[eight]

The total area of ​​the CPC was 115186 km², the population was 147.3 thousand people (60% - Karelians, 37% - Russians).

At the same time, the Olonets province continued to exist, which included: Vazhinsky volost of the Olonets district; Tipinitskaya, Sennogubskaya, Kuzaranda, Ladvinskaya , Ostrichinskaya , Velikogubskaya , Kizhi, Sheltozerskaya and Tolvuisky volosts of Petrozavodsk district ; The Shung , Roman , Danilov , Petrovsky-Yamsky volosts of the Povenetsky district , and also Pudozhsky , Vytegorsky and Lodeynopolsky districts completely. ^[eight]

In fact, two provinces were formed on the site of the Olonets province: Olonetsk and KTK. When discussing the issue of the party center, it was decided not to separate the party organizations, but to maintain the existing unified structure.

On the basis of the decision of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) On September 15, 1920, the provisional Karelian-Olonets joint provincial committee of the RCP (B.) Was formed, and the Olonets Gubkom ceased operations. The Karelian-Olonets party organization included seven district party organizations: Vytegorsk, Kem, Lodeinopol, Olonetsk, Petrozavodsk, Povenetsk and Pudozh. ^[9]

At a meeting of secretaries of trade unions of the Olonets province on September 16-17, 1920, the separation of trade union bodies was deemed inappropriate. The Olonets Provincial Council was renamed the Karelian-Olonets Regional Council of Trade Unions. ^[ten]

In October, the publication of the Finnish-language newspaper Karjalan kommuuni (Karelian Commune) began.

On October 14, 1920, Soviet Russia and Finland entered into a truce . After Soviet Russia agreed to sign the second annex to the Derpt (Tartu) treaty , which guaranteed the region the right to self-government and amnesty to residents, the white finns departed from two border regions of Karelia ( Rebola and Porosozero ). After the invaders retreated and the Civil War died out, the Soviet government took measures to restore the state border. Rebolskaya and Porosozersky volosts joined the CPC.

Beginning

From February 11 to 19, 1921, the 1st All-Karelian Congress of Soviets took place - the first constitutional supreme body of state power of the Karelian labor commune. The congress was attended by 144 delegates. At the congress, a regulation was adopted on the supreme body of state power of the Karelian labor commune - the Karelian Regional Executive Committee (Karoblispolkom). The congress elected the first composition of the Karoblispolkom of 25 people, Edward Gylling was elected chairman.

On April 26, 1921, the Economic Council of the Karelian Labor Commune (KAREKOSO) was formed to directly supervise the national economy of the Karelian Labor Commune (chairman Alexander Vasilievich Shotman ).

In 1921, the village of Rayaselka was attached to Finland from the Karelian labor commune ^[11] .

In the fall of 1921, in those areas of the commune where the population was suffering from hunger, an uprising broke out against local representatives of Soviet power .

On September 18, 1922, a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was issued, according to which the Olonets province was abolished, and the Pudozh and Povetsky districts became part of the Karelian labor commune.

By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars No. 51 of July 25, 1923, the Karelian Labor Commune was transformed into the Autonomous Karelian Soviet Socialist Republic .

Key Events

The main events in the history of the Karelian labor commune: ^[12]

• 6/6/1920 - By resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Karelian Labor Commune was formed as part of the RSFSR.
• 1-3-7.1920 - The first provincial congress of the RKSM was held, uniting all the Komsomol organizations of Karelia.
• 1-3-7.1920 - The first All-Karelian Congress of representatives of working Karelians in Petrozavodsk was held.
• 24-29.7.1920 - The first Spartakiad of Karelia took place in Petrozavodsk.
• 2-4.8.1920 - The first conference on the eradication of illiteracy was held.
• 1.9.1920 - In Petrozavodsk, permanent three-year teaching courses were opened (later the Petrozavodsk school teacher training school).
• 5.10.1920 - The first issue of the Finnish-language newspaper Karjalan kommuuni (Karelian Commune) was published.
• 11-19.2.1921 - The 1st All-Karelia Congress of Soviets was held. At the congress, a provision was adopted on the supreme authority of the Karelian labor commune - the Karispolkom. E. A. Gülling was elected Chairman.
• 04/26/1921 - The Economic Council of the Karelian Labor Commune (KAREKOSO) was formed to manage the national economy of the Karelian Labor Commune.
• 04/26/1921 - The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, chaired by V.I. Lenin, adopted the Decree on the main directions of development of the national economy of the Karelian Labor Commune.
• October 1921 - Beginning of the Belofin intervention in the territory of Karelia.
• 12/18/1921 - The Karelian-Murmansk Military Revolutionary Committee was formed - the highest authority in the territory of Karelia, the Murmansk province and front-line sections of the Arkhangelsk and Olonets provinces. E. Rev. Gylling was appointed Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee.
• 1.1.1922 - Formation of the Karelian Council of Trade Unions.
• 1.1.1922 - The newspaper "Karelian commune", an organ of the Karelian regional committee of the CPSU (b) and the regional executive committee, began to be published.
• 9.1. — 1.2.1922 - A ski trip to the rear of Belofin interventionists in the Kimasozero region of a detachment of skiers-cadets of an international military school under the command of Toivo Antikainen took place .
• 01.20.1922 - The defeat of the White Finns in Kimasozero.
• 02.22.1922 - The 1st All-Karelian Land Congress in Petrozavodsk opened.
• February 1922 - Completion of the Red Army operation to eliminate the Belofin intervention in the territory of Karelia.
• 03.15.1922 - The I Karelian Regional Party Conference has opened.
• 03.16.1922 - The Petrozavodsk branch of the state bank was opened.
• 26.3. — 30.3.1922 - The First Karelian Regional Congress of Trade Unions was held.
• March 1922 - The first issue of the journal "Red Karelia" (an organ of the Karelian regional party committee) was released.
• 2.5.1922 - In the Loukhsky district, the Chupinsky mining operations of quartz and feldspar deposits were put into operation.
• 7.6.1922 - The first graduation of the Petrozavodsk Pedagogical College took place.
• July 1922 - The grand opening of the monument to the heroes of the Civil War in Karelia 1917-1920 was held in the city of Petrozavodsk.
• 1.9.1922 - The prosecutor's office of the Karelian labor commune was established.
• 1.9.1922 - In Petrozavodsk, schools began to work to eradicate illiteracy.
• 09/18/1922 - A decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was issued, according to which the Olonets province was abolished, the Pudozh and Povetsky counties of the province were included in the CPC.
• 10/10/1922 - Introduction to the CPC of Russian and Finnish as official languages. (From the resolution of the II Karelian Regional Conference of the RCP (b)).
• 1922 - The Karelian Bureau was opened in the USA in New York, the main task of which is to provide economic assistance to the Karelian labor commune.
• 3-5.3.1923 - A resolution was issued by the Presidium of the Karoblispolcom on the establishment of radio stations in Ukhta, Reboly, Pudozh.
• 03.16.1923 - At a meeting of the Presidium of the Regional Committee of the RKSM, a resolution was adopted on the establishment of a children's pioneer organization.
• March 1923 - By order of the Executive Committee, a census was carried out of the cities and towns of the CPC.
• 07.25.1923 - The Karelian Labor Commune was transformed into the Autonomous Karelian Socialist Soviet Republic (ACSSR) (Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 51 of July 25, 1923)

• Danilov, Ivan Alekseevich - Executive Secretary of the Karelian-Olonets Regional Committee of the RCP (B.) (1920, August - 1921, November)
• Kujiev, Vasily Mikhailovich - Executive Secretary of the Karelian Regional Committee of the RCP (B.) (1921, November - 1922, March)
• Yarvisalo, Johann Andreyevich - Executive Secretary of the Karelian Regional Committee of the CPSU (B.) (1922, March - 1929, May)

• History of Karelia

• Report of the Regional Institutions of the Karelian Labor Commune of SNK and STO on October 1, 1921. - Petrozavodsk, 1922 (electronic copy of the book)
• Karelia during the period of restoration of the national economy, 1921-1925. - Petrozavodsk, 1979.- 326 s.
• Afanasyev A.I. The Great October and the formation of Soviet culture in Karelia. 1918-1927. - Petrozavodsk, 1983.- 240 p.
• Maksimov V.A. Soviet Karelia, 1917-1987: Figures and facts. - Petrozavodsk, 1987 .-- 271 p.
• Mashezersky V.I. Victory of the Great October Revolution and the formation of Soviet autonomy of Karelia. - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1978. - 138, [2] p .: ill.
• The history of Karelia from ancient times to the present day / Scientific. ed. N. A. Korablev, V. G. Makurov, Yu. A. Savvateev, M. I. Shumilov - Petrozavodsk: Periodika, 2001 .-- 944 pp., Ill. ISBN 5-88170-049-X

• History of the statehood of Karelia