Akut

The precursor of the act was apparently the sign, which was used in Latin to denote the length of a vowel.

In ancient Greek polytonic spelling, the sign of oxy ( dr. Greek ὀξεῖα ) appeared to indicate a high tone . In the modern Greek language ( dimotica ), the musical emphasis is lost and a similar sign is the tonos ( Greek τόνος ), which successively emphasizes the stress in all polysyllabic words.

East Slavic languages

In Russian, the acute stress sign is systematically used to indicate the place of stress in dictionaries , books for elementary school students and foreigners. In ordinary texts, words that differ only in the place of stress (see Omographs ) are optionally affixed: larger ones - larger ones , castle - castle , etc. Sometimes it is used to distinguish between the relative pronoun of what and the union of what , and also for logical emphasis. It is also used to distinguish between e and e, for example, everything - everything , we recognize - we know . ^[one]

It is similarly applied in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. Also in the Ukrainian and Belarusian Latin alphabets, the letters ć , dź , ń , ś , ź are used to indicate soft (palatalized) consonants .

West Slavic Languages

• In Czech and Slovak languages, akut ( charka , čárka - “dash”) is used to denote long vowels: á , é , í , ó , ú , ý , in the Slovak also syllabic consonants: ŕ and ĺ .
• Akut in Polish ( akcent ostry or kreska , kreska ), firstly, is used as a sign of the palatalization of consonants (like the Czech gachek ) over ć , ś , ź , ń : sześć / ʂɛɕʨ / “six”. Secondly, the cresque over the vowel ó changes its quality ( [u] ) and is associated with the historical alternation of short o and long ó . In Polish typography, cresca is usually more upright than the acute, and fits a little to the right. ^[2]
• The following letters with an acute accent are used in the Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky alphabets: ć , ń , ó , ŕ , ś , ź (in the Upper Luzhitsky alphabets only the first three and the last in the digraph dź ).

South Slavic Languages

• In the Macedonian language, the letters Ѓ ѓ and Ќ ќ are used , meaning specific palatal or alveo-palatal consonants . Also, accents are indicated in dictionaries by an accent if it does not fall on the third syllable from the end in polysyllabic words or not on the first syllable in two-syllable ones.
• In the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet ( Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian , Montenegrin ), the ostrivec above the letter c : ć denotes the sound [ʨ] (the result of palatalization t ). Also, an acut is indicated in the dictionaries long-ascending stress.
• In the Slovenian language in dictionaries and manuals, the accut indicates the longitude of the vowels and (graphically) consonant r in stressed syllables, and at the same time the closed pronunciation of e and o . If a tonal component is indicated, an acute accent indicates a long ascending accent (as in Serbo-Croatian), while the closeness of e and o is indicated by a dot below them. (In practice, the first system is often used in dictionaries, and the tone is indicated after the word by a repeated letter in brackets with the corresponding icon.)

• In French, accent aigu is used only above the letter “ e ” (and only in the open syllable): é - and means the closed pronunciation of the vowel [e] (unlike è , ê [ɛ] and e [ə] ): clé [kle] , armée [aʁme] , élève [elεːv] .
• In Spanish, the Akut ( acento agudo or acento diacrítico ) over the letters á , é , í , ó , ú is used in two main cases.

1. To indicate verbal stress:

a) if in words ending in any vowel, as well as the consonants -n and -s , it does not fall on the penultimate syllable;

b) if in words ending in any consonant except -n and -s , it does not fall on the last syllable.

2. To distinguish homonyms , especially in the pairs “interrogative word / relative pronoun ”, where the first is stressed, and the second is the clique : cómo (“how?”) - como (“how”), qué (“what?”) - que (“what, which”), dónde - donde “where / where?” and “where / where”. Also in the pairs tú “you” and tu “yours”, él “he” - el (certain masculine article ).

• In Catalan and Occitan, the accent ( accent tancat ) marks both the stress location and the quality of the vowels: é means [e] (unlike è [ɛ] ), ó - [o] (unlike ò [ɔ] ). In Catalan, stress is noted in cases that mostly coincide with the Spanish ones: é , í , ó , ú (above the vowels of the upper ascent; grave is used above a : à ).
• In Occitan spelling, é [e] - è [ɛ] , ó [u] - ò [ɔ] , and also b [ɔ / e] - à [a] are similarly distinguished. As an accent mark, it is used over the vowels á , é , í , ó , ú .
• In Portuguese and Galician languages, the rules for stressing are also close to Spanish, but in Portuguese it is not denoted above the shock endings i and u . Unlike other Romance languages, in Portuguese, the acuto ( acento agudo ) marks open vowels: á [a] , é [ɛ] , ó [ɔ] .
• In Italian, the acute sign ( é and very rarely ó ) is necessarily used only in oxytones (words with an emphasis on the last syllable) and in several official monosyllables. The most common words ending in -ché ( perché “why / why”), as well as the main regular form of the 3 persons of the only number of verbs of the second group in il passato remoto : poté “smog (smog, -o, -i)”. Examples of monosyllabic homonyms : né “no” - ne (relative particle), sé “self” - se “if”. ó optionally used to distinguish between quasi homophones (in colloquial Italian, the contrast [o] and [ɔ] is poorly expressed): bótte “barrel” and bòtte “fight”.

• In English, acute accent , like other diacritics , is found in borrowed words, mainly of French origin: café “cafe”, fiancé “bridegroom”, fiancée “bride”, sauté , touché , etc. Moreover, many of them retain and original pronunciation, with emphasis on the last syllable. Some French borrowings retain only one diacritical mark of several, for example, resumé from Fr. résumé . Sometimes an acute accent is placed over the final -e even in those words where it does not correspond to the spelling: latté from ital. latte . In the last two cases, the function of acute stress is to indicate that the final -e is not dumb. Many terms that are not fully mastered by the language ( barbarisms usually marked in italics ) fully preserve the diacritics of the source language: adiós , coup d'état , pièce de résistance , crème brûlée . In English poetry, akut (sometimes gravis ) notes the non-standard pronunciation of words: picked (usually [pɪkt] ) - pickéd ['pɪkɪd] .
• In German, Akut ( Akut or Accent aigu ) is used only in combination with the letter e in borrowed (mainly from the French language) words, and in some cases, the Duden dictionary allows or even already recommends alternative “Germanic” spelling. Examples of use: Attaché , Café , Caféhaus ( Kaffeehaus recommended), Coupé , Déjà-vu , Dekolleté ( Dekolletee allowed), Dragée ( Dragee recommended), Exposé ( Exposee allowed), Ménage-à-trois , Soufflé ( Soufflee allowed) Var (allowed by Varietee ) and others, as well as in the names, for example, René , André, along with options without an acute accent - Rene and Andre . In particular, the letter é is found in 0.01% of all German-language texts, being the most common letter of the German language that is not included in the German alphabet . For comparison: the letter of the German alphabet q has a distribution of 0.02% (the rarest letter of the German alphabet).
• In the Dutch language it is used to distinguish between words that differ only in the place of stress ( vóórkomen - voorkómen ) or the openness / closedness of the vowel, if this is not reflected in the spelling in another way ( hé - hè ; één - een ). Also to highlight ( emphase ) a single word in a sentence: Het is ónze auto, niet die van jullie. “This is our car, not yours.”

In Scandinavian languages, the Akut marks the final drum e , usually only with homonyms.

• In Swedish, there are several pairs of homonyms that differ only in akut accent : ide “den” - idé “idea”; armé ("army") - arme ("poor, miserable"); armen “arm” - armén “army” (with a definite article ) (in the words “den” and “arm” the stress on the first syllable, which is not specifically indicated). Many borrowings are written with an acute, especially French , for example, filé , kafé , resumé .
• In Danish : én “one” - en (indefinite article); fór “(y) walked” - for “for”; véd “knows” - ved (preposition with instrumental meaning); gǿr “barks” - gør “does)”; dǿr “dies” - dør “door”; allé “alley” - alle “all”. In addition, the acut is regularly used to distinguish between the imperative mood of verbs ending in -ere and the plural of nouns: analysér “(pro) analyze” - analyser “analyzes”. In any case, the use of an act is not mandatory. With emphase, the highlighted word gets an acute; the pronoun der (“there”) is especially common, used both in the service function and in the significant: Der kan ikke være mange mennesker dér. - " There can not be many people"; Der skal vi hen. “We will go there .”
• In Norwegian , unlike Danish, akut ( akutt aksent ) does not distinguish between imperatives and plural nouns: kontroller - “control” and “control (plural)”. In New Norwegian, the simple past of the verb å fare “ride” is optionally written as fór to distinguish from for (the preposition “for”), fôr “feed” / “canvas” and fòr “furrow” (the use of all diacritics is optional ^[3] ). A sharp emphasis is also preserved in the words of French origin: allé , kafé , idé , komité , although in everyday use the acute accute is often neglected, sometimes replacing it with gravel .

• In the Icelandic language, 6 letters with acute accent are used: á , é , í , ó , ú , ý (in Faroese 5 - no é ), which are considered independent letters and occupy their own positions in the alphabet . Any of the letters can mean both a long and a short sound. Etymologically, they go back to the ancient Norwegian long vowels, which in most cases turned into diphthongs (except é , which in Faroese became æ ).

• Icelandic language :

á: [au (ː)]

é: long reading [jeɛː] , short [jɛ]

í / ý: [i (ː)]

ó: [ou (ː)]

ú: [u (ː)] .

• Faroese language :

á : long reading [ɔa] , short [ɔ] , before [a] : [õ]

í / ý : long [ʊiː] , short [ʊi]

ó : long [ɔu] , [ɛu] or [œu] , short: [œ] ; on the island of Suuri (Suðuroy): [ɔ]

If ó is followed by -gv , ó is pronounced [ɛ] , in Suuri [ɔ] .

ú : long [ʉu] , short [ʏ]

If ú is followed by -gv , ú is pronounced [ɪ] .

• In Welsh spelling, the accent over the vowels á , é , í , ó , ú , ẃ , ý is used to denote verbal stress if it does not fall on the penultimate syllable: casáu “hate”, caniatáu “allow”.
• In Irish, letters with an acute accent ( Irl. Síneadh fada [ˌʃiːnʲə ˈfadˠə] ): á , é , í , ó , ú denote long vowels.

• In Hungarian, Akut is used to indicate the longitude of the vowels: á , é , í , ó , ú . In addition, he also points out qualitative differences: a short a is an open posterior rounded vowel [ɒ] , while a long á is an open anterior unrooted vowel [a] . Similarly, a short e is an open front-center [ɛ] , and a long é is a closed front-center [e] . The Hungarian language also uses a double acute .
• In the North Saami language , an Akut is placed over Áá and Óó , and also sometimes over the corresponding letters of the Latin alphabet , if it is not possible to use a font containing specific Sami letters Čč, Đđ, Ŋŋ, Šš, Ŧŧ, Žž ^[4] (see Sami writing ).

• In the dictionaries of the Lithuanian language, the acut denotes stressed long syllables with a descending tone. In the case of a two-letter designation, the top of the syllable is placed above the first letter, since this type of stress emphasizes the first pestilence of the syllable.
• In the Latinized Turkmen alphabet, the letter обозначаетý denotes the sound [j] and corresponds to the letter Y of the Cyrillic alphabet.
• In Vietnamese , Chinese (see Pinyin ), some African languages ​​that use Latin-based scripts, an upward or high tone is noted with a sharp accent. For example, in the Yoruba language : apá “hand”.
• In some Basque texts, acute emphasis can be placed above the letters r and l , which is usually replaced by a doubling of these letters: ŕ (or rr ) denotes a rolling multi-hit sonant [r] in the middle of the words ( r is always multi-hit in the initial and final positions). ĺ or ll stands for palatal [ʎ] .
• In an artificial language, solresol words in the plural are pronounced with lengthening of the last consonant, which is indicated in the letter by an acute accent : redo “brother”, redo “sister”, redo “sisters”.
• In the artificial language, Quenya acute accentuate long vowels (with transliteration in Latin).

• Double acute
• Gravis
• Circumflex
• Accent mark
• Keyboard layout