Prince [1] [2] - the head of a feudal monarchical state or a separate political entity ( specific prince) in the IX - XVI centuries among the Slavs and some other nations ; representative of the feudal aristocracy ; later - the highest title of nobility, depending on importance equated to a prince or duke in Western and Southern Europe , in Central Europe (the former Holy Roman Empire ), this title is called fürst , and in Northern - konung .
The term “prince” is used to convey Western European titles that go back to princeps and Fürst, also sometimes dux (usually the duke ).
Grand Duke / Princess - in the Russian Empire noble title of members of the Russian imperial family, from 1886 belonged only to sons (daughters) and grandchildren of the male line (but not granddaughters) of the Russian emperors.
The princess is the wife of the prince, as well as the actual title of the female face of the nobility, the prince is the son of the prince (only among the Slavs), the princess is the daughter of the prince.
Content
Etymology
The word "prince" (Pre-Slavic * künędz) is an ancient common Slavic borrowing and goes back to the ancient German root * kun-ing- (- on the third (progressive) palatalization [3] , -g- was preserved in formations like kngnꙑi ), the same origin Germanic the words König, king 'king', the Scandinavian “ king ” is a term for the elder of the clan [4] [5] [6] .
The opposite point of view, proposed by S. Ondrush in 1977, is about the opposite direction of borrowing (from the supposed glory * kun-ingo- 'sticking out, outstanding', from къnъ , as in Polish. Outdated. Kien 'stump, deck', slovins. kno 'the handle of the oars' [6] in Germanic languages) has not received recognition in science.
In some Slavic languages, this root has additional meanings that have been formally distinguished: in Bulgarian, Knes is an elder ('prince' is a prince ), in Czech, Slovak and Polish, priest, cf. a priest (for these words a prince in these languages uses a word with the original meaning of 'son of a prince', 'prince'), in the Upper and Lower Belize languages knjez is a polite appeal to a man, knjeni - to a married woman, and knjezna - to an unmarried one.
- Belarusian: prince, princess, prince.
- Russian: prince, princess, princess.
- Ukrainian: prince, princess, princes.
- Czech: kněz, kněžka 'priest, priest'; kníže, kněžna 'prince, princess'
- Polish: ksiądz ' priests '; książę 'prince'.
- Slovak: kňaz, kňažka 'priest, hit'; knieža, kňažná 'prince, princess'
- Serbo-Luzhkie languages: knjez.
- Serbian: Knez, Knegiњa, Kњaz, Kњgiњa
- Slovenian: knez, kneginja.
- Bulgarian: prince, princess.
- Croatian: knez, kneginja.
Borrowing in non-Slavic languages:
- Romanian: cneaz (from Slavic)
- Hungarian: kenéz (from Slavic)
- Chuvash: kĕneç (from Slavic language)
- Ossetian: Prince (from Slavic)
- Tatar: kenäz (from Slavic)
- Sami: gonagas or konagas (apparently borrowed from Scandinavian languages)
- Lithuanian: kunigas 'priest' (perhaps directly from the Germanic, then the value is under Polish influence); kunigaikštis 'prince', kunigaikštienė 'princess', kunigaikštytė 'princess'
- Latvian: kungs 'lord' (same)
Slavs
Initially, the prince was a tribal leader who headed the bodies of military democracy . The prince’s earliest quality as the elders of the clan was deposited in the Russian wedding vocabulary, where the newlyweds (the conventional founders of the clan) are referred to as “prince” and “princess” [7] . Then the prince gradually became the head of the early feudal state .
Prince functions:
- Military - the organization of the attack and protection of the tribe. In ancient Russian society, the military courage of the prince was highly valued.
- Judicial - the prince personally presided over a public court ( princely court ), and also charged court fines
- Religious - in pagan time, princes initiated and organized sacrifices [8] , which is associated with the development of the word “prince” in the meaning of “priest” in Czech and Polish (cf. priest ).
The princely power, at first most often elected, gradually becomes hereditary ( Rurikovich in Russia , Gediminovich and Jagiellona in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Piast in Poland , Przemyslovych (?) In the Czech Republic , etc.).
The princes, who were the heads of the large feudal state formations in Russia and Lithuania , were called the great princes (in some countries, for example, in Croatia (from 925), Poland (from 1025), the Czech Republic (from 1198), Serbia (from 1217), Galitsko -Volyn principality (from 1254), princes - heads of feudal monarchies - took the title of kings ).
With the formation of a centralized state, specific princes gradually became part of the grand duke's (from 1547 - royal) court in the Moscow princedom (kingdom) and the royal court in the Polish-Lithuanian state .
In Russia, until the 18th century, the title of prince was only generic. From the beginning of the 18th century, the title of prince also began to complain to the king to the highest dignitaries for special services (the first complained prince was A. D. Menshikov ).
At the same time there were the following types of title:
- the grand duke is a son, brother, grandson, and in 1797–1886 he is also the great-grandson and great-great-grandson of the emperor in the male generation. Titling "Your Imperial Highness" [9] .
- the prince of imperial blood - the great-grandson and great-great-grandson of the emperor (before 1797 and after 1886), had the right to the title "Your Highness " [10]
- His Serene Highness Prince , the title was complained by the will of the emperor , he was also worn by the younger sons of the great-grandchildren of the emperor and their descendants through the male line. Titling "Your Highness " [11] ;
- the grand prince is a “natural” prince who had the right to title as a descendant of specific princes or grand dukes. Titling "Your Excellency ", in the coat of arms - the princely hat with ermine band around the velvet with ermine canopy [12] .
The princely title (along with other noblemen) was canceled by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the destruction of estates and civilian ranks" of November 10, 1917.
In Serbia from 1817 to 1882, on Samos from 1832 to 1912, in Montenegro from 1852 to 1910, in Bulgaria from 1878 to 1908, in Albania from 1914 to 1925 and in Pinde from 1941 to 1944 - the title of the head of state. After the conversion of the Bulgarian principality Ferdinand I to the kingdom, the title of prince was worn by the descendants of the ruling king of Bulgaria. Currently, the title of prince is enjoyed by the children of the last tsar of Bulgaria Simeon II - Kardam, Prince Turnovo (d. 2015), Cyril, Prince Preslavsky , Kubrat, Prince Panagyursky , Konstantin Asen, Prince Vidinsky and Princess Kalina Bolgarskaya , as well as his grandchildren.
Also in some cases in the Russian language the title "prince" is replaced by some specific titles that are approximately equal to princely ( Zhupan (rulers of the Balkan Slavs), ruler (rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia ), domnitor (rulers of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldova ), tavadi (feudal princes in Georgia ), mtavar (rulers of the Abkhaz , Guri , Megrel and Svan principalities / Samtavro), etc.).
Western European titles
The term "prince" is used to transfer romance titles that go back to lat. princeps (cf. princeps ) - prince, principe, etc. For members of royal houses who are eligible for the throne, princeps are usually translated as prince , prince of blood .
In medieval Germany, the prince ( him. Fürst ) - a representative of the highest imperial aristocracy , who had special privileges, the title was also worn by representatives of the highest clergy ("princes of the Church" who also had political rights in the Empire). Along with the title Fürst there was also the title Prinz.
In modern Europe there are independent principalities of Andorra , Monaco and Liechtenstein . The title of Prince-Bishop has the Pope . Also, the title of prince has a master of the Order of Malta .
Wed also:
- Fürst
- Großfürst
- Kirchenfürst
- Kurfürst
- Landesfürst
- Reichsfürst
- Furstprimas (Fürstprimas)
- Archon (ἄρχων)
Princes lists by country
- List of princely families of Georgia
- List of princely families of Poland
- List of princely families of Russia
- List of Tatar princely families of Russia
See also
- Voivod
- List of canonized Russian princes and princesses
- Coens
- Kagan
Notes
- ↑ Prince // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Author.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
- ↑ Prince // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ In the Old Slavonic , the form of kinug is also marked , without palatalization; in the Old Russian of all regions, it is known only to (b) no , despite the fact that in the ancient Novgorod dialect progressive palatalization in such combinations has not passed, cf. northern borrowing with -ing varg, kolbѧg, stѧg ѧ, frѧg . Apparently, this is due to the fact that the more ancient Slavic borrowing, which signified the ruler, was used throughout Russia in a supra-dialectal (Kiev) form (A. A. Zaliznyak. Old Novgorod dialect, 2nd ed. M., 2004, p. 46-47)
- ↑ Preobrazhensky A. G. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1959. T. 1, p. 324
- ↑ Prince // Etymological dictionary of the Russian language = Englisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : in 4 volumes / author.-status. M. Vasmer ; per. with him. and add. tsp Academy of Sciences of the USSR O. N. Trubachev , ed. and with foreword. prof. B. A. Larin [t. I]. - Ed. 2nd, erased. - M .: Progress , 1986-1987.
- ↑ 1 2 Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages, edited by O. N. Trubachev. Proto-Slavic lexical fund. Issue 13, M., 1987, p. 200
- ↑ Dal V. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language in 4 Vol. M. , 1956. Vol. 2, p. 126; Rabinovich MG. Essays on the ethnography of the feudal city. M., 1978, p. 228.
- ↑ Froyanov I. Ya. Kievan Rus. L., 1980. p. 17
- ↑ Grand Duke // Words of bygone days. Encyclopedia of Russian Antiquities (speakrus.ru) (Verified March 28, 2012)
- ↑ Prince of imperial blood // Words of bygone days. Encyclopedia of Russian Antiquities (speakrus.ru) (Verified March 28, 2012)
- ↑ Serene Prince // Words of the bygone days. Encyclopedia of Russian Antiquities (speakrus.ru) (Verified March 28, 2012)
- ↑ Radiant Prince // Words of bygone days. Encyclopedia of Russian Antiquities (speakrus.ru) (Verified March 28, 2012)
Literature
- Prince // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Ed.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
- Prince // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Boroń P. Kniaziowie, królowie, carowie ... Tytuły i nazwy władców słowiańskich we wczesnym średniowieczu. - Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu ląskiego, 2010. - 328 s.
Links
- Lavrenchenko Maria . How the life of a typical prince was arranged: Take the veil, the wedding, the death of the father, and other important milestones in the biography of the prince of the Rurik dynasty . Arzamas (arzamas.academy) . The appeal date is March 21, 2019.
- The hour of truth. The program "Ancient Russia. Prince and his squad. " The staff members of the Institute of Iranian Studies, RAS, P. S. Stefanovich and P. V. Lukin tell