Eurofighter Typhoon ( English Eurofighter Typhoon ) - fourth-generation multirole fighter . Typhoon was designed and manufactured by Eurofighter GmbH , created in 1986 by the consortium Alenia Aeronautica , BAE Systems and EADS . Research promising aircraft began back in 1979.
| Eurofighter typhoon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type of | multirole fighter |
| Developer | Eurofighter GMBH |
| Manufacturer |  Eurofighter GmbH |
| First flight | March 27, 1994 |
| Start of operation | 2003 year |
| Status | operated, produced. |
| Operators |  British Air Force  German Air Force  Italian Air Force  Spanish Air Force  Royal Saudi Air Force  Austrian Air Force  Royal Air Force of Oman |
| Years of production | 1994 - present |
| Units produced | 558 [1] (as of January 2019) |
| Unit cost | $ 123.0 million (2012) [2] [3] |
| Base model | British Aerospace EAP |
Currently, mass production of the fighter. The aircraft was put into service with the Air Force : Germany , Italy , Spain , Great Britain , Austria and Saudi Arabia . Contracts for delivery to Oman , Kuwait and Qatar have been signed.
Creation History
- 1983 - the beginning of the engine development program (EFA-Programm) based on the RB 199 engine of the Tornado multipurpose aircraft. According to other sources, the engine is being created on the basis of the experimental Rolls-Royce XG.40 engine , bench tests of which were carried out in 1988.
- 1986 is the founding year of the Eurojet Turbo GmbH consortium for the design, development and subsequent production of the EJ200 engine. The founders of the consortium are: Rolls-Royce (Great Britain), FiatAvio (Italy), ITP (Spain) and MTU Aero Engines (Germany). The consortium Eurojet Turbo GmbH is located in Hallbergmoos, a suburb of Munich, and is contractually linked by the NETMA (NATO) agency, which in turn is a partner of all these states.
- 1988 - signing a contract for the development of the engine.
- 1991 is the first test.
- 1994 - the first flight of Eurofighter.
- 1998 - contract for the production of a pilot batch.
- 2000 - completion of flight tests and admission to flight operation.
- 2001 - delivery of the first production engines.
- 2003 - the beginning of mass production at full operational readiness.
- 2004 - signing of a contract for the production of a second batch (tranche) of engines.
- 2005 - at the end of August, an engine running time of 10,000 hours was reached, at the end of October 277 engines were delivered.
- 2007 - engine running time of 35,000 hours was achieved.
- Engine development
Design requirements for the EJ200 engine:
- increased specific thrust to achieve high aircraft maneuverability;
- multi-mode;
- providing high specific thrust and low specific fuel consumption in cruise flight conditions, both with subsonic and supersonic speeds;
- improved handling;
- a significant increase in the resource of the engine and its components;
- high level of engine diagnostics.
| Firm | Node development |
|---|---|
| MTU Aero Engines | Low and high pressure compressor, Digital Engine Control and Diagnostic Module (DECMU) |
| Rolls royce | Combustion chamber, High-pressure turbine, Diagnostic system |
| Avio | Low pressure turbine, Afterburner, Gearbox, Lubrication and cooling system |
| ITP | Ultrasonic adjustable output nozzle, afterburner housing, annular channel of the external circuit |
The German company MTU has developed the compressor stages for low and high pressure, as well as a module for a digital electronic engine control system. The stage of the low-pressure compressor is made using Blisk-Technologien technology (Blade Integrated Disk), which provides for the manufacture of a disk and blades from a single workpiece. The shoulder blades are hollow. The high-pressure compressor, the blades of which are made with a curved longitudinal axis (3D-Beschaufelung), at five stages provides a compression ratio of 6: 1. The compression ratio of both stages of the compressor is 26: 1. The manufacture of compressor blades from titanium alloy IMI834 was reported. The design of the combustion chamber uses a thermally insulating coating based on ceramic material. The temperature of the gases at the entrance to the 1840 Kelvin turbine with the prospect of its increase. High and low pressure turbines are single-stage, disks are made of heat-resistant powder alloy , rotor blades are made of low-density single-crystal alloy [4] with a ceramic coating containing nickel, chromium and yttrium.
The chosen arrangement of Eurofighter’s engines, in which both engines are located side by side, posed an extremely difficult task for the Eurojet Turbo developer - to design the engines so that when the rockets were launched, the hot products of the rocket engine’s fuel combustion would not interfere with the aircraft’s power plant. High temperature gas jets present a high risk to aircraft engines. The consequence of the high temperature of the gases at the engine inlet is usually a stall - a so-called surge . The air no longer enters through the flow part of the compressor, but is squeezed out in the opposite direction; air flow pulsates at the compressor inlet. This is usually followed by a breakdown of the combustion process in the combustion chamber and engine shutdown. This problem was successfully solved using a special nozzle, which was tested during extensive (about 100) bench tests of the EJ200 engine in Munich and in Stuttgart, where a special high-altitude chamber for testing turbofan engines was equipped.
As part of the EJ200 engine development program, work is underway to create a thrust vector control device. We are talking about a three-dimensional deviation of the engine thrust vector, similar to how it was carried out when testing the device in the framework of the joint German-American project X-31 . The purpose of such events is:
- Ensuring thrust vector deflection in all directions up to 23.5 ° with a deflection speed of up to 110 ° / s.
- The occurrence of lateral forces of up to 20 kN, amounting to one third of the dry thrust of the engine.
- Increased thrust-to-weight ratio by approximately 7% in the area of supersonic speeds.
- Increase in maximum take-off thrust ratio by approximately 2%.
- Providing lower resistance in the area of supersonic speeds. Despite the presence of control surfaces, the ability to use a propulsion system to facilitate aircraft handling.
- A reduction of up to 20% in take-off and take-off run when landing the machine, which was demonstrated during testing of the prototype X-31.
In February 2009, India proposed a modification of the EJ200 engine with a deviating thrust vector [5] .
Design
The design features of the fighter reflect the desire of developers to use the latest world achievements in the field of aircraft and electronics. To ensure the required level of maneuverability, especially at large angles of attack, the aircraft is designed according to the scheme with a low-lying triangular wing (sweep angle of 53 degrees) and a negative margin of stability, two-section flaps and slats, a rotatable front horizontal tail (PGO), vertical keel with rudder without stabilizer. Such a scheme has several advantages, the main of which is the reduction of aircraft resistance at supersonic speeds.
The fuel reserve is located in the fuselage and wing fuel tanks, which completely occupy the caissons of the wing consoles.
The Typhoon uses a four-time redundant digital electronic remote control flight system, combined with an engine control system. It provides artificial stability and high maneuverability, as well as the deviation of the controls to achieve maximum aerodynamic quality in all modes and in the entire range of flight speeds and altitudes.
Decrease in radar signature
Although the new fighter does not belong to the category of aircraft made using the stealth technology , a number of structural and layout measures were taken during its design aimed at reducing the effective dispersion surface (EPR). When designing, the task was set to reduce the EPR of the aircraft from the front angles of radar exposure by four times compared with the same value for the Panavia Tornado aircraft [6] . These measures include: engine recesses (recessed and masked by intake air intake devices) (a strong source of reflection of electromagnetic radiation).
The external suspensions of guided missiles are half-sunk, which allows partial shielding of missile suspensions from incident EM radiation by the aircraft’s design. The leading reflective areas and structural elements of the Eurofighter fighter are covered with radar absorbing materials , mainly developed by the EADS / DASA concern. These include: the leading edge of the wing, the leading edges and the inner surfaces of the air intakes, the rudder and adjacent surfaces, etc. The Typhoon fighter has no internal weapons bays. Instead, external suspension units are used, which worsen the EPR indicators, but at the same time, allowing to expand the range and options of weapons used.
The mechanically scanned onboard Captor (Captor-M, ECR-90) radar mounted on the Typhoon fighter is relatively easy to detect when compared to more advanced radars. To reduce the electromagnetic radiation of the radar, an automated radiation control system EMCON was installed on the fighter [7] . Starting from 2015, the plans of the German Ministry of Defense provide for equipping the German Air Force Eurofighter fighters with the next-generation Captor-E on-board radar (CAESAR) based on an active phased array antenna that will have significantly less radio emission [8] [9] . According to the British Air Force, the EPR indicators of the Eurofighter fighter are better than the requirements set for the aircraft by the air force. According to the remarks of BAE Systems , the reflected signal makes up about a fourth of the corresponding value of the Tornado aircraft [10] . The exact value of the ESR of the fighter was not disclosed, but according to experts, it does not exceed 1 square meter without taking into account external suspensions [11] .
The combat effectiveness of the Eurofighter fighter-interceptor was demonstrated at the end of 2004 over British territory. During a meeting of a two-seater British Eurofighter with two American F-15E fighters, at the initiative of the Americans, a military clash was imitated. “Eurofighter” managed in a short time by energetic maneuvering to deceive the “enemy" and imitate the defeat of both machines [12] .
Powerplant
According to the intergovernmental agreement of the four states, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain pledged to participate in the joint development and subsequent manufacture of a new generation engine for the Eurofighter fighter. The engine is modular, the average dismantling time is 45 minutes. Engine characteristics provide Eurofighter the ability to cruise supersonic flight without turning on afterburner. The Eurofighter Company claims that the aircraft is capable of cruising supersonic flight without turning on afterburner engines at a speed of 1600 km / h (M = 1.5) [13] , however, tests conducted in Singapore showed that in hot weather the maximum out-of-speed speed with combat load is 1285 km / h (M = 1.21) [14] .
- Afterburner thrust: 9097 kgf ;
- Dry draft: 6120 kgf;
- Fuel consumption in after-burn modes: 0.745-0.813 kg per kgf per hour;
- Afterburner fuel consumption: 1.65-1.72 kg per kgf per hour;
- Air Consumption: 76 kg / s;
- Gas temperature in front of the turbine: 1840 K;
- Length: 4 m;
- Input diameter: 740 mm;
- Weight: 989 kg;
- Overhaul life: 1000 hours;
- Assigned resource: 6000 hours;
- Engine Composition:
- 3 steps KND (blisk, without VNA, compression ratio 4,2) [15] ;
- 5 stages of HPC (compression ratio 6.2, total 26);
- annular combustion chamber;
- 1 stage high-pressure fuel (monocrystalline);
- 1 step TND (monocrystalline);
- afterburner (no smoky exhaust);
- adjustable nozzle [16] .
Cabin
Production
Typhoon is a unique combat aircraft, which is available in four versions: one for each member of the consortium, at the same time, all contracting companies produce units for each of the aircraft ordered.
- Alenia Aeronautica : left wing , external flaperons , rear fuselage section.
- BAE Systems : front of the fuselage (including PGO), flashlight , gargrot , tail stabilizer , internal flaperons, rear section of the fuselage.
- EADS Deutschland : central fuselage, center section .
- EADS CASA - right wing, slats.
Armed
| A country | In service | Delivered | Ordered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Germany | 133 | 133 | 143 |
| Italy | 90 | 91 | 96 |
| Saudi Arabia | 71 | 72 | 72 |
| Spain | 65 | 68 | 73 |
| Great Britain | 152 | 152 | 160 |
| Oman | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Qatar | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Kuwait | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| Total: | 538 | 543 | 623 |
Eurofighter Typhoon Participates in Indian MMRCA Tender
| Title | Dassault Rafale [18] | Eurofighter Typhoon [19] [20] | F-16IN Super Viper [21] [22] | F / a-18e / f Super Hornet [23] [24] [25] [26] | JAS 39 NG (IN) [27] [28] [29] | MiG-35 [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A country | ||||||
| Manufacturer | Dassault aviation | Eurofighter GmbH | Lockheed martin | Boeing Defense, Space & Security | Saab ab | RSK "MiG" |
| Length | 15.30 m | 15.96 m | 15.03 m | 18.31 m | 14.10 m | 17.32 m |
| Wing span | 10.90 m | 10.95 m | 10.00 m | 13.62 m | 8.40 m | 12.00 m |
| Wing area | 45.7 m² | 50.0 m² | 27.9 m² | 46.5 m² | 30.0 m² | 42.0 m² |
| Empty mass | 10 000 kg | 11 000 kg | 9979 kg [35] | 14 552 kg [26] | 7100 kg | 11 000 kg |
| Fuel mass (without PTB) | 4700 kg | 4996 kg [36] | 3265 kg | 6780 kg | 3360 kg [29] | 4800 kg |
| Combat load | 9500 kg | 7500 kg | 7800 kg | 8050 kg | 5300 kg [37] | 7000 kg |
| Weapons suspension units | 14 (5 for heavy weapons) | 13 | eleven | eleven | ten | ten |
| Maximum take-off weight | 24 500 kg (normal - 14 700) | 23 500 kg | 21 800 kg | 29 937 kg [26] | 14 300 kg [38] | 23 500 kg |
| Engine | 2 × | 2 × | 1 × GE F110-132 | 2 × | 1 × | 2 × RD-33MKV |
| Maximum traction | 2 × 50.0 kN | 2 × 60.0 kN | 1 × 84.0 kN | 2 × 62.3 kN | 1 × 62.3 kN | 2 × 53.0 kN |
| Maximum afterburner traction | 2 × 75.0 kN | 2 × 90.0 kN | 1 × 144.0 kN | 2 × 98.0 kN | 1 × 98.0 kN | 2 × 88.3 kN |
| Maximum speed at altitude | M = 1.8 + [39] | M = 2.25 [40] | M = 2.0 | M = 1.8 | M = 2.0 [41] | M = 2.25 |
| Combat radius | 1389 km (with 3 PTBs) | 1390 km [42] | 550 km | 722 km | 800 km | 1000 km |
| Practical ceiling | 15,240 m | 19,812 m | 18 000 m | 15 000 m | 15,240 m | 17 500 m |
| Rate of climb | 305 m / s | 315 m / s | 254 m / s | 228 m / s | 255 m / s | 330 m / s |
| Thrust ratio | 1,03 | 1.18 | 1.10 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 1.10 |
| Traction Control Vector | not | there is | not | not | not | there is |
| Radar with AFAR | there is | there is | there is | there is | there is | there is |
| First flight | 07/04/1986 | 03/27/1997 | 2.02.1974 | 11/29/1995 | 12/9/1988 | 11/24/2016 |
| Start of operation | 2001 | 2003 | 1984 | 2000 | 1997 | until 2020 |
| Cost (2011) | $ 85-144 million [43] | $ 120 million [44] | $ 50.0 million [45] | $ 55.0 million [46] | $ 48.0 million | ~ $ 45.0 million |
Operation
Since its adoption, the aircraft has been used in virtually all NATO operations.
On February 15, 2017, Austrian Defense Minister Hans-Peter Doskosil announced that his agency would initiate a lawsuit against the Eurofighter consortium and Airbus for fraud and fraudulent misconduct. According to him, the decision to purchase Eurofighter fighters by Austria was made solely because it was based on knowingly false information about the cost of operation and modernization. The amount of the claimed compensation is over 2 billion euros [47] .
On July 7, Doskosil announced that all 15 fighter aircraft in service would be decommissioned between 2020 and 2023, since they were unreasonably expensive to operate and did not meet the requirements for the aircraft to operate in poor visibility conditions at night. F-16 and Saab JAS 39 Gripen are considered as possible replacement options [48] .
Performance Specifications
Data Source: Modern Fighters [49]
Specifications
- Экипаж : 1 человек (F.2, FGR.4) или 2 человека (T.1/T.1A)
- Длина : 15,96 м
- Размах крыла : 10,95 м
- Высота : 5,28 м
- Площадь крыла : 50 м²
- Угол стреловидности по передней кромке : 55 o
- Коэффициент удлинения крыла : 2,2
- Масса пустого : 11000 кг EF-2000 Typhoon
- Масса снаряжённого : 16000 кг
- Максимальная взлётная масса : 23500 кг [50]
- Масса топлива : 5000 кг (во внутренних баках)
- Двигатели : 2× ТРДДФ Eurojet EJ 200
- Thrust :
- максимальная : 2×6120 кгс (60 кН)
- на форсаже : 2×9180 кгс (90 кН)
- Удельный расход топлива без форсажа 0,76 кг на кгс в час
- Удельный расход топлива на форсаже 1,7 кг на кгс в час
Лётные характеристики
- Максимальная скорость :
- на высоте: 2450 км/ч ( M =2,3)
- у земли: 1400 км/ч ( M =1,2)
- Боевой радиус действия, км
- в режиме истребителя: 1389
- в режиме ударного самолёта: 601
- Перегоночная дальность: 3790 км
- Практический потолок 19 812 м [51]
- Скороподъёмность : >315 м/с
- Время разгона на малой высоте с 370 до 1200 км/ч: 30 с [50]
- Длина разбега/пробега: 700 м (снаряжённый) [50]
- Нагрузка на крыло: 311 кг/м²
- Тяговооружённость : 1,18
- Максимальная эксплуатационная перегрузка : −3/+9 g
- ЭПР : 1 м² (без наружных подвесок) [52]
Вооружение
- Пушечное вооружение : 1× 27 мм пушка Маузер BK-27 в корневой части правого полукрыла
- Узлов подвески вооружения : 13
- Боевая нагрузка : ~7500 кг различного вооружения:
- Ракеты «воздух-воздух»: AIM-9 Sidewinder , AIM-132 ASRAAM , AIM-120 AMRAAM , IRIS-T и в будущем MBDA Meteor
- Ракеты «воздух-земля»: AGM-84 Harpoon , AGM-88 HARM , ALARM , Storm Shadow , Brimstone, Taurus , Penguin и в будущем AGM Armiger
- Бомбы: Paveway 2, Paveway 3, Enhanced Paveway, JDAM, HOPE/HOSBO;
- Лазерная система целеуказания, например, контейнер LITENING.
Avionics
- РЛС : CAPTOR [53] , с 2010 — АФАР CAESAR ( CAPTOR Active Electronically Scanning Array Radar)
- ОЛС PIRATE ( Passive Infra Red Airborne Track Equipment )
- Длина: 680 мм
- Ширина: 591 мм
- Высота: 300 мм
- Вес: 48 кг [54]
See also
- General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F/A-18 Hornet
- Dassault Rafale
- MiG-35
- Mitsubishi F-2
- AIDC F-CK-1
- HAL Tejas
- Chengdu J-10
- Chengdu FC-1 Xiaolong
- JAS 39 Gripen
Notes
- ↑ airbus.com (недоступная ссылка)
- ↑ Французский истребитель Rafale впервые выиграл международный тендер Архивировано 3 февраля 2012 года.
- ↑ Армс-Тасс
- ↑ Power to progress, Flight International , Reed Business Publishing (10 апреля 1991). Дата обращения 5 июля 2007.
- ↑ «Евроджет предлагает Индии модификацию EJ200 с отклоняемым вектором тяги» на сайте air-attack.com (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 8 мая 2011. Архивировано 4 марта 2011 года.
- ↑ Eurofighter Typhoon — Werkstoffe, Aerodynamik, Flugsteuerung
- ↑ Das «Captor» Radar
- ↑ «Eurofighter and Euroradar to develop latest generation AESA radar.» www.defencetalk.com , 21 July 2010.
- ↑ «Eurofighter and Euroradar to develop latest generation AESA radar.» www.asdnews.com , 21 July 2010.
- ↑ «Eurofighter Design Features.» eurofighter-typhoon.co.uk
- ↑ Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes: Deception, Evasion and Concealment in the Air. London: Salamander, 2001. р. 113.
- ↑ Eurofighter a shooting star in clash with US jets — Scotsman.com
- ↑ Eurofighter Typhoon - Luftüberlegenheitsrolle . eurofighter.at . Дата обращения 3 ноября 2015. Архивировано 15 августа 2009 года.
- ↑ AirForces Monthly (неопр.) . — 2004.
- ↑ EUROJET Turbo GmbH . Дата обращения 4 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110606031448/http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/EJ200_tcm92-6698.pdf
- ↑ www.airbus.com (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 9 июля 2019. Архивировано 8 сентября 2018 года.
- ↑ Official Rafale specifications , FR: Dassault , < http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/rafale/aircraft-characteristics.html?L=1 > .
- ↑ Official Typhoon Specifications , Eurofighter , < http://www.eurofighter.com/et_ap_pd_ov.asp > .
- ↑ Eurofighter Typhoon , DE: Luftwaffe , < http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKI93AMA8mB2e4-AfqRUFYIQtTLGSoKUhuUkqrv65Gfm6rvrR-gX5AbGlHu6KgIAPMomGo!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjBfSDVQ?yw_contentURL=%2F01DB060000000001%2FW26E7J9E579ITSRDE%2Fcontent.jsp > .
- ↑ F-16C/D Factsheet . US Air Force
- ↑ F-16 Specifications . Lockheed Martin
- ↑ F/A-18E/F Super Hornet page . Boeing
- ↑ Super Hornet Overview . Boeing (PDF)
- ↑ Aircraft Museum — F/A-18E/F Super Hornet . Aerospace Web. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
- ↑ 1 2 3 BP , Blogspot , < http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qrjFeNOsuEY/TS0pRdh1k2I/AAAAAAAAAGU/1Nao6ZHY2_Q/s1600/page0022.jpg >
- ↑ Official Gripen IN Technical Specifications , SE: Saab , < http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-for-India/The-Fighter-Gripen-IN/ > .
- ↑ Pressbrief Gripen NG , NL, 8 Aug , < http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/NLGRIPENPRESSBRIEFAug08.pdf > . Проверено 1 февраля 2011. .
- ↑ 1 2 Saab NG presentation , JSF Nieuws, p. 5 , < http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/JSF15_ERIC_GRIPEN_DEMOROLLOUT2008.pdf > .
- ↑ MiG-35 , RU: MiG Aravia , < http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_35_e.htm > .
- ↑ MiG-29M2 specifications . RAC MiG (the MiG-29M2 is similar to the MiG-35).
- ↑ MiG-35 , Deagel , < http://www.deagel.com/Strike-and-Fighter-Aircraft/Mig-35_a000357007.aspx > .
- ↑ MiG-35 specifications . Airforce technology. (Ferry range with three external fuel tanks 3,100 km).
- ↑ Aero India 2007 Brochure , Bharat-Rakshak , < http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2007/Brochures/DSC03906.JPG.html > .
- ↑ F-16 Versions - F-16E / F. F-16.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
- ↑ Technische Daten Eurofighter Austria , AT: Air Power , < http://eurofighter.airpower.at/technik-daten.htm > .
- ↑ "Gripen Dimensions" . Saab
- ↑ http://www.saabgroup.com/Global/Documents%20and%20Images/Air/Gripen/Gripen%20product%20sheet/Gripen_Dimensions.pdf
- ↑ “Fox Three.” Dassault-aviation.com .
- ↑ Austrian Airforce
- ↑ Gripen Supercruises
- ↑ EFA-2000 Eurofighter . Fas.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
- ↑ French Rafale fighter first won an international tender
- ↑ French Rafale fighter first won an international tender
- ↑ Report on US Competitiveness in the Fighter Aircraft Export Market . CSIS
- ↑ Capaccio, Tony . Lockheed F-35 Program Faces $ 1 Billion Cut in US Senate Spending Measure (December 16, 2010). Date of appeal September 12, 2011.
- ↑ Austria to sue Airbus over Eurofighter contract . bbc.com . BBC (February 16, 2017). Date of treatment July 7, 2017.
- ↑ Gunther Oswald, Nina Weissensteiner. Doskozil verkündet Aus für den Eurofighter (German) . derStandard.at (7. Juli 2017). Date of treatment July 7, 2017.
- ↑ M.A. Levin, V.E. Ilyin. "Modern fighters." - Moscow: “HOBBIKNIGA”, 1994. - S. 15-18. - 288 p. - 15,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85561-014-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Eurofighter: Technical Data
- ↑ Österreichs Bundesheer - Waffen und Gerät - Eurofighter EF 2000
- ↑ Der Eurofighter Typhoon (Taifun) // doppeladler.com
- ↑ AVIA.RU: Press Review: Archived on August 23, 2011.
- ↑ Advanced Targeting Archived on August 8, 2011. // SELEX Galileo
Literature
Links
- - official site of Eurofighter Typhoon