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Scientology History

Scientology was developed by Lafayette Ron Hubbard on the basis of the previous doctrine - Dianetics [1] [2] . Hubbard, a former naval officer, writer, member of the Club of Travelers and Researchers ", In 1950 published the book" Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health "( Eng. Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health ) [1] [2] [3] [4] . The book outlined Hubbard's theory of the causes of irrational behavior and psychosomatic diseases , and also offered therapy (called auditing ) in order to get rid of it [5] [1] . This book became the New York Times bestseller and remained on the bestseller list for 28 weeks [2] [4] . Initially, Dianetics was conceived as a new psychotherapy , and it was not supposed that it would lay the foundation for religion [6] [7] .

Continuing to apply and develop his theory after the publication of this book, Hubbard gradually came to understand that “I,” the spiritual essence of a person, is able to separate from the body and live life after life in different bodies (which is similar to the idea of reincarnation in Eastern religions); this concept formed the basis of Scientology [3] [8] . He coined the word Scientology in 1952, and in 1953-1954 he began to found religious organizations; The first Church of Scientology was established in Los Angeles in 1954 [9] [10] .

The Founding Church of Scientology opened in Washington in 1955, and Hubbard became its executive director [1] [11] [10] . By this time, Hubbard clearly took the position that the teaching he created was not secular self-help therapy, but religious counseling [11] [12] . Hubbard remained executive director of the Church of Scientology until 1966; in 1966, he resigned from these powers and took up the further development of Scientology principles [3] [5] [10] .

In the early 1980s, Scientology was reorganized: the International Church of Scientology was established , which coordinates the activities of individual Scientology organizations and contributes to the worldwide expansion of the movement, and the Center for Religious Technology (MDGs), the highest authority on Scientology doctrine [3] [10] . Also in the early 1980s, a group of Scientologists who called themselves the “ Free Zone ” broke away from the Church of Scientology; its members follow some of Hubbard’s texts, but also develop their own principles [13] .

Hubbard passed away on January 24, 1986 [11] [10] . Scientologists consider Hubbard an exceptional person who does not have a successor as the founder of the doctrine [14] . David Miscavige, Hubbard's assistant and key figure in Scientology since the mid-1970s, remained the de facto leader after Hubbard's death; His official title is “Chairman of the Board of the Center for Religious Technology " [4] [10] [14] .

In Russia, the Church of Scientology of Moscow was registered in January 1994 [15] .

The history of the word Scientology and its meaning as a term

The word Scientology is first found in Allen Upward's (1863–1926) book, The New Word [16] , written in 1901 and published in 1908. in London, several decades before Ron Hubbard founded Scientology as a new religious movement . In this book, the word "scientology" occurs 4 times as a noun and 1 time as an adjective. Some Scientology opponents claim that Hubbard borrowed the word from there, although there is no evidence that he was familiar with this work. The philosophical views that Upward formulates in The New Word have nothing to do with any ideas of Scientologists of a later time.

Later, the term “scientology” (German “Scientologie”) was used in the 30s of the 20th century by the German philosopher Anastasius Nordenholz (in the book “Scientology: the science of the internal nature and applicability of knowledge”, or “Scientologie: Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens ") [17] .

The word "Scientology" ( English scientology ), according to Hubbard, was created by him by combining two words: the Latin " scio ", which means knowledge , and the Greek " logos ", which means the word , in other words, the external form that is attached to the internal thoughts for its expression and message , and also means this very inner thought or reason [18] [19] . Hubbard first used the word in the title of his lecture on March 3, 1952 [18] .

George Malko [20] claims that in 1952 L. Ron Hubbard borrowed this term from Nordenholz for the name of the doctrine he created. For the first time, this work of Nordenholtz was translated into English in 1968 by former Scientologist Woodward R. McPheters. Malko used McFithers translation, stating possible similarities between some of Hubbard and Nordenholtz's ideas. Religionist Roy Wallis believes this question is controversial: “McFithers was a Scientologist for a long time, who left the movement for the sake of heretical branches in an atmosphere of mutual enmity. There is at least the possibility that this could affect the translation. An independent translation of several pages of the original, made by my order, confirms this. A possible resemblance to Hubbard’s wording becomes much less obvious ” [21] . According to Massimo Introvigne, there is no evidence that L. R. Hubbard was familiar with the work of Nordenholz. In his bulletin dated December 13, 1955, Hubbard wrote that he could not read German [22] .

Timeline

1950s and earlier

1938 yearHubbard wrote the Excalibur manuscript, for the first time outlining the idea that all life strives to survive. Subsequently, it became one of the basic principles of Scientology [23] .
1948 yearThe manuscript Dianetics: Initial Theses has been written and distributed. [24]
1950 yearThe New York Times [25] [26] book “ Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health ” [3] [27] [28] was published and became the bestseller of The New York Times. [25] [26]
1951 yearThe New Jersey Board of Forensic Experts has filed a lawsuit against the Hubbard Dianetic Research Center alleging that the center is teaching medicine without a proper license [29] [30] [28] . The complaint was not examined [31] .
1952 year
  • Hubbard Dianetic Center moved to Phoenix ; there, Hubbard first introduced the word Scientology to the audience and founded the Hubbard Scientology Association [32] [10] [33] [28] ;
  • In September, the Hubbard Association of Scientologists office opened in London [34] ;
  • In December, Hubbard begins the Philadelphia Doctoral Course lecture series, which discusses the thetan's exit from the body [33] [28] [34] ;
  • The book “Human History” has been published, which is fully devoted to past lives [35] .
1953 year
  • On April 10, in a letter to his secretary, Helen O'Brien Hubbard first considers his activities from a “religious angle” [28] [34] ;
  • In April, Hubbard wrote the article “ Factors ” [36] , in which, using biblical vocabulary, he presented the cosmology of Scientology and its idea of ​​the structure and creation of the world, of being, universes, life and death [37] [38] ;
  • In June, the Hubbard Scientology Association was abolished and was replaced by the Hubbard International Scientology Association (MASX). From that moment on, all Scientology organizations came under the direction of the MACA, and it itself was positioned as a “religious fraternity" [39] ;
  • In December, three churches were founded in Camden, New Jersey : the Church of American Science, the Church of Scientology, and the Church of Spiritual Engineering [33] [40] .
1954 year
  • On February 18 [40] , the Church of Scientology of California [41] was established in Los Angeles , which later became the International Church of Scientology [33] . From that moment on, all newly opened Scientology organizations in both the United States and other countries were called the Church of Scientology [42] ;
  • Hubbard wrote The Creed of the Church of Scientology [34] ;
  • Hubbard gave a series of lectures in Phoenix, in which he said that Scientology is rooted in the Vedas , Buddhism and other Indian religions [33] [40] .
1955 year
  • The Founding Church of Scientology opened in Washington , and Hubbard became its executive director [43] [44] [45] ;
  • The District of Columbia High Court granted Hubbard the right to marry. [40]
1956 year
  • The United States Internal Revenue Service has exempted the Church of Scientology of Washington from paying taxes [33] [40] ;
  • Scientology wedding ceremony published [40] ;
  • Hubbard founded the Scientology Center in Dublin [46] .
1957 yearThe Church of Scientology of California is exempt from taxes [40] .
1958 year
  • The Food and Drug Administration seized and destroyed dozens of jars (21,000 tablets) [47] a mixture of vitamins “dianesin” in connection with the allegation that it allegedly cures radiation sickness [33] [40] ;
  • Hubbard gave an interview to American religious historian Jay Stillson Judah [48] ;
  • The book “Did you live before this life?” Was published, which is a collection of reports on cases when during auditing people received memories of past lives [35] ;
  • The US Internal Revenue Service canceled the status of the Church of Scientology of Washington, which exempted it from paying taxes [40] .
1959 year
  • Hubbard acquired St. Hill Estate ( Sussex , England), where he established the Scientology Center, which was the headquarters of Scientology until 1966; [49] [48] [10] [46]
  • The first Scientology organization opened in France [46] ;
  • E-meter of the Mark I model was released on the basis of a device developed by the follower of Dianetics Volna Matheson [48] .
  • A compilation of the Ceremonies of the Founding Church of Scientology has been published, which included instructions for conducting church services, weddings, baptisms, and burials [40] .

1960s

1960 yearOn April 30, David Miscavige was born in Bucks County , currently the leader of the Church of Scientology [48] .
1961 yearIn March, Hubbard launched the St. Hill Special Survey Course in England. During the course, which lasted until December 1966, Hubbard delivered 437 lectures [48] .
1962 yearUnder the influence of the Victoria Mental Hygiene Authority in 1962, the persecution of Scientologists in Australia began. [50]
1963 year
  • On January 4, the US Marshals Service ordered by the Food and Drug Administration to raid the Church of Scientology of Washington [48] [40] ;
  • In Australia, it is forbidden to register organizations containing the word “Scientology” in their name [51] (the ban was partially lifted in 1973, [52] completely in 1983 by a decision of the Australian Supreme Court [53] ).
1965 year
  • In Australia, Anderson's report published in Scientology followed by the Psychological Practices Act (1965), the Scientology Act (1968) and the Scientology Ban Act (1969), which led to the ban on Scientology in Australia [48] (the ban was partially repealed in 1973, [52] completely - in 1983, by a decision of the Australian Supreme Court [53] );
  • On February 7, Hubbard’s first document on orthopraxia was published - “The Preservation of Scientology Effectiveness Series, 1” [48] ;
  • May 5 in East Grinstead (England) published "Table of classes, steps and awareness", the forerunner of the modern " Bridge to complete freedom " [48] [54] ;
  • In September, the Clearing Course was released in St. Hill [48] ;
  • The United States Internal Revenue Service has launched a Scientology audit [40] .
1966 year
  • In February, Narconon was founded [48] ;
  • In July, Hubbard began developing confidential OT levels [55] ;
  • In August, OT I level was released [48] ;
  • On September 1, Hubbard resigned as Executive Director of the Church of Scientology and set about developing further Scientology principles; [3] [56] [10] [48]
  • In September, OT II level was released [48] .
1967 year
  • On July 18, the US Internal Revenue Service canceled the status of the Church of Scientology of California, which exempted it from taxes [48] [55] ;
  • On August 12, Hubbard founded the Maritime Organization [57] , the forerunner of which was the Maritime Project [48] . Hubbard decided to concentrate all efforts on the further development of the highest levels and, together with the most devoted followers, relocated to three vessels: Diana, Athena and Apollon; less than a month later, Hubbard announced that he had made an important breakthrough in the development of new levels [58] ;
  • On September 20, Hubbard announced the release of OT III level in an audio recording of Vestnik Rona 67 [48] .
1968 year
  • In May, the issue of the Scientology magazine Advance! Was published, which draws an analogy between Scientology and other world religions [55] ;
  • In August, the Church of Scientology founded its own journal, Freedom (according to other sources, the first magazine was published in 1969) [59] [60] ;
  • Foreign Scientologists were banned from entering the UK [61] (the ban was lifted in 1980) [62] ;
  • Scientology Commission established in New Zealand ; the commission recommended that certain restrictions be imposed on the activities of Scientology organizations - in particular, persons under the age of 21 who wish to receive auditing and training should receive written consent from both parents [63] ;
  • The Church of Scientology opened in Copenhagen , which later became the center of all Scientology activity in Europe [46] ;
  • Scientology appeared in Sweden [46] .
1969 year
  • Standard Dianetics [59] has been released .
  • In the United States, the Citizens Commission on Human Rights was founded [59] ;
  • A. I. Demyanenko and A. G. Konovalov, in their examination, argue that Scientology was banned in Greece this year due to charges of “kidnapping” (the ban was lifted the same year as “abducted people” were found) [64 ] ;
  • The founding church of Scientology sues the IRS [55] .

1970s

1970 year
  • On February 22, the Scientology Center for Celebrities opened in Los Angeles " [59] ;
  • Founded " Criminon " [59] ;
  • September 9th, OT VII level was released [59] ;
  • In November, Hubbard began conducting the “Flag Management Review Course” [59] .
1971 yearHubbard released the L-Randowns (L10, L11, and L12), which are now held at Flag Ground Base in Clearwater, Florida. [52]
1972 yearOn August 18, the organization Applied Education founded " [48] .
1973 year
  • Scientology priests in Australia are given the right to marry (under the Marriage Act of 1961) [52] ;
  • District of Columbia Court of Appeal Judge Gerhard Gesell decided that on E-meters there should be a disclaimer : “The device is not intended for medical diagnosis and use for other medical purposes” [52] ; The E-meter received a new definition: “a device used for religious purposes, serving to direct the course of confession” [55] .
  • Security Office launched a large-scale campaign to infiltrate government agencies and other organizations, mainly in the United States. The campaign lasted until 1979 [52] .
1975 year
  • The headquarters of the Maritime Organization has been relocated to land: in October, in Daytona Beach , and in December, in Clearwater , Florida , USA [52] ;
  • Hubbard completely abandoned management and handed over leadership of the Church of Scientology to a new generation of leaders [65] .
1976 year
  • Under the pressure of the Freedom of Information Act, the NSA recognized that it had been monitoring the Scientologists for many years, but had not declassified the goals and results of its work [66] ;
  • Roy Wallis, a British sociologist of religion, has published a study entitled “ The Bridge to Complete Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology " [52] [67] .
1977 year
  • On July 8, the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided Scientology churches in Los Angeles and Washington [52] ;
  • In September, the Church of Scientology acquired a building in Los Angeles, which previously housed the Lebanese Cedar Medical Center, and established a regional headquarters there [52] .
1978 year
  • The Dianetics of the New Era has been released [52] ;
  • In September, OT V level was released (“Dianetics of a new era for OT”) [68] .
1979 year
  • In March, the Mark VI model E-meter was launched [68] ;
  • Registered Scientology Organization in Greece [69] ;
  • The program “Cleansing” [68] has been released .

1980s

1980 yearA complete reorganization of the structure of the Church of Scientology has begun [70] : in February, the “Supreme Governing Body” was established, reporting to the office of the International Executive Director; In August , Golden Era Production was founded [68] .
1981 year
  • In February, the book The Road to Happiness was published - a non-religious moral code of conduct [68] ;
  • Instead of the Church of Scientology of California, the International Church of Scientology was established [68] - the mother church, which coordinates all the activities of churches in order to "ensure their expansion" [71] ;
  • For the theft of government documents, Mary Sue Hubbard and several other people from the Security Office were sentenced to imprisonment from 1 to 4 years [72] [70] ; The Church of Scientology has begun an internal investigation of the Security Office, and has also begun a complete reorganization of its activities at the national, continental, international levels [73] [74] ;
  • December 22 founded the "International Organization of Scientology Missions" [68] .
1982 year
  • On May 16, the Center for Religious Technology was established, where Hubbard donated all trademarks of Dianetics and Scientology free of charge [75] [68] ;
  • On May 27, the Church of Spiritual Technology was established , which owns all copyrights to Hubbard's works and is known as the L. Ron Hubbard Library [68] ;
  • In November, the “Conference of Freelance Auditors” was held, which laid the foundation for the modern “ International Hubbard Ecclesiastical League of Pastors Hubbard Spiritual League” [68] .
1983 year
  • The Supreme Court of Australia ruled that Scientology is a religion [53] [76] ;
  • As a result of an internal investigation that began in 1981 and continued throughout 1982, it was decided that the Security Office should be disbanded. Many of its former functions were already transferred to newly formed structures, and by 1983 it was finally abolished [73] [77] [74] [78] ;
  • The international headquarters of the Church of Scientology has been relocated to Los Angeles, where it remains to this day [73] .
1984 year
  • The first Scientology group appeared in St. Petersburg [79] .
  • On October 7, the International Association of Scientologists (IAC) was established at St. Hill Manor. Those present signed the "Oath to Humanity" [76] ;
  • On October 12, a group of Scientologists led by “Captain” Bill Robertson, who calls herself the “ Free Zone ”, split off from the Church of Scientology; its members follow some of Hubbard’s texts, but also develop their own principles [80] [76] .
1985 yearMore than ten thousand [81] Scientologists, including celebrity Scientologists John Travolta , Chick Koria, and Al Jerro , flocked to the Freedom of Religion March in Portland , Oregon , demanding fair justice in the Julia Christofferson case [76] [82] . Influenced by Deprogrammer Ted Patrick (founder of the Cult Alert Network ), [81] Julia accused the Church of Scientology of fraud and demanded $ 39,000,000 to pay; The trial lasted about seven years [82] . As a result, the Multnomah District Judge ruled that the case should be reviewed because of a bias against the Church of Scientology as admitted by Christopherson [82] ; the case was closed in 1986 [81] .
1986 year
  • On January 24, Ron Hubbard died of a stroke at his own ranch in Creston ( state of California ). Scientologists believe that he "left the body and set about exploring higher levels" [55] [76] [83] [84] ;
  • January 27 in the concert hall " Hollywood Palladium "David Miscavige announced the death of Hubbard, after which several more leaders close to the deceased spoke. Then the Scientology farewell ceremony took place [85] .
1987 yearDavid Miscavige took the post of chairman of the board of the Center for Religious Technology [55] [76] .
1988 year
  • On June 9, the Maritime Organization launched the Freewinds vessel in Curacao. The next day, the highest level of the “Bridge to Complete Freedom” opened - “FROM VIII” [76] ;
  • On November 14, the Association for the Improvement of Life and Education was established " [76] .


1990s

1991 yearSeptember 7 published a new "Bridge to complete freedom"; this option remained in use until the release of the updated version in 2013 [86] .
1992 yearScientology materials are printed in Russian [87] [88] .
1993 yearThe US Internal Revenue Service officially recognized Scientology as a religion and exempted its churches from taxes due to the charitable purposes and non-commercial nature of their activities [89] [90] [91] [92] ; Church of Scientology representatives have provided the Internal Revenue Service with more than 11,000 pages of evidence to support this. [93]
1994 yearOn January 25, the Church of Scientology of Moscow was registered in Russia [15] [94] .
1995 yearOn November 25, 1995, the Swiss Federal Council issued a statement: “The terminology and principles of Scientology make it possible to regard it as a new religious movement, and it should be regarded that way. The federal court shares this view ” [95] .
1996 year
  • On May 10, the Golden Age of Technology was released, which included new exercises for auditors , a new Mark VII Quantum E-meter and a training simulator of E-meter readings [96] .
  • In October, fifteen leaders and members of the Church of Scientology in France appeared before a Lyon court in a suicide trial in March 1988 [97] [98] . In the course of this case, an investigation has begun into whether Scientology is a religion [99] . On November 22, the Lyon Court classified Scientology as a dangerous cult, but in 1997 the decision of the Lyon Court of Appeal stated that Scientology could be called a religion [98] [99] ; also, by a decision of the court of appeal, ten of the fifteen defendants were acquitted [98] .
  • On December 15, the RF State Duma adopted an appeal to the President of the Russian Federation with a proposal “to develop a draft concept of the religious security of Russian society” from a number of “ destructive religious organizations ”, among which the Church of Scientology was mentioned [100] [101] [102] ; as a result, in 1997 the Federal Law on Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations was adopted [103] [104] [105] .
1997 year
  • On April 5, Los Angeles Street, where the Scientology Organization complex is located, was named L. Ron Hubbard Street [106] .
  • On October 9, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is fully a religion aimed at “liberating the human soul by knowing the divine nature of every person” [107] .
  • 2007 - The Church of Scientology of Moscow won the case against Russia at the European Court of Human Rights . [94] [108]
  • July 12, 2007 - The Scientology Center public organization was liquidated in St. Petersburg by a court order. [109] [110] On November 21, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation approved this decision and it entered into legal force. According to the Justice Ministry, the center was engaged in paid education and the provision of medical services, without proper licenses (in the court decision, the auditing procedures practiced at the Scientology Center were called “unskilled interference in the human mind”). In addition, sectarians used minors and engaged in "illegal collection of information about their privacy" (free "stress test"). The center also violated tax, financial and labor laws. [111] [112] [113]
  • 2007 - At the end of October 2007, the International Academy of Social Sciences awarded the Scientology Center with a diploma "For the Improvement of the Russian Land." [114]
  • December 7, 2007 - German authorities declare Church of Scientology unconstitutional [115]
  • On February 22, 2008, police and prosecutors in the Kirov District raided the St. Petersburg office of the Church of Scientology, at the entrance of which they seized two boxes of confessions of members of the organization. The reason for the audit was a complaint by a former Scientologist who feared that his personal data might be used by the organization. [110]
  • November 22, 2008 - German authorities stop persecuting the Church of Scientology. [116]
  • On May 25, 2009, France began the trial of the Church of Scientology on charges of organized fraud . [117]
  • On October 27, 2009, Church of Scientology leaders were found guilty of fraud; Allen Rosenberg was sentenced to two years probation. The court imposed a fine of 600 thousand euros on two Scientology organizations - Celebrity Center and SEL bookstore, but refused to ban Scientologists from operating in the country [118]
  • On April 21, 2010 in Russia, the Surgut City Court of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra recognized a number of materials by Scientology authorship Ron Hubbard as extremist and decided to include them in the Federal List of Extremist Materials . Проведенная по ходатайству прокурора Сургутской транспортной прокуратуры психолингвистическая экспертиза специалистов в области психиатрии, психологии и социологии Религиоведческого совета при Губернаторе ХМАО-Югры, изъятой в ходе проверки прокуратурой и Ханты-Мансийской таможей, литература и аудио- и видеоматериалов, выявила наличие идей, оправдывающих насилие как таковое, в том числе способы противодействия критикам саентологии, а также скрытые призывы к социальной и религиозной розни, призывы к воспрепятствованию законной деяте льности государственных органов, совершению преступлений по мотивам идеологической и религиозной ненависти [119] [120] . По сообщению прокуратуры от 21 апреля 2010 года , материалы будут включены в федеральный список экстремистских материалов и запрещены к распространению. [120] Церковь саентологии заявила о намерении обжаловать решение в вышестоящей инстанции, полагая, что оно принято с нарушениями Конституции РФ. [121] Все материалы Хаббарда исключены из федерального списка экстремистских материалов по повторному определению Сургутского городского суда от 14 апреля 2011 г. [122]
  • 30 июня 2011 года Щёлковский городской суд Московской области признал экстремистскими 8 работ Рона Хаббарда [123]
  • 20 марта 2012 года Московский областной суд при рассмотрении кассационной жалобы саентологов подтвердил правомерность решения Щелковского городского суда. Согласно решению областного суда, книга «Что такое саентология?» и некоторые другие брошюры Р.Хаббарда подлежат включению в Федеральный список экстремистских материалов и запрету к распространению на территории Российской Федерации. [124]
  • 7 июня 2012 года в Калининграде было возбуждено уголовное дело против руководителя тренинговой компании, являющейся членом Международного института саентологических предприятий (WISE) и использующей сайентологические технологии управления в персональном консультировании для предпринимателей — руководителей и сотрудников фирм. Его подозревают в незаконном предпринимательстве. По предварительным данным, доход компании от незаконной образовательной деятельности в год составлял от 2 до 4 млн рублей. [125]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Melton JG «Scientology» // Encyclopedia of Religion, Second edition. / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief. — Vol.14. — Gale — 2005. — P. 8192 ISBN 0-02-865981-3 , e-book ISBN 0-02-865997-X
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 Frenschkowski M. L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature (англ.) // Marburg Journal of Religion : journal. - 1999. - Vol. 4 , no. 1 . - P. 15 .
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Melton JG «Scientology» // Encyclopædia Britannica , копия Архивная копия от 6 ноября 2013 на Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 .
  5. ↑ 1 2 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Introduction, p. 3.
  6. ↑ Science and Religion in the New Religions, 2004 , с. 110.
  7. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Frenschkowski, Marco «Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard», pp. 104—140.
  8. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Frenschkowski, Marco «Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard», pp. 109, 107.
  9. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Frenschkowski, Marco «Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard», p. 111.
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Нойзнер, Джейкоб . World Religions in America. — Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. — P. 221–236. — ISBN 0-664-22475-X .
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 Extraordinary Groups, 2011 , p. 319.
  12. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Dorthe Refslund Christensen «Rethinking Scientology: An Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986».
  13. ↑ Extraordinary Groups, 2011 , p. 330.
  14. ↑ 1 2 Extraordinary Groups, 2011 , pp. 319-320.
  15. ↑ 1 2 Кукушкина, 2003 .
  16. ↑ Полный текст книги Аллена Апварда «Новое слово» (на английском) .
  17. ↑ www.answers.com . Анализ термина «Scientologie» Анастасиуса Норденхольца и «scientology» Рона Хаббарда
  18. ↑ 1 2 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Dorthe Refslund Christensen «Rethinking Scientology: An Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986», p. 71: «...„Summary Course Lectures“ given in Wichita, Kansas in early spring of 1952. The lecture on March 3 was entitled „Scientology: Milestone One.“ The title was not commented on until the first issue of a new journal, Scientology, in August 1952. Here Scientology was presented as: "a new word which names a new science. It is formed from the Latin word, scio , which means know ; or distinguish , being related to the word scindo , which means cleave . (Thus the idea of differentiation is strongly implied). It is formed from the Greek word „logos,“ which means the word , or outward form by which the inward thought is expressed and made known; also, the inward thought or reason itself . Thus, Scientology means knowing about knowing , or science of knowledge ».
  19. ↑ Urban, 2011 , p. 64.
  20. ↑ George Malko, «Scientology: The Now Religion». Dell, New York, 1970.
  21. ↑ Roy Wallis , «The Road to Total Freedom». — Heineman, London, 1976. — P. 111.
  22. ↑ Introvigne, Massimo L. Ron Hubbard, Kenneth Goff, and the «Brain-Washing Manual» of 1955 // CESNUR
  23. ↑ Scientology by Lewis 2009, 2009 , p. 30-31.
  24. ↑ Scientology by Lewis 2009, 2009 , p. 21.
  25. ↑ Frenschkowski, 1999 .
  26. ↑ Urban, 2011 .
  27. ↑ Melton JG «Scientology» // Encyclopedia of Religion, Second edition. / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief. — Vol.14. — Gale — 2005. — P. 8192 ISBN 0-02-865981-3 , e-book ISBN 0-02-865997-X
  28. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , p. 217.
  29. ↑ New Jersey Starts Action Against Dianetics // Elizabeth Daily Journal . — January 15, 1951.
  30. ↑ Vicki Hyman. How Scientology was born in NJ (англ.) (неопр.) ? . nj.com (27 марта 2015). Date of treatment March 21, 2019.
  31. ↑ Mortimer J. Newman Jr. English: Superior Court of New Jersey Civil action certificate about Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation (неопр.) (4 сентября 1973). Дата обращения 10 апреля 2019.
  32. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Frenschkowski, Marco «Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard», p. 111.
  33. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Chronology of Major Events, p. xi.
  34. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Westbrook, 2018 , p. 95-96.
  35. ↑ 1 2 Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , p. 71.
  36. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. 85: «This is also the theory described in The Factors, introduced in April 1953 where Hubbard accounts for how the thetans came to be captured in the restraining physical universe».
  37. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Frenschkowski, Marco, p. 111—113: «A well-known example of Hubbard experimenting with more traditional religious language to express his ideas is the short piece 'The Factors', written in 1953. This is a basic expression of Scientologist cosmology and metaphysics, and has often been reprinted in Scientology books. ... The very structure of this text is a cosmological creation myth».
  38. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 92: «Hubbard's presentation of "The Factors", a set of 30 points in language reminiscent of the first chapter of Genesis. It is perhaps the best early source for Scientology's "creation story" and touches on topics such as creation, beingness, space, communication, energy, life, time, universes, and death in the nomenclature of Dianetics and Scientology».
  39. ↑ Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , p. 66.
  40. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , p. 218.
  41. ↑ Marco Frenschkowski. Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard // Handbook of Scientology. — Brill. — С. 104—140 . — ISBN 9789004330542 .
  42. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 97—98.
  43. ↑ J. Gordon Melton. Birth of a Religion (англ.) // Scientology. — Oxford University Press, 2009-03-11. — 11 March. — P. 17—29 . — ISBN 9780195331493 .
  44. ↑ Robert Hauhart, William M. Kephart. Extraordinary Groups: The Sociology of Unconventional Lifestyles (англ.) // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. — 1977. — June ( vol. 16 , iss. 2 ). — P. 214 . — ISSN 0021-8294 . — DOI : 10.2307/1385760 .
  45. ↑ Jacob Neusner, Tamara Sonn. COMPARING RELIGIONS THROUGH LAW . — Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1932. — ISBN 9780203259993 , 9780203202678.
  46. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Kjersti Hellesoy, James R. Lewis. Chapter 5, "Danish Dianetics: Scholarship in the Church of Scientology in Scandinavia" // Handbook of Nordic New Religions / James R. Lewis , Inga Bårdsen Tøllefsen. — BRILL, 2015. — С. 93—111. — 530 с. — ISBN 9789004292468 .
  47. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 97: «While the number of pills seized was relatively small (perhaps a few dozen bottles)...».
  48. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xii.
  49. ↑ Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , с. 88.
  50. ↑ 'Scientology' Perverted Inquiry Told , National Library of Australia (28 мая 1964), С. 27. Дата обращения 13 августа 2013.
  51. ↑ Direction on Scientology , National Library of Australia (16 октября 1965), С. 3. Дата обращения 13 августа 2013.
  52. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xiv.
  53. ↑ 1 2 3 Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-Roll Tax (Vic) ("Scientology case") [1983 HCA 40; (1983) 154 CLR 120 (27 October 1983)] (англ.) . www6.austlii.edu.au. Дата обращения 9 августа 2018.
  54. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 129—130.
  55. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Urban, History of a New Religion, 2011 , p. 219.
  56. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , Introduction, p. 3.
  57. ↑ Extraordinary Groups, 2011 , pp. 319-320.
  58. ↑ Scientology by Lewis 2009, 2009 , p. 26.
  59. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xiii.
  60. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 196—197.
  61. ↑ Marshall, 1990 , p. 178—179.
  62. ↑ Judgement of Mr Justice Latey, Re: B & G (Minors) (Custody) Delivered in the High Court (Family Division) (англ.) // Family Law reports. — London, 1984. — 1 July.
  63. ↑ New Zealand Commission of Inquiry into the Hubbard Scientology Organization in New Zealand | The Online Books Page (неопр.) . onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Date of appeal April 18, 2019.
  64. ↑ А. И. Демьяненко, А. Г. Коновалов. Критический анализ саентологии как религии и потенциально авторитарной секты // УДК 2-79.
  65. ↑ Scientology by Lewis 2009, 2009 , p. 29.
  66. ↑ Vernon A. Guirdy, Jr. . CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY FINALLY GETS FOOTHOLD ON NSA , Washington Star (12 августа 1976).
  67. ↑ Roy Wallis. The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology . — Columbia University Press, 1977. — 282 с. — ISBN 9780231042000 .
  68. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xv.
  69. ↑ Kyriazopoulos, 2001 : «The Church of Scientology in Greece chose the form of an association for its foundation, which, according to Greek Civil Code, is a legal person of private law. Initially in 1979, the association was founded under the name "Foundation of Dianetics and Philosophy of Greece" [1]. Next in 1983, the association was founded under the name "Center of Applied Philosophy of Greece" (Κ.Ε.F.Ε)».
  70. ↑ 1 2 Scientology by Lewis 2009, 2009 , p. 28.
  71. ↑ James R. Lewis, Jesper Aa Petersen. Controversial New Religions . — Oxford University Press, 2014-07-16. — 495 с. — ISBN 9780199315321 .
  72. ↑ Eric Townsend. The Sad Tale of Scientology // . — Bramhall, Stockport: Anima Publishing, 1985. — P. 54.
  73. ↑ 1 2 3 CESNUR 2001 - Sea Org (Melton) (неопр.) . www.cesnur.org. Дата обращения 24 апреля 2019.
  74. ↑ 1 2 Westbrook, 2018 , p. 162—165.
  75. ↑ Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis, 2018 , p. 141: «It [RTC] controls the trademarks and service marks of Dianetics and Scientology and licenses their usage. CST, founded in 1982, owns the copyrights to Hubbard's writings— both fiction and nonfiction and also licenses their use».
  76. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xvi.
  77. ↑ Cf. Clifford Longley . Scientology Officers Expelled, The Times (London) (17 августа 1983).
  78. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 179-180.
  79. ↑ Постановление Европейского Суда по правам человека от 02.10.2014 Дело "Церковь саентологии г. Санкт-Петербурга" и другие (Church of Scientology of ST Petersburg and Others) против Российской Федерации" (Жалоба N 47191/06) (Первая секция) | ГАРАНТ (неопр.) . base.garant.ru. — «6. В 1984 году в Санкт-Петербурге появилась первая группа саентологов под руководством гр. М. Голдберга». Дата обращения 5 сентября 2019. Копия Ещё копия
  80. ↑ Extraordinary Groups, 2011 , p. 330.
  81. ↑ 1 2 3 Westbrook, 2018 , p. 189—190.
  82. ↑ 1 2 3 Jay Mathews . Scientology Winning in Court , The Washington Post (1 декабря 1985).
  83. ↑ Paul Oliver. New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed . — Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011-12-01. — С. 107. — 194 с. — ISBN 9781441190888 .
  84. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 180.
  85. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 182.
  86. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xvii.
  87. ↑ Дианетика в Ленинграде в 80-90-е годы XX столетия (неопр.) . Российское общество исследователей религии. Date of treatment September 5, 2019.
  88. ↑ editorial. Саентология в России: 10 основных фактов (неопр.) . Факты о Саентологии (30 января 2019). Date of treatment September 5, 2019.
  89. ↑ Douglas Frantz. Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt (англ.) . Дата обращения 10 августа 2018.
  90. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 174.
  91. ↑ Suffolk transnational law review, Том 19 . — Калифорнийский университет, 1995. — P. 339. — 634 p.
  92. ↑ Bruce R. Hopkins. The Law of Tax-Exempt Organizations . — 8, исправленное. — Wiley, 2003. — С. 230. — 1136 с. — ISBN 9780471268208 . — ISBN 0471268208 .
  93. ↑ Westbrook, 2018 , p. 186—188.
  94. ↑ 1 2 Европейский суд по правам человека. Постановление по делу «Саентологическая церковь г. Москвы против Российской Федерации» от 15.03.2007 г.
  95. ↑ Rechtliche Anerkennung von Scientology in der Schweiz (нем.) (20. Dezember 2013). Дата обращения 10 августа 2018.
  96. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xvii—xviii.
  97. ↑ Alfonse M. D'Amato. Religious Intolerance in Europe Today: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe . — DIANE Publishing, 1999-04. - 168 p. — P. 158. — ISBN 9780788177125 .
  98. ↑ 1 2 3 The New Heretics of France, 2011 , с. 66—67.
  99. ↑ 1 2 Jan G. Platvoet, Arie Leendert Molendijk. The Pragmatics of Defining Religion: Contexts, Concepts, and Contests . — BRILL, 1999. — 582 с. — P. 41—42. — ISBN 9789004115446 .
  100. ↑ Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 15.12.1996 n 918-ii ГД Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации к Президенту Российской Федерации об опасных последствиях воздействия некоторых религиозных организаций на здовроье общества, семьи, граждан России (неопр.) . Дата обращения 23 мая 2019.
  101. ↑ Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 15.12.1996 № 918-II ГД "Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К Президенту Российской Федерации об опасных последствиях воздействия некоторых религиозных организаций на здоровье общества, семьи, граждан России" (неопр.) . Гарант . Дата обращения 23 мая 2019.
  102. ↑ Мосгорсуд удовлетворил иск Минюста о ликвидации саентологической церкви Москвы (неопр.) . TASS. Date of treatment March 9, 2019.
  103. ↑ Формирование российского законодательства о свободе совести и религиозных организациях в 90-е гг. Хх века: исторический анализ и политико-правовой аспект (неопр.) . Дата обращения 23 мая 2019.
  104. ↑ Об истории принятия Закона о свободе совести (рус.) . Российское общество исследователей религии. Дата обращения 23 мая 2019.
  105. ↑ Двадцать пять лет на пути свободы совести | (unspecified) . Радонеж . Дата обращения 23 мая 2019.
  106. ↑ Handbook of Scientology, 2017 , p. xviii.
  107. ↑ Shupe A. The Nature of the New Religious Movements–Anticult “Culture War” in Microcosm: The Church of Scientology versus the Cult Awareness Network (англ.) // Scientology. — Oxford University Press , 2009. — 11 March. — P. 269–282. — ISBN 9780195331493 .
  108. ↑ Статья на ИАЦ «Сова»
  109. ↑
    • Петербургская прокуратура ликвидировала «Сайентологический центр» // Lenta.ru , 14.07.2007 г.
    • Петербургская прокуратура ликвидировала «Саентологический центр» // Rambler , 14.07.2007 г.
  110. ↑ 1 2 У сайентологов Санкт-Петербурга изъяли две коробки с исповедями // Lenta.ru , 22.02.2008 г.
  111. ↑ Санкт-Петербург очистили от сайентологов Архивная копия от 22 февраля 2013 на Wayback Machine // Агентство национальных новостей
  112. ↑ Питерским сайентологам запретили претворять в жизнь учение Хаббарда // Известия , 21.07.2007 г.
  113. ↑ Андрей Цыганов, Наталья Матвеева Сайентологов ликвидировали как организацию // «Коммерсантъ С-Петербург» , № 215 (3791), 22.11.2007
  114. ↑ «Саентологи Петербурга не собираются сдаваться» //ГАZЕТА.СПб
  115. ↑ * Страница о признании Саентологии подрывающей демократические и государственные устои, ссылки на постановления и решения в конституционных судах Германии Архивная копия от 25 мая 2012 на Wayback Machine // Bundesamt fuer Verfassungsschutzamt
    • Власти Германии объявили Церковь Сайентологии неконституционной // Lenta.ru ,07.12.2007
  116. ↑ Власти Германии прекратили преследование Церкви Саентологии Архивная копия от 24 сентября 2015 на Wayback Machine (недоступная ссылка)
  117. ↑
    • Во Франции начался процесс против Церкви Саентологии // Lenta.ru ,25.05.2009
    • Франция собирается запретить саентологию Архивная копия от 6 сентября 2005 на Wayback Machine // Lenta.ru ,10.09.1999 г.
    • Scientology on trial in France // BBC ,25 May 2009
    • Саентологов во Франции судят за мошенничество , Газета.ру (25 мая 2009).
  118. ↑ Руководители церкви саентологии во Франции признаны виновными в мошенничестве // ИА Интерфакс , 27.10.2009 г.
  119. ↑ Сургутский городской суд Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа-Югры — Пресс-релиз // Официальный сайт Сургутского городского суда Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа-Югры, 30.04.2010
  120. ↑ 1 2
    • Федеральный список экстремистских материалов // Российская газета , Федеральный выпуск № 5247 30.07.2012 г.
    • Пресс-релиз // Генеральная прокуратура РФ копия 1 , копия 2
    • Произведения основателя сайентологии признаны российским судом экстремистскими // Интерфакс-Религия , 21.04.2010 г.
    • В России запретили литературу сайентологов // Lenta.ru , 21.04.2010
    • Литература сайентологии в России запрещена к распространению. Архивная копия от 11 января 2014 на Wayback Machine // Envy News, 23.04. 2010 year
  121. ↑ В Ханты-Мансийске суд оставил за саентологами право обжаловать решения о признании трудов Хаббарда экстремистскими Архивная копия от 17 декабря 2014 на Wayback Machine // CIVITAS.RU, 14.07.2010
  122. ↑ * Федеральный список экстремистских материалов — см. пункты 632—660: « исключен из списка (определение Сургутского городского суда Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа-Югры от 14.04.2011). (недоступная ссылка) »
    • Суд отменил решение о запрете литературы сайентологов // Lenta.ru , 12.10.2010
  123. ↑
    • Решением Щелковского городского суда от 29 июня 2011 г. удовлетворено заявление Щелковского городского прокурора о признании информационных материалов Л. Рон Хаббарда: «лекции к курсу ПИН/ПЛ» в составе 9-ти аудиокассет и одной книги; книги «Что такое саентология?», «Саентологические идеальные организации. Основная шляпа члена рекомендательного исполнительного совета», «Саентологические идеальные организации. Курс: что такое организация», «Статус руководителя один», «Курс руководителя организации» том 0, «Курс „Управление“, том 1, том 2, том 3- экстремистскими материалами, а также принято решение о их конфискации.» Щелковский городской суд Московской области — Пресс-релиз от 30.06.2011 г. // Официальный сайт Щёлковский городской суд Московской области
    • По требованию Щелковской городской прокуратуры Московской области признаны экстремистскими книги Рона Хаббарда // Генеральная прокуратура РФ , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Федеральный список экстремистских материалов // Российская газета № 5794 от 30 мая 2012 г.
    • Генпрокуратура объявила экстремистскими несколько книг Хаббарда // ИА Интерфакс-Религия , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Подмосковный суд признал экстремистскими книги Рона Хаббарда // Lenta.ru , 30.06.2011
    • В России запрещены за экстремизм книги основателя сайентологии и фантаста Хаббарда // NEWSru.com , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Книги Рона Хаббарда признаны судом экстремистскими // Балтийское Информационное агентство, 30.06.2011 г.
    • Подмосковный суд признал экстремистскими книги основателя саентологии Архивная копия от 11 января 2014 на Wayback Machine // РИА Новости , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Суд признал экстремистскими книги основателя саентологии Рона Хаббарда // Росбалт , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Книги Рона Хаббарда признаны в РФ экстремистскими // BFM.ru , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Книги основателя саентологии признаны экстремистскими // Коммерсантъ.ru , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Книги Рона Хаббарда признаны экстремистскими // Finam.FM , 30.06.2011 г.
    • Сайентология оказалась вне закона // MK.ru , 30.06.2011 г.
  124. ↑ * Книги Рона Хаббарда признаны экстремистскими законно — Мособлсуд // ИА Интерфакс-Религия , 20.03.2012 года
    • Мособлсуд признал книги Рона Хаббарда по саентологии экстремистскими (недоступная ссылка) // Новые известия , 20.03.2012 г.
  125. ↑
    • В Калининграде под суд пойдет глава компании, в которой применяли методы сайентологии // Интерфакс-Религия , 07.06.2012 г.
    • Анна Шонова В Калининграде завели дело на директора саентологической организации // Российская Газета , 07.06.2012 г.

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Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Scientology_History&oldid = 102054768


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