The Chervonian Cossacks ( Ukrainian Chervone Kozatstvo - all-arms unit (since 1920 - corps) of the armed forces of Soviet Ukraine during the Civil War . It was formed by the Government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic of Soviets with the capital in Kharkov as opposed to the troops of the Ukrainian People’s Republic with the capital in Kiev - the so-called Free Cossacks , oriented toward confrontation with Moscow, one of the military formations within the Red Army , known collectively as the "Red Cossacks", that is, to some extent connected data with the Cossacks as an estate, people, descendants of the Cossacks of the 17-18 centuries (especially relevant for the Cossacks of Ukraine-Malorosia).
The creation of the Red Cossacks is essentially significant in the sense that it marks the process of formation of the formation of a new, regular Red Army in the territories of the former Russian Empire controlled by the Bolsheviks.
Content
History of creation
On December 12 (25), 1917, in Kharkov at the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants' Deputies , Soviet power was proclaimed in Ukraine. At that time in Kharkov there were two regiments of the Ukrainian Central Council - the 2nd Ukrainian reserve and Chigirinsky.
On December 19, 1917 ( January 1, 1918 ), the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR recognized the People's Secretariat of the UPRC as the only legitimate government of Ukraine.
At the request of the Ukrainian Soviet government , V.M. Primakov arrived in Kharkov, who had previously been sent to Petrograd from the Chernihiv Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies as a delegate to the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets . There he was elected a member of the All-Russian CEC and participated in the defeat of the Kerensky-Krasnov insurgency in November 1917. Primakov later wrote in his memoirs that on the night of December 27, 1917 ( January 9, 1918 ) on December 28, 1917 ( January 10, 1918 ), by order of the people's secretary of the Ukrainian People’s Republic of Soviets, the 2nd Ukrainian regiment (commander Ye.I. Volokh ) was disarmed, and on the basis of the 3rd battalion of this regiment, which had gone over to the side of Soviet power, the 1st Regiment of the Chervonny Cossacks was created, which was replenished with numerous volunteers from among the soldiers and Kharkov workers.
December 31, 1917 ( January 13, 1918 ) The People’s Secretariat for Military Affairs appealed to the working people of the republic to join the Red Cossacks in the smokers (regiments) [1] .
The formation of military units and divisions of the Red Cossacks was carried out simultaneously with the Red Guard. In January, the 3rd Chervonny Regiment and several Red Guard units in the city of Kremenchug , the 1st Proletarian Regiment of the Kharkov Locomotive Plant in Kharkov, the 1st Workers' and Peasants Regiment, the 1st Proletarsky Machine Gun Regiment, the 1st Partisan Regiment, were formed. 1st Engineering Workers 'and Peasants' Regiment (in different cities). Red Guard detachments were formed in the eastern districts of the Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav provinces that are part of the Donetsk coal basin , in Yekaterinoslav , and later in Poltava .
Combat use
In early January 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the People’s Secretariat of the UPRC decided to jointly attack the troops of the Central Council. The main blow, it was decided to deliver from Kharkov to Poltava with the further movement to Kiev together with the Bolshevik units of the former Russian imperial army . All troops were part of the Southern Revolutionary Front to combat counter-revolution (the commander-in-chief of the front, V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko , the head of the Field front staff, who led the military operations in Ukraine, was M. A. Muravyov ). Yu.M. Kotsyubinsky (since 19.01.1918) was the Commander-in-Chief of the UNRS troops.
The 1st Regiment of the Red Cossacks participated in the offensive. On January 6 (19), the attackers occupied Poltava, January 26 ( February 8 ) - Kiev.
On January 20 ( February 2 ), the People’s Secretariat issued a Decree on the organization of the People’s Revolutionary Socialist Army - the Red Cossacks . The decree established the voluntary principle of recruitment, the class worker and peasant base of the new army, the need for recommendations for joining it, state support for soldiers and their dependent members. Following Kharkov, detachments of the Red Cossacks were formed in the settlements of the Kharkov and Poltava provinces, in Poltava , Kiev . On February 23, the headquarters of the Red Cossacks was opened in Odessa .
Meanwhile, on January 27 ( February 9 ), 1918, a delegation of the Central Council concluded a separate peace treaty with a bloc of Central Powers , according to which they recognized the sovereignty of the UPR. The Central Rada signed an agreement on the basis of which German and Austro-Hungarian troops entered the territory of Ukraine. In turn, Soviet Russia also signed the Brest Peace Treaty , by which it pledged to recognize the independence of Ukraine (UNR), to cease hostilities and withdraw its troops from its territory. A few detachments of the Red Cossacks and the workers' Red Guard, subordinated to the Soviet government of Ukraine, were unable to hold back the German-Austrian offensive and were withdrawn to the territory of the RSFSR. At the same time, the 1st regiment of the Red Cossacks under the command of Primakov changed its name and underwent reorganization, and at the end of September 1918, by order of the All-Ukrainian Military Revolutionary Committee (Bolsheviks), it entered one of the two formed Ukrainian rebel divisions.
Since mid-December 1918, the 1st cavalry regiment of the Red Cossacks as part of the Ukrainian Front participated in battles with the UPR Army.
In July-August 1919, the 1st Cavalry Cavalry cavalry regiment was deployed to the 1st Cavalry Cossack cavalry brigade , which in September became part of the newly formed cavalry division (from December 1919 - the 8th Cervon Cossack cavalry division ) under the command of Primakov .
In September 1920, the 17th Cavalry Division of the Red Cossacks was formed, and in October 1920 the divisions were merged into the 1st Cavalry Corps of the Red Cossacks of the South-Western Front under the command of Primakov. The corps under this name lasted until 1938 , when it was renamed the 4 Red Army Cavalry Corps.
see also
- Free Cossacks
- 1st Cavalry Corps of the Red Cossacks
- Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich
- Mikhail Sholokhov
- Vitaly Primakov
- Yury Kotsyubinsky
- Grits Kossak
- Alexandra Kollontai
- Pavel Dybenko
Notes
- ↑ The Great October Socialist Revolution in Ukraine, vol. 3. Kiev, State Political Publishing House of the Ukrainian SSR, 1957.
Links
- Red Cossacks, 1918-1923: Sat. materials on the history of the Red Cossacks . - Kharkov: Ways of enlightenment; Young Worker, 1923.
- Lozhkin Y. Chervone cossack: A short popular sketch of the history of the red cossack . - [Kharkiv]: Having seen Ukraine, 1928.
- The first one is red (1917-1929) . - M .: Military Publishing , 1931.
- 1 cavalry corps of the Red Cossacks named after VUTsIK and Komsomol of Ukraine
- Pure Cossacks. Memories of veterans. Order of the Red Banner of Labor Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow, 1969, editors-compilers E.P. Zhuravlev, M.A. Zhokhov.
- Lazarev S. E. The rout of the "Primakov" group (1936-1941) // Military Historical Archive. 2012. № 3 (147). Pp. 98–106.
- Lazarev S. E. Red Cossacks // Cossacks. Encyclopedia / Redcol .: AG Martynov (Ch. Ed.) And others. M .: JSC “First Exemplary Printing House” branch of the “Chekhov Printing House”, 2015. P. 635-636.