The Mozhaisk Principality is a Russian principality with a center in Mozhaisk under the control of one of the branches of the Rurikovich dynasty . It was founded in the middle of the 13th century. It was liquidated in 1493 [1] .
| the specific principality of the Grand Duchy of Smolensk , then the Grand Duchy of Moscow | |
| Principality of Mozhaisk | |
|---|---|
←   →no later than 1277 - 1493 | |
| Capital | Mozhaysk |
| Languages) | Russian |
| Religion | Orthodoxy |
| Population | Eastern Slavs , Balts , Golyad |
| Form of government | Monarchy |
| Dynasty | Rurikovich : Smolensk princes → Moscow princes → Mozhaisk princes |
| Largest cities | Mozhaisk , Medyn , Kaluga , Beloozero |
| Story | |
| • 1277 - 1303 | Smolensk princes |
| • 1303 - 1389 | Moscow princes |
| • 1389 - 1454 | Mozhaisk princes |
| • 1454 - 1493 | Moscow princes |
| Continuity | |
← Smolensk principality ← Belozersky principality | |
Grand Duchy of Moscow → Principality of Verey → | |
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 Antiquity
- 1.2 Smolensk principality
- 1.3 Moscow Principality
- 1.4 Andrey Dmitrievich
- 1.5 Ivan Andreevich
- 1.6 The last years of the principality
- 2 Rulers of the Principality
- 3 Mozhaisk branch of princes
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
History
Antiquity
Mozhaiskaya land was located in the upper reaches of two rivers - Protva and Moscow . Before the arrival of the Slavs in the XI century, these lands were inhabited by Baltic and Finnish tribes. Together with the Slavs, they formed a conglomerate of tribes, apparently a Vyatich , through which the princes were afraid to go from the time of Prince Boris to Vladimir Monomakh. They did not know cities, did not build fortresses. The forest served them both as a house and a fortress [2] . Nearby, in the area of the Protva River, a tribe of rides lived.
Presumably in the interval between 1087 and 1113, the Smolensk prince founded the first princely court on the site of the future Mozhaisk [2] .
For the first time in the annals of this territory it is said in 1146 during the campaign of Svyatoslav Olgovich . After which the lands along Protva for 2 centuries came to Chernigov, and then to the Ryazan principality. Around the same time, the Smolensky churchyard of Iskon appeared on the upper Moscow River .
The princes sought to gain a foothold in the upper reaches of the Moscow and Protva rivers, realizing the importance of this territory.
Principality of Smolensk
A small feudal possession that stood out from the Principality of Smolensk no later than 1277 . It went to the management of Prince Fyodor Rostislavich Cherny , the grandson of Smolensk Prince Mstislav Davydovich .
Principality of Moscow
In 1303, the principality was captured by Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich , when Svyatoslav Glebovich , who was taken captive to Moscow, reigned in Mozhaisk. Until 1322, the destiny was ruled by the younger brother of Yuri Danilovich Afanasy Danilovich , and after the death of Yuri Mozhaysk is one of the volosts of Ivan Kalita . Under the son of Kalita, Simeon Gordom, in October 1341, Vitebsk prince Olgerd, with Lithuanian army, unsuccessfully besieged Mozhaysk. In 1352, a plague raged in the city with him [3] .
With the death of Simeon, Mozhaisk passes to his third wife, Maria Alexandrovna (from the family of Tver princes) and is disposed of by Vasily Mikhailovich Kashinsky . Maria’s brother-in-law, Ivan II Ivanovich , whose lands included the Mozhaisk inheritance, passed it on a testament in 1359 to his son Dmitry Donskoy, in which in 1354 the city was depopulated because of the plague. In 1372, the protege of Dmitry Fedor Mikhailovich (Tver line) reigned in Mozhaisk, who supported the Grand Duke of Moscow in his struggle for the great reign with Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver [3] .
Among the fallen in 1380 in a battle on the Kulikovo field, history mentions 60 Mozhaisk boyars without attributing them to the troops of an independent principality. Tohtamysh avenged Mamaia in 1382 defeated Mozhaisk [3] .
Andrei Dmitrievich
In 1389, Dmitry Donskoy bequeathed Mozhaisk to his son Andrei , with whom a series of independent specific princes of Mozhaisk begins. The new Mozhaisk prince was then a seven-year-old child; since the age of 15 he has already appeared in the public arena. In the spiritual letter of Dmitry Donskoy, for the first time we recognize the composition of the Mozhaisk Principality. Mozhaisk lands, in addition to Mozhaisk itself, include Iskon , Porotva , Tushkov , Vereya , Kaluga , Tovarkovo , Medyn , Belozersk and other territories [4] .
| Composition of the Mozhaisk Principality in 1389 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Title | Location | Note |
| Ismeya | Upper river Isma | Diaghilevsky camp, which was also limited by the right bank of the river. Protva [5] |
| Numbers | Unknown | A small parish in the area of Vereya. Possibly lower than Ismeiah [5] |
| Fear | Iskona | The parish of Iscon of the XII century. Later camp Iskon and Boyan. The upper and middle course of the river. Ancestors, including sections of the rivers Ruza, Pedni and Inochi [5] . |
| Berestov | city Berestov | The lower course of the river. Ancestors on the left side. Limited to the south by the Moscow River. In XIX there was still the village of Berestovo [5] |
| Fool | Galichichi city | The upper course of the river. Protva and p. Sandbox [6] |
| Kolocha | District r. Kolochi | Perhaps the left bank of the river. Kolochi, including the river. Warrior . Possible center - with. Kolotskoye [5] . |
| Carcasses | Tushkov town | Settlement of the XI century [5] |
| Higher | Upper river Moscow | Perhaps in the area of the village of Vyshnye [6] |
| Glinsky | R. Glinenka | The influx of Moscow. Probably with. Glinka (disappeared in the 20th century) [5] |
| Pnevichi | Verkhneruzskoe water reservoir. | Upper river Ruzy. It bordered on Volokolamsk lands. Later Volokolamsk camp Pnevitsky [5] |
| Zagorje | Left Bank of Yauza | Reached the river. Gzhati [5] |
| Bonesque | R. Obolon | Reached the river. Gzhati. Including the upper river. Thieves and the mouth of the river. Thieves. Most likely the village of Nikolskoye , where the Iron Age fortification is located [5] |
| Korzhan | Karzhen village | Along the Karzhen River, the left tributary of the Protva [6] . |
| Moishin Holm | D. Holmino (probably) | Perhaps Smolensky in 1136. Mentioned as a "Hill" [5] . Perhaps Bragin Hill [7] |
| Vereya | Vereya | Without Vyshgorod [6] |
| Rud | R. Rut | The left bank of the river. Rut. Right tributary of the Protva. Perhaps the trap of Vyshegorod [6] . Perhaps the river Rudnya [8] . |
| Gordoshevichi | R. Rut | |
| Gremichi | from. Gremyachevo | Maybe Vyshegorod |
| Zaberega | R. The coast | Right tributary of the Protva. Perhaps the left bank of the river. Shores, near Galichichi [6] |
| Sushov | from. Sushevo | |
| from. Repinsky | from. Repnikovo | The village was located on the river Repenka, a tributary of the Protva. The village disappeared in the 70-80s. 20th century. |
| from. Ivanovo | Unknown | |
| Koluga | Kaluga | |
| Grove | Unknown | Between Kaluga and Serpukhov [6] |
| Tov | item Tovarkovo | The boyar Fedor Andreyevich bought from Smolensk [6] |
| Medyn | city of Medyn | Boyar Fedor Andreyevich bought from Smolensk |
| Beloozero | Belozersk | The White Lake Principality was purchased from the Vladimir Principality [6] |
| Volsk | Volsky churchyard (flooded) | Completely flooded by the waters of the Rybinsk reservoir |
| Shagot | R. Uhra | |
| Milolyubsky ez | R. Shosha (flooded) | Completely flooded by the waters of the middle Sheksninsky reservoir |
| from. Oleksinsky | from. Alexino | Yuryevskoe village on Peksha [9] |
| from. Naprudskoe | from. Prudnoe | Moscow village |
| from. Lutsinsky | Moscow, at the Yauza | Moscow village "on the Yauza with the Melnitsa" |
| from. Deuninskoe and with. Khvostovsky | Przemysl District | |
In 1397, the Novgorodians ruined the Mozhaisk Beloozero and Andrei lived in Veliky Novgorod for a year, establishing relations between him and Moscow. In 1408, he founded the existing and now Luzhetsky monastery , as a fort of the city’s fortress , taken out of the line of 16 prison-monasteries of its first line of defense. In 1410, the temnik Edigey ravaged the Mozhaisk Verey volosts, but the city itself was not damaged. In 1411, Andrei escorted his niece, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow, to Constantinople . In 1413 he founded the Kolotsky Monastery near Mozhaisk as a fortified point for the protection of the remote Smolensk road. Prince Andrew greatly contributed to the strengthening of the power of the city of Mozhaisk and the Principality. The third at the beginning of his reign, the largest of Moscow destinies by the end of his life in 1432 grows into the first. During his reign, from the end of 1419 to 1422 a terrible famine raged in Mozhaisky volosts and people "perished in thousands in houses and on the roads." In 1427, Mozhaisk visited the plague epidemic and exterminated many inhabitants in it [3] .
Prince Andrew is already minting his own silver coin. Coins of 1426 are known in 16 shares, 1427 in 15 shares, 1428 14 shares and 1432 years - 13 shares. On these coins there were inscriptions "seal of the prince" and "prince" [3] .
Before his death in 1423, Andrei divided his inheritance into two principalities - Mozhaisk with Kaluga and Vereisk with Beloozero. He transferred the main first inheritance to his eldest son, Ivan , and the second to the younger Mikhail [3] . From this moment, the volosts of the Verey principality are not considered by the history of the Mozhaisk principality.
Ivan Andreevich
In his early years, Ivan Andreevich, following the example of his father, minted his coin, but easier than his father. Of the coins known issued in 1432-1434 in 12, 11 and even 10 shares. Ivan reigned in troubled times - the center of gravity of political life in the country fluctuated, the feuds of the individual princes corroded the Moscow principality. Ivan, who initially swore allegiance to Moscow, in 1434 switched to the side of Uncle, Zvenigorod-Galician Prince Yuri Dmitrievich , rival Vasily II to the Grand Duke's throne. Then Ivan Andreevich Mozhaysky repeatedly tries in alliance with the son of Yuri Dmitry Shemyaka to seize the leadership in the Moscow state [3] .
In 1444, Ivan burned his boyar Andrei Dmitrievich Mamon with his wife on Mozhnitsa in Mozhaysk , apparently because he “pulled” to Moscow. Subsequently, the son of Mamon can be met by the closest adviser to Ivan III . In 1445, the Lithuanian prince Kazimir Yagaylovich sent his army to Mozhaysk in the absence of an entertaining Ivan Andreevich. The Lithuanians take 5 Russian cities along the way, until the tiny by the number of forces of the princes of Mozhaisk, Vereysky and Borovsky princedoms stop them in a battle near the Sukhodrev River [3] .
In 1446, Mozhaisky and Shemyaka on February 12 took Moscow by surprise and plundered the princely treasury and archives. On the morning of February 13, Ivan will capture on behalf of Shemyaki the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II . A little later, Shemyak, together with Ivan, was blinded by Vasily Vasilyevich in revenge for blinding his brother Shemyaka and Vasily's favor for the Tatars, for which Basil II was nicknamed Dark. After this, Vasily is expelled from Moscow. Probably this was the true reason that after 8 years, in 1454, Vasily II march to Mozhaisk and annex it to the great principality of Moscow. Even before the arrival of the Dark, Ivan Andreevich flees from the inheritance to his father-in-law in Lithuania and receives Chernigov, Starodub, Gomel and Lyubich there as an inheritance. Subsequently, his son Simeon (Semyon) in 1499 due to the religious persecution of the Lithuanian prince, together with the cities listed, was again transferred to the citizenship of Moscow [3] .
The Last Years of the Principality
Dark in 1462, Mozhaisk was allocated together with the cities of Serpukhov and Dmitrov as an inheritance to his son Yuri Vasilyevich the Younger . After his death, according to his will, Mozhaisk departs to the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III . In 1481 , under a special agreement, Ivan III ceded Mozhaisk to his brother Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi Uglitsky Gorya , and with the latter being imprisoned in 1493 and his death, the city again went to Moscow, now forever. Thus, in 1493 the lot was liquidated [3] .
Rulers of the Principality
| Name | Years | Branch |
|---|---|---|
| Fedor Rostislavich Cherny | 1275-1299 | Smolensk |
| Svyatoslav Glebovich | 1299-1303 | Smolensk |
| Athanasius Danilovich | 1303-1322 | Moscow |
| Yuri Danilovich | 1322-1325 | Moscow |
| Simeon Ivanovich the Proud | ? —1353 | Moscow |
| Ivan I Kalita | ? | Moscow |
| Vasily Mikhailovich Kashinsky | 1353—? | Tver |
| Ivan II Ivanovich | ? —1359 | Moscow |
| Dmitry Donskoy | 1359-1389 | Moscow |
| Andrey Dmitrievich Mozhaysky | 1389-1432 | Mozhaisk |
| Ivan Andreevich Mozhaysky | 1432-1454 | Mozhaisk |
| Basil II the Dark | 1454-1462 | Grand Duke |
| Yuri Vasilievich Jr. | 1462-1473 | Moscow |
| Ivan III Vasilievich | 1473-1481 | Grand Duke |
| Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi | 1481-1493 | Moscow |
Mozhaisk branch of princes
- Andrei Dmitrievich Mozhaysky (1389-1432);
- Ivan Andreevich Mozhaisky - (1432-1454);
- Mikhail Andreevich Mozhaysky - (second half of the 15th century);
- Semen Ivanovich Mozhaysky - (second half of the XV - beginning of the XVI century);
- Vasily Semenovich Mozhaysky - (early 16th century).
Notes
- ↑ Mozhaisk Principality - History of the Fatherland (unavailable link) (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1197 days]) // Yandex. Dictionaries
- ↑ 1 2 Kondratiev I.I. History of the Mozhaisk Kremlin. - M: TAUS, 2010 .-- 232 p. - 1000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vlasyev N.I. Mozhaisk in its past - a brief historical outline // Mozhaisk district of Moscow province. - Mozhaisk district executive committee. - Mozhaisk: printing house of the newspaper New Plowman, 1925. - 493 p. - 2000 copies.
- ↑ The spiritual certificate of Dmitry Donskoy. Electronic Library of the History Department of Moscow State University . www.hist.msu.ru. Date of treatment November 3, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Victor Temushev. The territory and borders of the Moscow principality at the end of the XIII - the first half of the XIV century . krotov.info. Date of treatment November 24, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 V.I. Gorokhov. Historical essay "The historical past of Mozhaisk." - The newspaper "On the Lenin path." - 1957.
- ↑ Peter Golubovsky. The history of Smolensk land until the beginning of the XV century . - Litres, 2016-02-16. - 412 p. - ISBN 5457100022 .
- ↑ Collective of authors. Atlas of Kaluga governorate, consisting of twelve cities and counties. Descriptions and alphabets for the Kaluga Atlas. Part 2. Medynsky district. - St. Petersburg, 1782 .-- 45 + 633 + 620 s.
- ↑ Vladimir Kuchkin about Russia in the XIII-XIV centuries. . www.krotov.info. Date of treatment November 24, 2015.
Literature
- Mozhaisk Specific Principality // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Slavic Encyclopedia. Kievan Rus-Muscovy. - M. , 2002. - T. 1. - S. 742.
- Kuzmin A. V. The Princes of Mozhaisk and the Fate of Their Ownership in the 13th – 14th Centuries: FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SMOLENSK EARTH // Ancient Russia. Questions of Medieval Studies . 2004. No. 4 (18). S. 107—122.