Ferdinand Tönnies ( German: Ferdinand Tönnies ; July 26, 1855 , Oldensworth - April 9, 1936 , Kiel ) is a German sociologist and criminologist, one of the founders of professional sociology in Germany , a supporter of " understanding sociology ", the founder of "formal sociology".
| Ferdinand Tonnis | |
|---|---|
| Ferdinand tonnies | |
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| Date of Birth | July 26, 1855 |
| Place of Birth | Oldensworth |
| Date of death | April 9, 1936 (aged 80) |
| A place of death | Keel |
| A country |  Germany |
| Scientific field | sociology |
| Place of work | Kiel University |
| Alma mater | |
| Famous students | |
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Methodology
- 3 Works
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
Biography
Born July 26, 1855 in a village near the small town of Oldensworth in Schleswig-Holstein. From a farmer's family. He lived in the small town of Husum .
TENNIS received a comprehensive education. He studied philosophy, history, classical languages, archeology, economics and statistics at the universities of Jena , Bonn , Leipzig , Berlin and Tübingen . At the University of Tübingen in 1877 received a Ph.D. in classical philology.
He spent most of his life at the University of Kiel . In 1881 he was awarded the title of privat-docent. The title of full professor was assigned to him only in 1918, at the age of 63 years, two years after he retired.
Since 1930, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany .
After the First World War, he still taught, until in 1933 the Nazis removed him from teaching. Tönnis was a liberal, sympathetic to the socialists and very interested in the labor movement. It was impossible to order or forbid him, since by that time he was already a world-famous scientist, and therefore he was fired. He retired to his "gray town" Husum on the seashore. He died on April 9, 1936 in the city of Kiel .
Methodology
One of the founders of the formal school. He tried to be one of the first to create a unified and logically harmonious system of concepts, to present this science as multi-level.
Tönnis distinguished between pure, applied, and empirical sociology. The first analyzes society in a state of static, the second - dynamics, the third explores the facts of life in modern society based on statistical data. Empirical sociology called sociography.
He distinguished two types of society, two types of social relations - community and social, and three types of forms of social life: 1. relationships (Verhaltnisse), 2. aggregates (Samtschaften), 3. corporations (Korperschaften), or compounds (Verbande) (unions ( Bunde), associations (Vereine), partnerships (Genossenschaften)).
According to the main concept of Tönnis, society encompasses various relationships and associations of people and is thus a product of human will. Individual expressions of will are combined into a collective will and thereby into a social structure. Tönnis distinguishes between “wills” of two types: a) natural - the basis of the "hemeinschaft" (community) and b) rational - the basis of the "gesellschaft" (society). The first characterizes primarily a traditional society, and the second - industrial. Such societies differ from each other based on the prevailing norms.
The Geymeinschaft characterizes a traditional society, which is based on close family relationships, on the norms of love, mutual understanding and protection. Social ties are based on kinship, a common locus and language. Such an organization of life together can be called a “natural” society based on a “natural will."
The Gesellschaft is represented in a modern industrial society, which is based on economic, impersonal and artificial relations, on the norms of economic value, labor and consumption, as well as on relations that relate to the social class and economic agreements. This is a business organization in which "rational will" prevails.
The typology hemeinschaft - gesellschaft was used quite often in modern sociology, especially when comparing rural and urban communities.
Compositions
- Community and society. Basic concepts of pure sociology = Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie. - M.: University Foundation, St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dal, 2002. - 450 p.
- Crime as a Social Phenomenon (1909)
- Morality (1909)
- Thomas Hobbes, der Mann und der Denker. - Leipzig 1912.
- Marx. Leben und Lehre. - Jena 1921
- "Criticism of Public Opinion" (1922)
- “Property” (1926)
- “Progress and Social Development” (1926)
- "Introduction to Sociology" (1931)
Literature
- Ionin L.G. The sociological concept of Ferdinand Tönnis // History of bourgeois sociology of the XIX - early XX centuries / Ed. I.S. Kona . Approved for publication by the Institute of Sociological Research of the USSR Academy of Sciences . - M .: Nauka , 1979.- S. 164-179. - 6400 copies.