Ukrainian Latin is a common name for Ukrainian language recording systems using letters of the Latin alphabet. In most of its variants dates back to the Polish and Czech alphabets.
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 Lozinsky Project
- 1.2 Project Irechek
- 1.3 The alphabet of Fedkovich
- 2 Modernity
- 3 Examples
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
History
The first Ukrainian Latin texts dating from the 16th – 17th centuries are written in the Polish or Czech alphabet. The first in the XIX century to establish Latin writing, Joseph Lozinsky , a scientist and priest from Lviv , tried. The basis was the Polish alphabet. Later, a modified version without Polish digraphs was proposed by the Czech Slavic Josef Irecek . The dispute between supporters of these two options, as well as between opponents and supporters of the use of the Latin alphabet, is generally known as the “ alphabet war ”. In the XIX-XX centuries, the bureaucracy of Galicia under Austrian rule used the Latin alphabet.
Lozinsky Project
| A a | B b | C c | Ć ć | Ch ch | Cz cz | D d | Ď ď | E e | F f |
| A a | B b | C c | Q q | X x | H h | D d | Dj | Her | F f |
| G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | Ł ł | M m | N n | Ń ń |
| Ґ ґ | G r | І і | Th | K to | L e l | L l | M m | N n | Nn |
| O o | P p | R r | R 'r' | S s | Ś ś | Sz sz | Szcz szcz | T t | Ť ť |
| Oh oh | N p | R p | Pry | C s | Smiling | W sh | Y | T t | You |
| U u | W w | Y y | Z z | Ź ź | Ż ż | ||||
| At | In in | And and | S s | Zee zee | F |
Project Irechek
In 1859, the Czech Slavic Josef Irecek proposed his own version of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet, based on a combination of elements of the Polish and Czech alphabets, as well as the gaewitz [1] .
| A a | B b | C c | Ć ć | Č č | Ch ch | D d | Ď ď | Dz dz | Dź dź |
| A a | B b | C c | Q q | H h | X x | D d | B q | Dz dz | Dz dz |
| Dž dž | E e | ě | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l |
| J j | Her | є | F f | Ґ ґ | G r | І і | (Th) (th) | K to | L l |
| Ľ ľ | Ł ł | M m | N n | Ń ń | O o | P p | R r | Ŕ ŕ | S s |
| L (b) l (b) | L l | M m | N n | Nn | Oh oh | N p | R p | Pb | C s |
| Ś ś | Š š | Šč šč | T t | Ť ť | U u | ü | V v | W w | X x |
| Smiling | W sh | Y | T t | THAT | At | i | In in | At | Ks ks |
| Y y | Z z | Ź ź | Ž ž | ||||||
| And and | S s | Zb | F |
Notes.
- ↑ For the designation “Є” in place of “I” in Western Ukrainian dialects ( im'ya - imє ). Rule: it is used only where in the Church Slavonic language there is ѧ or in Polish ę : syagnuti - sєgnuti - sěhnuty, dyakuvati - dєkovati - děkovaly, schastya - schєstє - ščěstje, nine'yat - nine - devěť, v'yazati - vzati - , m'yaso - mєso - měso, saint - Sweden - švětyj, row - rєd - rěd, im'ya - imє - imě, goose - goose - husě, sya - sє - sě . However, the law was not consistent, for example: p'yaniy - pjenyj і pjanyj .
- ↑ To indicate l in the pre-Slavic letter combination ъl + consonant ( vołk ), that is, either at the end of the syllable ( oreł, düł, vüł ...; dołhyj, tołstyj ..:, był, plił ), or where it adjoins the consonant ending the syllable ( tołk, dołh ), for example, in masculine nouns with finite A and masculine past tenses ( pochodył ). Irechek mistakenly believed that in the Ukrainian language there is a triple sound A : 1) solid (hart) - fuller than Czech or German l , but not reaching Polish ł (this is Irechekovo l , for example, syla ); 2) softened (erweicht), corresponding to Polish l (in its spelling it is ľ ) and 3) firmly firm (potenziert hart), corresponding to Polish ł .
- ↑ For the designation of i , originating from Old Slavonic o (since Irechek distinguished between i <o and i <e, ѣ). This sound is pronounced as rounded i ( кість - küsť, гвіздь - hvüźď ).
- ↑ Only in foreign words.
Fedkovich's Alphabet
The Bukovinian poet Yuri Fedkovich sometimes wrote down his works in the Latin alphabet, using a mixture of the Czech alphabet and gaewitz [2] [3] .
Modernity
On January 27, 2010, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine issued a decree in which it ordered the transliteration of the Ukrainian alphabet in Latin letters, approving the table of transliteration [4] .
These rules apply, in particular, for issuing foreign passports of a citizen of Ukraine. The main feature of this standard is that it is based on English spelling, and the softening softening is also completely omitted.
In March 2018, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Pavel Klimkin , suggested discussing the possibility of translating the Ukrainian language into Latin. The initiator of the transition is the Polish historian and journalist Zemovit Szherek [5] [6] [7] .
Examples
Below, as an example, the first couplet of the anthem of Ukraine is recorded, recorded in four main versions of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet.
| Lozinsky Project | Project Irechek | State standard | On the basis of the gait |
|---|---|---|---|
| Szcze ne wmerła Ukrajiny ni sława, ni wola. Szcze nam, brattia ukrajinci, usmichneťsia dola. Zhynuť naszi worożeńky, jak rosa, na sonci, Zapanujem i my, brattia, u swojij storonci. Duszu j tiło my położym za naszu swobodu, I pokażem, szczo my - brattia kozaćkoho rodu. | Šče ne vmerla Ukrajiny ni slava, ni voľa. Šče nam, bratťa ukrajinci, usmichneťśa doľa. Zhynuť naši vorüžeńky, jak rosa na sonci, Zapanujem i my, bratťa, u svojij storonci. Dušu j tilo my položym za našu svobodu, I pokažem, ščo my, bratťa, kozaćkoho rodu. | Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy, ni slava, ni volia. Shche nam, brattia ukraintsi, usmikhnetsia dolia. Zghynut nashi vorozhenky, yak rosa, na sontsi, Zapanuiem i my, brattia, u svoii storontsi. Dushu y tilo my polozhym za nashu svobodu I pokazhem, shcho my - brattia kozatskoho rodu. | Šče ne vmerla Ukrajiny ni slava, ni volja. Šče nam, brattja ukrajinci, usmixnetjsja dolja. Zhynutj naši voroženjky, jak rosa, na sonci, Zapanujem i my, brattja, u svojij storonci. Dušu j tilo my položym za našu svobodu, I pokažem, ščo my - brattja kozacjkoho rodu. |
See also
- Belarusian latin alphabet
- Belarusian arabic alphabet
- Russian latin
Notes
- ↑ Yosef Їrechek і ukrainian mov | Zbruch . zbruc.eu . Date of treatment June 3, 2017. (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Scripture by O. Yu. Fedkovich. The first is the critical view. Philol. Sections of NTS for the ed. І. Frank and O. Colessis. T. I — IV. - Lviv, 1902. - S. 18.
- ↑ See the example of “Poli, gay, poli!” And a scan of the manuscript .
- ↑ Resolution of January 27, 2010 No. 55. On streamlining the transliteration of the Ukrainian alphabet in Latin letters
- ↑ Klimkin proposed to introduce Latin alphabet in Ukraine
- ↑ The apostrophe is canceled. When Ukrainian will be transferred to Latin
- ↑ “Navishscho?”: Social networks discuss Klimkin’s proposal to translate Ukrainian into Latin