U.S. Army

The modern American army is descended from the Continental Army , formed June 14, 1775 before the war for US independence . It was officially fixed by the Congress on June 3, 1784 after the war to replace the disbanded Continental Army. However, the creation date is still considered the first.

18th century

The US Continental Army was created by decision of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775 , as a combined army of representatives of all North American states, led by General George Washington, with the aim of fighting the British army. George Washington first chose the Tactics of Fabius , a well-known ancient Roman strategist . He began to use the tactics of constantly exhausting the enemy, inflicting unexpected and swift blows to the most insecure places, immediately disappearing with his troops.

Having gained a decisive victory on October 17, 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga , and having received support from France , Spain and Holland , the Washington army gradually began to tip the scales to its side, which ultimately led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles in 1783 and the recognition of independence United States of America. At the end of the war, the Continental Army was quickly disbanded, primarily because of the reluctance of Americans to remain in the armed forces after gaining independence . But the police that existed at that time could not satisfy all the demands of the young state, and constant wars with the Indian tribes forced to decide on the creation of a standing army - the Legion of the United States , which was founded in 1791 .

XIX century

The second and last war of the Americans against Great Britain (1812-1815) . was less successful than the war for its independence. England's expansionist policy towards Canada and the British’s desire to return the North American States to their sphere of interest led the United States to declare war on June 18 in 1812 and the 7,000-strong poorly trained and armed army of the country opposed the British.

At first, the US Army was not even able to prevent the advance of the 4,500-strong British army, which was numerically inferior to it, deep into the country and even the capture and burning of the state’s capital, the city ​​of Washington . However, gradually the regular army of the USA improved its professional fitness in a number of battles in Niagara in 1814 and in defeating the British invasion of New Orleans . In essence, these military clashes had little effect and soon both sides returned to their original state in which they were at the time the war began.

Between 1815 and 1860 The U.S. Army mainly took part in wars with the Indians and took part in a short war with Mexico (1846-1848) , which ended with the victory of the Americans and the conquest of a vast territory, which later became the states of California , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , Texas , Arizona , Wyoming and New Mexico .

Civil war in 1861-1865 was the most bloody and exhausting war in the United States in its entire history.

During the first two years of the war, the Union Army suffered one defeat after another. But after the decisive battles in July 1863 near Gettysburg in the east and near Vicksberg in the west of the country, the US Army (then the Union Army), which had strengthened and firmly learned the lessons of the war, seized the strategic initiative. As a result, in April 1865, the war ended with a decisive victory of the North over the South.

XX century

The United States in 1917 joined the participants in World War I on the side of the Entente . American troops were sent to the Western Front and took part in fierce battles from the summer of 1917 until November 1918 . With the final victory over Germany on November 11, 1918, the army was demobilized and returned to America.

By the beginning of World War II (1939), the payroll of the US Army was 174 thousand people. After the Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

From the mid-1960s to 1973 ^{[4] the} United States waged a large-scale war in Vietnam .

21st Century

Formation System

As a separate branch of the armed forces, the Ground Forces were formed in 1775 . ^[5] Until the mid- 19th century, most of the personnel of the US Army, except for a fairly small number of line units, were fortified garrisons, engineering and auxiliary units. In wartime, the U.S. Army was deployed to full strength by recruiting members of the U.S. Volunteer units on the basis of the recruitment system for each state that existed at that time. In each of the states, separate units of the territorial militia were also formed, which, if necessary, could also be attached to the regular units of the Ground Forces.

Volunteer units were deployed to full strength and attached to the U.S. Army during all major conflicts in which they participated in the 19th century ( Civil War , Spanish-American War , War with Mexico ). In order to form fully-fledged full-fledged divisions of the Ground Forces to be sent to European fronts during the First World War, the command was forced to form the so-called. The “ ” (Permanent Army) ^[6] The list of regular US Army (National Army) personnel has been reduced to peacetime after the end of hostilities in Europe. The Army in the 1920s and 1930s was made up of three main components: the regular composition of the Army ( English Regular Army ), the Corps of Reserve ( English Organized Reserve Corps ) and the forces of the territorial police of each state ( English State Militias ). ^[7]

In 1941, the command of the US Ground Forces additionally formed the so-called. " " as an expeditionary unit to participate in the conflict in Europe . Thus, during World War II, the Army consisted of four basic elements: a standing army ( Regular Army ), a U.S. Army (the Army of the United States ), a National Guard ( English Guard ) and a Reserve Corps SV ( English Officer / Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) ). In the late 1940s, the Corps of Reserve Reserve was renamed the . The US Ground Forces were re-formed as the expeditionary force of the Ground Forces to participate in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . The expeditionary units of the US Army were finally disbanded after the abolition of the . ^[7]

In the 1950s, in connection with the adoption of the Mass Retaliation doctrine, a reform was introduced in the ground forces to introduce the pentamic structure , which consisted of increasing the mobility of infantry divisions while enhancing their firepower with nuclear weapons (nuclear munitions for 203.2 mm howitzers and tactical missiles with nuclear warheads). The structure was introduced into the troops and lasted from 1956 to 1962, after which a transition was made to the brigade organization of troops in the division ^[8] .

At the moment, the SV include three main military components: the regular composition of the Ground Forces ( Eng. Regular Army ), parts of the reserve ( Eng. Army Reserve ) and the National Guard ( Eng. National Guard ). ^[6] As a separate type of armed forces, military units include such types of troops as: artillery and air defense forces ( Eng. Air Defense Artillery ), infantry (motorized) formations and units ( Eng. Infantry ), formations and units of army aviation ( AA), Corps of Signal Corps , Corps of Engineers , tank formations and units ( Armor ). Parts of the National Guard, according had dual subordination: to both the federal center and the command of the SV, and the command of the Reserve of the SV.

After the end of the Vietnam War and the abolition of the draft principle of recruiting the US Armed Forces, it was decided to more actively use the reserve units of all types of US armed forces in active service. Parts of the US Army and National Guard Reserve took an active part along with the linear units of the NE in the liberation of Kuwait in 1991, and peacekeeping operations on the territory of b. Yugoslavia, in the war in Afghanistan and in the invasion of Iraq in 2003 .

The main components are the first line units ( Regular Army ), as well as two types of reserve units: the National Guard of the States ( Army National Guard ) and the Reserve ( Army Reserve ). Reserve conscripts (reservists) of the National Guard and reserve units are generally drafted for ( unit training assemblies, UTAs ), as well as annual totals for up to three weeks.

Statutory documents

The statutory documents on the use of the Ground Forces and the National Guard are (for units of the Army) and (for parts of the NG) of the US Code . Parts of the National Guard use in the service all the charters and instructions for the units of the permanent composition of the U.S. Army, however, in peacetime they report to the executive authorities of the state of deployment, and in wartime, directly to the federal executive authorities and command (it should be separately noted that parts of the capital military district Washington is directly subordinate to the US president and his staff). The US government reserves the opportunity to remove any part of the NG from subordination to regional authorities and reassign it to the command of the NE if necessary. ^[9]

Civil Leadership

Гражданским и политическим органом руководства СВ является Министерство/Главное управление Сухопутных войск США ( англ. United States Department of the Army ) ( DOA ) — одно из пяти главных управлений видов вооруженных сил, входящих в структуру министерства обороны США / С административной точки зрения ГУ СВ входит в состав Министерства обороны США , то есть, не является самостоятельным министерством в аппарате правительства, однако начальник ГУ СВ де-юре имеет ранг министра без портфеля (де-факто являясь заместителем министра обороны). Начальник ГУ (министр) СВ МО США является гражданским руководителем СВ США, находясь в непосредственном подчинении министра обороны США . ^[10]

Военный аппарат

Военный аппарат ГУ СВ МО США возглавляет Начальник штаба сухопутных войск США , который осуществляет общее военное руководство Сухопутными войсками США. Он входит в состав Объединённого комитета начальников штабов (ОКНШ) и осуществляет непосредственное руководство аппаратом штабных и военно-административных служб ГУ СВ. ^{[11] [12]} Закон Голдуотера — Николса (от 1986 г.) исключает как руководство (ОКНШ), так и министров/главкомов видов вооружённых сил из командной иерархии, передавая непосредственное управление войсками на ТВД президенту, которому через министерство обороны напрямую подчинены начальники региональных объединённых командований на ТВД.

В ведении министров/начальников главных управлений видов вооруженных сил и Главкомов видов вооружённых сил остались административные функции в области организации боевой подготовки войск и функции общего планирования боевого применения видов вооруженных сил. Личный состав, прошедший подготовку в учебных и линейных частях на территории США, после убытия к месту прохождения службы поступает в распоряжение соответствующего ОШ ВС США на ТВД дислокации. ^[13]

Главный штаб Армии США

Главный штаб Сухопутных войск ( HQ DA ) состоит из следующих управлений и отделов:

Управления и отделы Главного штаба

• Аппарат Главкома ( OCSA )
  • отдел контроля проектов
  • аналитический отдел
  • отдел техники безопасности личного состава
• Первый зам. Главкома Армии США
  • Разведывательное управление (РУ) Армии США (G-2) ^[14]
  • (INSCOM)
• (G-1)
• Deputy Главкома Армии США по оперативному планированию и БП
  • управление офицеров связи
  • группа военных наблюдателей
• Deputy Главкома по тылу
  • отдел логистики
• Deputy Главкома по строительству (ACSIM)
  • отдел контроля за инженерными сооружениями Армии США
• Deputy начальника ГУ СВ по финансовому контролю (ASA (FM&C))
  • управление экономического анализа
  • финансовый отдел
• Deputy начальника ГУ СВ по кадрам и частям резерва СВ (ASA (M&RA))
  • управление контроля за соблюдением прав военнослужащих
  • отдел рассмотрения жалоб военнослужащих
• (ASA (ALT))
  • отдел контрактования (ACA)
• Финансовое управление
  • Аналитический центр Армии США
• Правовое управление Армии США (OTJAG))
  • юридическая служба
• Управление кадрового контроля (OCPA)
  • отдел информации для личного состава СВ

Органы оперативного управления Армии США

К 2013 году армия перешла к шести географическим командованиям, которые соответствуют шести географическим командованиям (COCOM в аббревиатурах ВС США):

• Сухопутные войска США на Ближнем Востоке (United States Army Central), авиабаза Шоу ( Южная Каролина )
• Сухопутные войска США в Северной Америке (United States Army North), Форт Сэм Хьюстон ( Техас )
• Сухопутные войска США в Южной Америке (United States Army South), Форт Сэм Хьюстон (Техас)
• Сухопутные войска США в Европе (United States Army Europe), Клэй-Казерне, Висбаден , ФРГ
• Сухопутные войска США на Тихом океане (United States Army Pacific Command), Форт-Шафтер ( Гавайи )
• Сухопутные войска США в Африке (United States Army Africa), Виченца (Италия)

Структура командования и основные части управления

Министерство/Главное управление Армии США (HQDA) включает в себя следующие основные функциональные и технические управления и отдельные части Сухопутных войск:

Источник: US Army organization ^[27]