Misogyny (from other Greek. Μῖσος - “hatred” and γυνή - “woman”) - a concept denoting hatred , hostility, or an ingrained prejudice towards women , misogyny [1] . A misogynist is a person who is characterized by misogyny. Misogyny can occur in the form of discrimination based on gender , humiliation of women, violence against women or sexual objectification of women.
Misogyny is distinguished as a striking feature of many mythological, religious and philosophical systems [2] . In particular, many authors note the misogynic culture of ancient Greece [3] [4] , as well as the misogyny of philosophers such as Otto Weininger , Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche .
Content
Misogyny in Religion
In Christianity
In Christianity, there are many denominations that differ from each other. Reproaches of misogyny usually raise questions from the female priesthood, the Vatican’s anti-abortion policy, and historical rules, such as the silence of women in the church.
In Islam
Surah An-Nisa , ayah 34 often [ when? ] criticized [by whom? ] for the misogynistic text.
Men are the guardians of women, because Allah gave one of them an advantage over others, and because they spend out of their property. Righteous women are submissive and keep what they should keep in the absence of husbands, thanks to the care of Allah. And those women whose disobedience you fear, exhort, avoid on the conjugal bed and beat. If they are obedient to you, then do not look for ways against them. Indeed, Allah is the Exalted, the Great [5] .
In Hinduism
The laws of Manu require that a woman be subordinate to her father, husband, son, relative, or, in their absence, the prince, and forbid her to seek independence.
Misogyny in Western Philosophy of the 18th — 19th Centuries
Misoginistic views were expressed by many Western philosophers. Otto Weininger in his book “Sex and Character” calls the “feminine” principle of man “insignificant”, devoid of real existence, consciousness and rationality [6] .
Misoginist is Arthur Schopenhauer 's essay “On Women”, where he states that “a woman by nature is doomed to obedience”, and that “there is a natural indifference between men by nature; between women there is already natural hostility ” [7] .
Friedrich Nietzsche linked higher forms of civilization with tighter control over women (“ On the Other Side of Good and Evil, ” 7: 238). He is known for saying, “Are you going to a woman?” Do not forget the whip ” [8] .
See also
- Misandry
- Misanthropy
- Toxic masculinity
Notes
- ↑ Definition of misogyny in English by Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English) . Oxford Dictionaries | English Date of treatment December 9, 2017.
- ↑ Lorraine Code (2000). Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories (1st ed.). L .: Routledge . p. 346. ISBN 0-415-13274-6
- ↑ Bloch I. History of Prostitution
- ↑ JW Roberts (2002-06-01). City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens. ISBN 978-0-203-19479-9 .
- ↑ Quran / Per. Kulieva .
- ↑ Gerald N. Izenberg, Chandak Sengoopta (June 2001). Review of Chandak Sengoopta's Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. The American Historical Review , Vol. 106, No. 3: 1074-1075. doi: 10.2307 / 2692497. JSTOR 2692497.
- ↑ Arthur Schopenhauer . About women
- ↑ Peter J. Burgard (May 1994). Nietzsche and the Feminine. Charlottesville, VA : University of Virginia Press . p. 11. ISBN 0-8139-1495-7 .
Literature
- Freud, Z. Leonardo da Vinci. Recollection of childhood // Freud Z. Artist and fantasy / General. ed., comp., entry. Art. R. F. Dodeltsev, K. M. Dolgova; Per. with him. R.F.Dodeltsev, A.M. Kessel, M.N. Popov. - M .: Republic , 1995 .-- 396 p. - (Past and present). - ISBN 5-250-02522-6 .