Moulins (Allier)

Located on the right bank of the Allier River. The city is located north of the mountains of the Central Massif , but the terrain in this area is only slightly hilly. Moulins is one of the few communes in France, parts of which belong to different cantons (cantons of the Moulins-West and Moulins-South).

The history of the city of Moulins is closely connected with the history of the Dukes de Bourbon , since Moulins, starting in 1327, became the capital of the duchy and dependent territories. This situation lasted until 1523 , when the betrayal of the Bourbon Duke Charles III , known as the Connaught de Bourbon , occurred.

Legend of Origin

According to popular legend, Senor de Bourbon , having lost his way after a day of hunting, found refuge in a mill on the banks of the River Allieu. Having fallen in love with the miller who gave him shelter, and in order to subsequently justify his frequent visits, he ordered that a small hunting house for changing horses and dogs be built on the site where the ducal palace was later built. Around this house grew settlement, which was called Mills ( French Moulins ) ^[1] , ^[2] .

Initial period

The first documented mention of Moulin dates back to 990 : in the record on the occasion of the donation of St. Peter's Chapel to the Abbey of Cluny by four monks, the brothers Vion, Lambert, Berard and Guillaume, it was indicated that she was in the settlement of Molinis ^[3] . Meanwhile, the banks of the Allier river in this place were inhabited long before the X century, but until that time only the settlement of Iseur was mentioned, both in archives and on the ground. In 1097, another act of giving was recorded, now capellam de Molinis , and in 1103 already ecclesiam de Molinis . This development of religious sites indicates that the settlement was growing in importance at a rapid pace.

In 1232, the lord de Bourbon Arsambo the Great , after other cities of the lord Bourbonne , granted the citizens of Moulins a charter of liberties , in exchange for paying 200 livres annually ^[1] . This charter affirmed the rights previously granted to the city by Senor Arshambo VII , the son-in-law of King Louis VI Tolstoy , who was particularly strong in his liberalism to the various settlements of his kingdom. After that, the inhabitants of Moulins were given the opportunity to independently manage their city: each year, four consuls were elected, whose council was headed by a ducal official. Having become a free European city, Moulin attracted a lot of foreigners, various types of economic activity arose and rapidly developed in the city. During the XIII century, the city had approximately 1000 inhabitants ^[4] . In 1244, the annual tax of 200 livres was abolished, and a “city tax” was introduced instead: all residents were required to pay a fee of 2 to 6 salts depending on their income ^[1] .

In 1327, the lord of Bourbon was elevated to the status of a duchy by the king of France, Charles IV the Beautiful . The first duke de Bourbon, Louis I the Great , did not live in Moulins for any length of time, just like his son and heir Pierre I ^[3] . At first, the duchy did not have a definite capital: the ruling family, originating from the settlement of Bourbon-l'Archambault , alternately lived either in Bourbon-l'Archambault, now in Moulins, now in Suvigny , then in Chantelle ^[1] . The construction work undertaken by them during this period in Moulins was minimal: first of all, the construction of the foundation for the dungeon of Malcoiffée and the donjon for the ducal castle ^[3] ; secondly, permission to open the Carmelite monastery , the oldest religious institution in the city ^[1] .

Capital of the Bourbon Dukes

During the reign of the third duke de Bourbon, Louis II of Good Moulin actually became the capital of the duchy, since the dukes lived here and hence the control of dependent territories.

During his reign and on his orders, the Hospital of Saint Nicholas was built in Moulins, in addition to the hospital of Saint Julian, founded in the 13th century, the first collegiate church of Notre Dame , the first city fortifications. In 1369, he creates the Knightly Order of the Golden Shield in Moulins, and in 1370 the Order of the Virgin of the Thistle , the most famous cavalier of which was the Bertrand Dugecklen of France. Finally, in 1374 he founded the Accounts Chamber in Moulins ^[3] . By 1400, the Moulins totaled 5,000 inhabitants ^[4] . The duke died in 1410 at Montlucon Castle .

He was succeeded by Jean I. In 1412, supporting the Mulen Armagnac party, it was besieged by the bourguignons , but the siege was not successful ^[1] . In 1429, when the duke was already held captive in England, and the duchy was ruled by his wife, Maria Berry , Jeanne d'Arc arrived in Moulins, receiving shelter in the Cathedral of the Annunciation at the statue of the black madonna . This is evidenced by a plaque recently opened on the corner of rue d'Allier and rue de la Flèche .

From 1434 to 1456, the title of Duke of Bourbon was Charles I.

Jean II , nicknamed Good, like his ancestor, did a lot of good for his capital. At the very end of the Hundred Years War, on his behalf, a second collegiate church was built in the city to replace the existing one. It was the first clock and jacquard tower . Nowadays, there is still the opportunity to see houses of this era in the old center of Moulins ( Hôtel Demoret , rue Grenier and rue de Orfèvres ^[3] ). The Duke's court was very famous for its splendor. Well-known artists and artists were invited to the court, including Michel Colombes , Jean Rouen and Francois Villon in 1457. Having died in 1488, the duke did not leave any heirs, and his brothers became his successors: Charles II , Cardinal and Archbishop of Lyon , who abdicated soon, and then Pierre II .

The fame of the Moulins and the power of the ducal family reached its zenith in the era of Pierre II, being under the auspices of his wife Anna of France , who was the daughter of King Louis XI . Moreover, this growth was not prevented by a plague epidemic that whetted the city from the end of the 15th century until the mid-16th century. The famous triptych of the Moulins master was created in the city, the duchess ordered the reconstruction of the northern wing of the ducal palace (currently the pavilion of Anna of France ), the book Les enseignements d'Anne de France à sa fille Suzanne de Bourbon (Instructions of her French daughter Anna Suzanne of Bourbon). The duchy’s governing bodies, updated and reorganized ^[4] , numbered approximately 1,650 officials in Moulin alone ^[1] . In 1494, King Charles VIII set off to conquer the Kingdom of Naples and entrusted the control of France and the royal court to the Duke, who received the title of Lieutenant General of the French Kingdom (interim King Fr. lieutenant-général du royaume . Pierre II did not move in Paris , and stayed in Moulins, where the royal family temporarily moved, and thus became the Moulin on the "de facto" capital of the state ^[1] . The Duke returned to the powers of the king in 1495 in Lyon . in 1503 g rtsog died. His daughter, Suzanne , had inherited the title of Duchess de Bourbon, until his marriage in 1505 with Charles de Montpensier, who became Charles III Bourbon .

During the reign of Charles III, Anna French had a strong influence on the affairs of the duchy. In November 1518, the noble townspeople of Moulins elected Jean Shanto, secretary of the dowager duchess, as their mayor. The clever choice of the candidacy of the first mayor, and his immediate submission of evidence of allegiance to the chancellor of the duchy, forced the Duchess Anna in December of that year to grant Moulin the city ​​charter , which secured the rights of the city ^[1] , ^[3] . The mayor, who was elected for 2 years, had to monitor city bridges, bridges, supervise the port, clean the streets, supply the market, local taxation and the work of the city assembly ^[1] .

Joining the royal domain

XVI century: after the duchy, military governorship, fiscal district

In 1523, the constable de Bourbon, Charles III , betrayed King Francis I of France, taking the side of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As a result, a sequestration was imposed on all of his possessions - Bourbonnet , County Foret , Marche , Auvergne and more. As a result of the trial, which began in 1527 and ended in 1531, all property was confiscated by the French crown. Moulin lost his capital status. His Accounts Chamber was dissolved in 1532, its archives were transferred to the Paris Accounts Chamber. Meanwhile, due to the territorial claims that the king’s mother had to Bourbonne, King Francis I sought to declare Moulins the administrative center of this royal province. The Governor of Bourbonne was appointed; John Stewart , Duke of Albany, became the first governor in 1531 ^[1] . In 1548, it was in Moulins that a marriage was made between Jeanne d'Albre , the heiress of the kingdom of Navarre , and Antoine de Bourbon , the Duke of Vendome. In 1551, the city hosted the Civil and Criminal Court fr. Présidial , whose importance grew after the liquidation of such a court in Montlucon in 1657; in 1587, the city hosted the administration of the Moulins fiscal district , in which Bourbonne , Nivern and Marsh were united. After the death of King of France Henry II in 1559 , the Bourbonne passed as an inheritance to the queens of France after their husbands who died, and this continued until 1659 ^[1] . In 1587, King Henry III of France, in gratitude for the fact that Moulin remained faithful to him during the unrest in the kingdom , decided to place Parliament in it; but this project was frustrated due to the pamphlet Remontrances très humbles contre l'établissement demandé d'un Parlement à Moulins ^[1] .

From December 22, 1565 until March 23, 1566, King IX of France was in Moulins with his court. It was the longest stop of the king during his Great trip to France . During this stop, the future king Henry III became the Duke of Bourbon in February 1566 ^[5] and the Edict of Mule was issued there. This edict regulated the principles of the royal domain , and is sometimes regarded as the historical source of French public law.

The population growth of the Moulins did not slow down, and in 1536 a second fortified city wall was erected to protect all the suburbs located behind the first city wall of the era of Duke Louis II . In June 1562, at the beginning of the religious wars , the Huguenots tried to take possession of the Moulins in order to consolidate the network of fortifications in their hands. Led by François Poncenat and Saint-Oban, the Huguenots besieged the city fortifications, which were defended under the leadership of Jean de Marconay ( FR Jean de Marconnay ), Senor de Montare. Protestants retreated, faced with the resistance of the townspeople and learning about the number of troops sent by the governor of Nevers to the governor of Moulins . These events provoked harsh responses on the adjacent plains: all those who supported the Huguenots or had such an opportunity were exterminated ^[1] .

After the assassination of King Henry III of France by his widow in 1589, consort queen Louise of Lorraine , not wanting to live in the castle of Chenonceau , burdened with debt, moved to the castle of Moulins , where she died in 1601 .

17th Century: Counter-Reformation and Absolutism

After the Council of Trent , a large number of monasteries and monasteries were opened during the counter-reformation movement in Moulins. Until 1600, there were three religious institutions in the city, and by the end of this century there were already 13: Order of the Carmelites (1352), Monastic Order of the Dominicans (1515), Female Order of the Clarissins (1521), Order of the Capuchins (1601), Order of the Augustinians (1615), Order of the Ursulinoks (1616), Order of the Businesswomen (1616), Order of the Minims (1621), Order of the Cartesians (1622 and 1660), Order of the Bernardines (1649), Order of the Daughters of the Cross (1682) ) ^[3] . In 1604, King Henry IV allowed a Jesuit college to be opened with a special diploma ^[1] . And finally, in 1641, Jeanne de Chantal , the founder of the female Catholic order of businesswomen, dies in Moulins.

From the beginning of the 17th century, the first signs of absolutism began to be felt in France, and Moulins became a place of exile. On November 18, 1632, Maria Felicia des Jursen, wife of the Duke Henry II de Montmorency , who had just been executed in Toulouse on charges of insulting the Royal Majesty, arrived in Moulins, where she was detained in the old ducal palace. Soon she was released and in 1634 settled in the monastery of businesswomen in Moulins. She became the nun of this congregation in 1641 ^[3] (in the same year when the founder of the monastic order Jeanne de Chantal died in this Mulene monastery). She achieved the construction of a tomb, next to the monastery, where the remains of her husband were transported and where she was later buried herself. After the disgrace of finance superintendent Nicolas Fouquet , his second wife Marie-Madeleine of Castile and her family were sent into exile, first to Montlucon , then to Moulins, and finally to Suvigny ^[3] . In 1653, Claude Louis Hector de Villard was born in Moulins, appointed in 1733 as Chief Marshal of the king’s camps and armies . His father, Pierre de Villard , was here in exile (because of his marriage, he fell out of favor with the Minister of War Luvois ) with his aunt's wife, Madame de Saint-Jeran , wife of the Governor-General of Bourbonne, Jean-Francois de Lagis ^[3] .

In Moulins, in 1670, another famous French commander, James Fitzjames , was born, who later became the Marshal of France .

Throughout the 17th century, the population of Moulins continued to grow and industry began to develop. With the expansion of river shipping, the shores of Allier began to settle in ^[3] . Glorious times have come for the cutlery factory and the arms industry in Moulins. The first factory went bankrupt after the French Revolution, since high society no longer existed, the second was closed after the appearance of firearms. From the newspaper of Jean Herouard ( French: Jean Héroard ), the personal doctor of the Dauphin, and then of King Louis XIII of France, we learn that in 1603 the city of Moulins donated the Dauphin, who was 2 years old, his first armor. During the reign of Henry IV, in Moulins, as throughout France, the sericulture industry began to develop. And, finally, during the second half of the century, works were done to improve the city, the most notable of which was the arrangement of the yards of Bersi and Dakin ^[3] .

On April 22, 1654, King Louis XIV changed the grounds for admission to the municipal council under the pretext of “eliminating collusion and intrigue noted in the last few years in the city of Moulins when choosing a mayor”. As a result, the opportunity to sit on the council was given only to noble people. By his edict of August 1692, the king, with the aim of replenishing the treasury and financing military operations, formed lifelong mayor posts that needed to be bought. In 1693, Bernard de Champho bought the post of lifetime mayor of Moulins for 44,000 livres. В 1705 году был восстановлен принцип избираемости мэров, однако, чтобы получить право избрать своего мэра, города должны были уплатить пошлину в казну и выплатить денежное возмещение пожизненному мэру . В 1712 году господин де Шамфо полностью покрыл свои издержки и был замещён избранным мэром, господином Верненом ^[1] .

XVIII век: Французская революция

В XVIII веке работы по благоустройству города были продолжены, однако самым значительным архитектурным успехом этого столетия в Мулене считается мост, который инженер Луи де Режеморт смог возвести через реку Алье . В Мулене русло Алье относительно узкое, что стало, без сомнения, одной из причин заселения этой местности. Длительное время здесь строились деревянные мосты, которые сносились паводками. В 1499 году герцог Пьер II распорядился соорудить каменный мост в Мулене, но этот проект остался нереализованным. Сдвиг ситуации наметился в 1532 году, когда действительно в Мулене был построен первый каменный мост. Но он был снесён. В 1595 году его восстановили. Но в 1676 году он снова разрушился. Причина заключалась в том, что русло реки, особенно песчанистое в Мулене, не позволяло создать устойчивые основания для моста. Когда мосты разрушались, жители пересекали реку на плоту. Новый мост был построен в 1685 году и уже через 4 года он также разрушился. В начале XVIII века проект следующего моста разработал знаменитый Жюль Ардуэн-Мансар , и он снова обрушился в 1710 году. Сен-Симон в своих Мемуарах описывает как архитектору и королю доложили об этом происшествии ^[6] . Между тем необходимо отметить, что мемуарист выдумал эту сцену, поскольку Ардуэн-Мансар скончался в 1708 году. В 1750 году Луи де Режеморт, первый инженер по деревянным дамбам и запрудам Луары , взялся за решение этой проблемы и в 1762 году завершил строительство моста, который остался нетронутым до наших дней. Его заставили опубликовать в 1771 году Описание нового каменного моста, сооружённого на реке Алье в Мулене , где он поведал миру, какими способами он преодолел те причины, которые приводили к разрушению всех предыдущих мостов.

В 1778 году в результате реформ, проведённых Жаком Неккером с целью децентрализации, были образованы провинциальные собрания , задачами которых стали взимание налогов, руководство дорожным строительством и поддержание положительного образа Короля в провинциях. Эти собрания были образованы в первую очередь в провинциях Берри и Верхней Гиени . В Бурбонне провинциальное собрание было учреждено королевской грамотой в 1780 году, но уже в 1781 году было распущено. Собрание было восстановлено в 1788 году. 27 сентября того же года Парижский парламент зарегистрировал эдикт о Созыве Генеральных штатов . Начиная с 16 марта 1789 года три сословия в Мулене избирали своих представителей в Генеральные штаты и составляли для них наказы .

В 1787 году в городе было основано философское общество Общество Мулена . Можно предположить, что распространяемые им идеи призывали бурбонское дворянство и духовенство отказаться от своих привилегий. Это был клуб городской знати. В 1791 году на смену этому обществу пришло Общество друзей Конституции , совмещённое с Клубом якобинцев , куда входили знатные представители буржуазии Мулена, образованные и умеренные в своих взглядах. Общество собиралось, начиная с 1792 года, в церкви Сен-Жан . Наконец, ему на смену пришло Народное общество , членами которого были простые люди ^[1] . После муниципальных выборов декабря 1792 года во главе города оказались граждане, имевшие более явные республиканские взгляды, и которые начали оказывать сильную поддержку Народному обществу . Таким образом, вскоре в город пришёл революционный террор . С 17 апреля по 1 октября 1793 года, с согласия Генерального совета департамента, префектурой которого Мулен стал в 1790 году, был образован Центральный комитет общественной безопасности . 10 июня 1793 года в Мулене был арестован Жак-Пьер Бриссо , глава партии жирондистов в Национальном конвенте . Гильотина в Мулене была сооружена на площади place Brutus (современная place d'Allier ). В сентябре в Мулен прибыл посланник Конвента Жозеф Фуше . Его пребывание в Мулене длилось несколько дней, но имело существенные последствия: при его подстрекательстве была образована революционная армия в Алье , поступившая в распоряжение регионального Комитета спасения , он заменил чиновников, приступил к отъёму средств у «богатых», усилил революционный террор. 31 декабря 1793 года были казнены 32 жителя Мулена, отправленные в Комитет спасения Лиона. На смену Фуше пришёл Ноэль Пуант , бывший народным представителем при департаментах Ньевр , Шер и Алье . Он пытался смягчить порядки, установленные его предшественником. ^[1] .

В период Французской революции в Мулене в соответствии с законом 19 июля 1792 года была основана оружейная мануфактура , в которой был литейный цех по отливке пушек. В городе насчитывалось большое количество колоколен, поскольку в Мулене было множество религиозных учреждений. Эти колокольни были снесены. 26 сентября 1796 года в Мулене была открыта Центральная школа , которая пришла на смену коллежу, основанному иезуитами ^[1] .

Новая история

В 1804 году на смену Центральной школе в Мулене был открыт лицей , ставший первым лицеем Франции. Лицей был назван в честь французского поэта, уроженца Мулена, Теодора де Банвиля . Под влиянием Наполеона III городской собор Благовещения был расширен, благодаря сооружению нефа . В то же время была построена церковь Сердца Иисуса . Эта церковь стала первой церковью Франции, посвященной Святейшему Сердцу Иисуса ^[3] .

В январе 1871 года именно в Мулен сходилась почтовая корреспонденция, адресованная жителям осаждённого Парижа . Отсюда её отправляли в Париж при помощи муленских шаров .

В Мулене ходила в школу Коко Шанель .

В Мулене очень интересный исторический центр, над которым господствуют высокие колокольни Муленского собора и церкви Сердца Иисуса , часовая башня с медным куполом и жакмарами, принадлежавшая прежнему пансионату Сен-Жиль , большой купол магазина Nouvelles galeries , покрытый шифером и цинком, а также колокольня в стиле пламенеющей готики церкви Святого Петра . Имея смешение стиля различных эпох, с преобладанием средневекового стиля и ренессанса , Мулен начиная с 1997 года классифицирован как французский город искусств и истории .

Туристические места

• Прогулки по набережным реки Алье
• Площадь place d'Allier
• Сквер

Светские памятники

• Часовая башня, ещё известная как «башня жакмар », вместе с целой семьёй автоматических фигурок, звонящих по часам, остаток старой городской стены XV века. Главный колокол, звонящий по часам, имеет внушительный размер: 1,9 метра в диаметре и 2 метра высотой. Изначально колокол датировался 1656 годом и находился под патронажем королевы Анны Австрийской , но после пожара в верхней части башни в 1946 году был заменён точной копией вместе с двумя другими колоколами.
• Сторожевая башня «Mal-Coiffée», след старинного средневекового замка Бурбонских герцогов , бывшая тюрьма, реконструкция которой была завершена в 2007 году.
• Знаковый «Павильон Анны де Божё », один из первых примеров архитектуры эпохи Возрождения во Франции конца XV века. После существенной реставрации, с начала XX века в нём размещены богатые коллекции Муленского музея .
• Дворец правосудия (XVII век), расположенный на route de Paris , является бывшим коллежем иезуитов . Во внутреннем декоре дворца можно найти прекрасную потолочную роспись и элементы оформления в виде тромплея , работы Giovanni Gherardini (1654—1723).
• Старинный крытый рынок XVII века на современной площади place des Vosges .
• Здание городской мэрии, начала XIX века, напротив башни жакмар , с красивой колоннадой и аркадами.
• Внушительное здание в стиле Людовика XIII на площади у башни жакмар , в котором с начала XX века размещается Сберегательная касса .
• Здание муниципального театра в стиле классицизма (примерно 1840 год). Примечателен нижний двор и итальянский зал.
• Лицей Теодора де Банвиля , первый лицей во Франции.
• Брассери Le Grand Café (1899 год), одна из 10 самых красивых брассери Франции эпохи начала XX века, расположена на площади place d'Allier . Её интерьер занесён в список Исторических памятников Франции начиная с 1978 года.
• Американский бар «Bar américain» сумел сохранить великолепную витрину в стиле ар-нуво, датированную 1905 годом (   Записан ( 1978 ) ).
• Главный фасад и купол здания магазина Nouvelles galeries , со стороны улицы rue d'Allier , в стиле « Бозар » с фаянсовыми мозаиками, датированными 1914 годом.
• Большая колонна с фонтаном на площади place d'Allier (начало XIX века).
• Многочисленные фахверковые дома XV и XVI веков в средневековом квартале у кафедрального собора, а также частные особняки XVII—XIX веков в примыкающих кварталах.
• Дом Мантена , принадлежавший в XIX столетии зажиточному горожанину Мулена, сохранён таким же, каким он был в день смерти своего владельца в 1905 году; перешедший по завещанию в собственность муниципалитета Мулена, с условием открыть его для широкой публики через 100 лет после смерти владельца, он был открыт в 2010 году после проведения значительных реставрационных работ.
• Мост Режеморта , строительство которого было завершено в 1763 году . Имея длину 301,5 метр, он является одним из первых длинных мостов во Франции.
• Железный мост , возведённый в 1858 году, располагается на железнодорожной ветке, соединяющей Монлюсон с Муленом, выше по течению от моста Режеморта. Металлический настил моста имеет длину 252 метра.
• The National Center for Stage Costume and Stage Design , which organizes luxurious temporary expositions revealing the intricacies of exquisite stage design , was opened in 2006 on the site of an old equestrian quarter, also known as the Villara Quarter (XVIII century), on the left bank of the Allier River.

Religious Monuments

• Moulins Cathedral : Gothic cathedral choirs were erected in the 15th century (the remains of a collegiate church) using yellow sandstone , deposits of which were in neighboring Coulandon , and the nave and two towers were erected later in the Neo-Gothic style in the decoration of which white limestone from Chauvigny and black stone are mixed from Volvik . The decoration of the cathedral, begun in the 1850s according to the projects of architects Lassu and Emé Millet , inspired by the bell towers of the cathedral in Senlis , could not be completed on time due to lack of funding and defective materials. The architect, who continued to work in the 1880s, deviated from the original design, leveling the roof of the nave and choirs, changing the materials. Within the walls of the cathedral is the famous triptych of the Moulin master . Two towers of the cathedral, recently restored, have a height of 82 meters, but visually seem much higher, since the threshold of the cathedral itself rises 20 meters above the Allier River.
• The Church of the Heart of Jesus or Sacre Coeur is considered the first church in France dedicated to the Heart of Jesus . It was opened in 1870 after more than 20 years of construction. Like the Moulins Cathedral , this church has two swept towers (74 meters high), towering above the place d'Allier square.
• St. Peter's Church with a magnificent bell tower in the style of flaming Gothic (1901); however, the church itself is considered the oldest in the city (XV — XVI century with the reconstruction of the interior in the XVII century).
• Chapel of the ancient cloister of the monastic order of businesswomen (circa 1650). The founder of the order, Jeanne de Chantal , died in this monastery in 1641, and the chapel until 1998 was the chapel of the Lyceum de Banville . The chapel houses the mausoleum of the peer of France , the last representative of the famous family of Montmorency, Henry II de Montmorency , who was executed for conspiring against Cardinal Richelieu on the side of Gaston Orleans . His widow, who left this monastery in 1637, devoted her life and fortune to the Moulins monastery and the construction of a notable mausoleum decorated with sculptural works by Michel Angier .

Cultural Heritage

• Municipal theater, built in the 19th century in the style of classicism .
• The Museum of Anna de Beauguille , owned by the department of Allier and the municipality of Moulins, has been located in the old Pavilion of Anna de Beauguille , the first Renaissance building in France) since 1910). The museum presents remarkable collections of sculptures (XII-XVII centuries), canvases of German and Flemish masters from the Middle Vera to the Renaissance, ceramic products of the XVI-XVIII centuries and a large archaeological exhibition.
• The Museum of Construction is located within the walls of an old house of the XVIII century, where the stages of development of construction technology are presented in a permanent exhibition: techniques, materials, models, drawings, secrets.
• The National Center for Illustrating , opened in October 2005, presents the works of book illustrators for children and young people, as well as the storage of these works. By decision of the General Council of the Allier Department, since 2012 the center has become a Museum of Children's Illustrations ^[7] .
• The National Center for Stage Costume and Stage Design was opened on July 1, 2006 . It houses an exquisite collection of 10,000 stage costumes and their accessories donated here by three national institutions - the French National Library , the Comedy Francaise Theater and the Paris State Opera .
• The Visitation Museum presents the heritage of the Order of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary . The collection contains textile products that are unique in their unusualness and diversity, precious metal products of a civil and religious orientation, as well as objects of art and piety, dated from 1550 and today. The museum has pan-European status.
• A triptych in the Moulins Cathedral can be visited with a guide. The Moulins master , whose identification was devoted to many scientific works, worked at the court of the Bourbon Dukes. Among his works is the triptych of the Moulins Cathedral , dated 1502, preserved to this day in excellent condition. It shows the Virgin in Glory , surrounded by donors, the Bourbon Duke Pierre II and his wife Anna de Bozhe with her daughter Suzanne . This triptych is considered one of the pinnacles of medieval art. Perfectly executed in the Flemish style, it stands on a par with the Isengheim Altar or with the masterpieces of the Louvre .

Henriette Dussourd. Histoire de Moulins, d'après la chronique de ses habitants . - Clermont-Ferrand: Éd. Volcans, 1975 .-- 292 p. - ISBN 2-85260-037-4 .