The All-Russian Fascist Organization (VFO) is a political party that existed in the United States in 1933-1942 under the leadership of Anastasia Vonsyatsky . Established in 1933 in the United States (Connecticut). The Volga Federal District - the name used for brevity (the full name from 1933 to 1934 is the All-Russian National Revolutionary Labor and Worker and Peasant Party of the Fascists, from 1935 to 1942 - the All-Russian National Revolutionary Party (VNRP)). The party, consisting of white emigrants , was small [2] , but financially sound. In 1942, the party was banned by the American authorities, and A. A. Vonsyatsky was arrested and convicted.
| All-Russian Fascist Organization | |
|---|---|
 VFO sign | |
| Leader | A. A. Vonsyatsky |
| Established | May 10, 1933 |
| Dissolution date | banned in 1942 |
| Headquarters |  Putnam |
| Ideology | fascism , Russian nationalism |
| Anthem | "Banners are higher! ..." [1] |
| Party print | newspaper "Fascist" newspaper "Russian avant-garde" |
Content
Party History
After February 1933, D.I. Kunle, whom Vonsyatsky met either before the revolution or during the Civil War, settled on the Wonsacki Manor in Putnam , located near in Connecticut . In early May 1933, Vonsyatsky and Kunle decided to establish a party and on May 10, 1933 drew up a letter on behalf of the General Staff of the Russian fascists on the creation of the All-Russian National Revolutionary Labor and Workers 'and Peasants' Party of the Fascists, which for convenience was called the All-Russian Fascist Organization (WFD) [3 ] . A. A. Vonsyatsky became the head of the Volga Federal District, Kunle became the party secretary, and Vonsyatsky's son-in-law L. B. Mamedov became the chairman of the Central Executive Committee. The party’s activities were financed by A. Vonsyatsky from personal funds that he had, since he was married to Marion Rome, who came from a wealthy American family [4] .
In 1933 Vonsyatsky visited Berlin , where he took part in a conference of Russian fascists. In this conference, held at the headquarters of ROND , in addition to the latter, the Volga Federal District and the Young Russians were represented [5] . This conference ended only with an exchange of views.
In Yokohama in 1934, the Russian Fascist Party (RFP) K.V. Rodzaevsky and the Volga Federal District formed the All-Russian Nazi Party (Protocol No. 1 was signed on April 3, 1934, which proclaimed the merger of the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District and the creation of the All-Russian Fascist Party (WFTU) ) The formalization of the creation of the party took place on April 26, 1934 at the 2nd (unifying) congress of the Russian fascists, held in Harbin . Rodzayevsky became the Secretary General and Deputy Chairman of the Central Executive Committee (CEC), and Vonsyatsky Chairman of the CEC of the party [6] .
In October – December 1934, a breakdown in relations between K. V. Rodzaevsky and A. A. Vonsyatsky [7] due to a dispute on the Jewish question (Vonsyatsky did not share Rodzayevsky’s anti-Semitic views) and attitudes towards the ataman G. M. Semenov (Vonsyatsky he didn’t want to have any relations with him, Rodzaevsky was forced to support them due to pressure from the Japanese) [7] . Vonsyatsky again headed the Volga Federal District, which for some time bore the name of the united party. After 1935, when Vonsyatsky was expelled from the WFTU, he stopped using the name of the latter [6] .
After breaking up with Rodzayevsky, Vonsyatsky’s organization was mainly engaged in propaganda work: publishing newspapers, brochures, participating in meetings and rallies. In 1937 and 1939, members of the Volga Federal District, headed by Vonsyatsky, took part in meetings of the German-American Union [8] .
The conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 led to its members leaving the Volga Federal District. In particular, in October 1939, Vonsyatsky’s son-in-law Lev Mammadov, and a little later, D. I. Kunle, left the party. The pact also led to the temporary cessation of relations between the Volga Federal District and the German-American Union [9] .
In 1940 - December 1941, renewed cooperation between KV Rodzaevsky and A. A. Vonsyatsky was interrupted by the outbreak of the Japanese-American war [10] .
After the adoption of the Lend-Lease Act on March 11, 1941, Vonsyatsky realized that months remained before the war between the United States and Germany, and began to curtail political activity. He decided to move the headquarters from the USA to the Far East to Shanghai . On March 17, 1941, he wrote a letter to the head of the Far Eastern branch of the party, Konstantin Steklov, with a proposal to lead the party and with a notice that after the July issue of 1941 the Fascist would cease to leave [11] . According to a letter from Steklov on June 4, 1941, published in No. 63 of the Fascist for 1941, he took over the duties of party leader [12] .
In June 1942, A. A. Vonsyatsky was arrested, then convicted and sentenced by the Hartford District Court to five years in prison on charges of espionage in favor of the Axis countries. After the arrest of A. A. Vonsyatsky, the Volga Federal District virtually ceased to exist, so financial support for its activities ceased, and was later closed by the FBI during the campaign to eliminate fascist activities after the United States entered World War II . In 1946 , after the end of World War II and the death of F. D. Roosevelt , A. A. Vonsyatsky was released early, having spent 4 years in prison [13] .
Press, Party Flag
In 1933-1941 the party published the monthly illustrated newspaper Fascist [14] . From 1935 to 1942 in Shanghai, the party published the newspaper Russian Avant-Garde [15] . In the Fascist newspaper, much space was devoted to the events of the Civil War; photographs of the leaders of the White movement and Emperor Nicholas II were placed; The Volga Federal District seemed to be the heir to Russian military and monarchical traditions. In the December 1933 issue of the newspaper, a letter was reproduced by Nikita Nikitich , the ten-year-old son of Prince Nikita Alexandrovich , in which the boy wrote: “ I am so happy that I am a Russian fascist! " [16] .
The Volga Federal District had its own party flag, which was a cloth with a white swastika on a blue circle background in a red rectangle [17] . The election of a swastika as a party symbol invariably raised many questions about the imitation of the Third Reich . Vonsyatsky explained that Empress Alexandra Fedorovna painted such a symbol in the Ipatiev House . He pointed to road signs in Arizona using a swastika (repealed in 1937) [18] . The party greeting was the raising of the right hand and the exclamation “Glory to Russia!”
A. Vonsyatsky at the event of the German-American Union
Party Anthem
The party had a hymn performed to the tune of the Song of Horst Wessel [1] :
The dawn is near ... Banners are higher, brothers!
Death to the executioners of freedom dear!
Fascist ringing sword of the enemies of the curse
Sweeping forever their bloody system.
Companions! We are waiting for the native land!
Everything under the banner! Homeland is calling ...
Vonsyatsky-Leader, treason, cowardice despising
The feat will lead us fascists.
Black shirts, get ready for battle!
We will close the fascist iron front
And on the enemy, forward, with an iron wall
Fearlessly, as one, we all go.
Victory Day will come solemnly
The collective farm and Stalin will fly off the GPU,
And the swastika over the Kremlin will shine brightly,
And the black system will pass through Moscow [19] .
The anthem performed by A. A. Vonsyatsky, D. I. Kunle and L. B. Mamedov was recorded on a gramophone record at a speed of 78 revolutions [1] [19] [20] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Anthem of the Volga Federal District
- ↑ Okorokov, 2002 , p. 278.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 145-147.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 147.
- ↑ Okorokov, 2002 , p. 155-156.
- ↑ 1 2 Star and Swastika, 1994 , p. 266-267.
- ↑ 1 2 Stefan, 1992 , p. 190.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 296-297.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 304-305.
- ↑ Center. Archive of the FSB of the Russian Federation. Next case N-18765 in respect of Semenov G.M., Rodzaevsky K.V. et al. T. 3, ld 547.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 306.
- ↑ Okorokov, 2002 , p. 280-281.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 425.
- ↑ Fascist (Putnam, Connecticut, USA, 1933-1941) . Catalog of magazines of the Russian foreign countries . Date of treatment February 14, 2018.
- ↑ Russian avant-garde (Shanghai, 1935–1942) . Catalog of magazines of the Russian foreign countries . Date of treatment February 14, 2018.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 149.
- ↑ Grozin, 1939 , p. first bookend.
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 150.
- ↑ 1 2 The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile, 1925-1945 by John J. Stephan
- ↑ Stefan, 1992 , p. 150-151.
Literature
- The ABC of Fascism / Comp. G.V. Taradanov, with the participation of V.V. Kibardin, ed. and with add. K.V. Rodzaevsky. - Harbin: Our Way, 1935. - 110 p. Archived March 4, 2014.
- Emigration / O. V. Budnitsky // Russia. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004. - P. 410. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. [b. n ]). - ISBN 5-85270-326-5 .
- Grozin N.N. Protective shirts . - Shanghai: Publishing House Universal Russian Calendar, 1939. - 325 p.
- Star and swastika: Bolshevism and Russian fascism / Society. Ed., comp. and after S. Kuleshov. - M .: Terra, 1994 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 5-85255-589-4 .
- Okorokov A.V. Fascism and Russian emigration (1920-1945) . - M .: Russaki, 2002 .-- 593 p. - ISBN 5-93347063-5 .
- Sidorchik A. Swastika over Harbin. How fighters against Bolshevism became Russian fascists // Arguments and Facts. - 05/26/2016.
- Rodzaevsky K.V. Testament of the Russian fascist . - M .: FERI-V, 2001 .-- 512 p. - ISBN 5-94138-010-0 .
- Stefan D. Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Emigration, 1925-1945 = The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile, 1925-1945. - M .: Slovo, 1992 .-- 441 p. - ISBN 5-85050-314-5 .
- John J. Stephan. The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile, 1925-1945 . - New York: Harper & Row, 1978. - ISBN 0-06-014099-2 .
- E. Oberlander. The All-Russian Fascist Party // Journal of Contemporary History. - 1966. - Vol. 1 .-- P. 158-173.
Links
- Sheet music, phonogram Songs of Horst Wessel . anesi.com.
- Declaration of the All-Russian National Revolutionary Party . fascismorivoluzionario.wordpress.com. Date of treatment June 12, 2010. Archived June 10, 2018.
- Horst Wessel songs on YouTube
- WFO Anthem on YouTube