Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation named after NV Pushkov RAS

The Institute was founded in 1939 as the Research Institute for Terrestrial Magnetism (NIIZM) based on the Pavlovsk (Slutsk) Magnetic Observatory in Pavlovsk . Began its work in January 1940 . During the siege of Leningrad , he worked for some time in the city, in the winter of 1941/1942 he was evacuated to the Sverdlovsk region . During the war, the institute's activities were focused on meeting the needs of the army in predicting phenomena in the upper atmosphere, providing magnetic maps of important air lines.

By 1946, the institute had returned completely from evacuation to Troitsk near Moscow, some units had returned to Leningrad and on the basis of them the Leningrad branch of the institute was formed. From 1946 to 1950, the construction of new buildings of the Institute in Troitsk was under way, and the range of research was expanding. In the early 1950s, the institute continued to expand, mastering the registration of cosmic rays and marine magnetometry. The branch of the institute in Murmansk , stations in Irkutsk and Sverdlovsk are opening.

In 1956, the institute was reformed into the Research Institute for Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (NIZMIR) under the Ministry of Communications of the USSR . The study of radio communication and radio wave propagation of various ranges is being intensified. The Institute begins to participate in the work of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition , including in studies of the so-called cold pole near Vostok station .

Since 1958, the institute has been participating in the Soviet space program - already on the third satellite launched by the USSR, there was equipment for measuring magnetic fields developed at the institute.

On March 19, 1959, after the next reform, the institute received the modern name (IZMIRAN) and was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Academy of Sciences . The network of magneto-ionospheric laboratories and stations continues to expand, extraterrestrial magnetothermia is actively developing - the instruments developed at the institute have repeatedly worked on the Moon as part of the Soviet lunar program .

In 1960, the Murmansk branch of IZMIRAN was transformed into the Polar Geophysical Institute . In the 1960s, the institute actively participates in international research programs of the Sun, the institute’s space programs are expanding — a magnetometer installed at Venus-1 station measures the magnetic field of another planet for the first time. The Institute takes an active part in plasma research programs, as well as in the work of Soviet drifting stations "North Pole". In 1965, the Kaliningrad Integrated Magnetic-Ionospheric Observatory (KMIO) was formed, which later became part of the West Branch of IZMIRAN. A network of cosmic ray stations is being created.

During the 1970s, IZMIRAN continued to expand research, especially in the field of space. At the space stations of the Mars program , instruments for studying the magnetic field of Mars are constantly being installed, and studies of the Moon and Venus are continuing. During the Soyuz-Apollo program , observations were made of the solar corona .

In the 1980s, the institute expanded international cooperation by conducting joint research programs with scientists from France , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia and the United States . IZMIRAN instruments are installed on the Salyut and Mir orbital stations, as well as Vega devices. By 1989, the total number of employees of the institute reaches 1200 people.

Since 1994, the institute has been participating in the program of near-earth observations of the Sun CORONAS, as well as an international project to study the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere Interball . In connection with the reduction in funding, the Arkhangelsk Branch is being liquidated, instead of it, a remote expeditionary sub-aurora point Karpogory is created.

In the 2000s, work continues in space, in particular, aboard the International Space Station , the study of the Sun and its heliosphere . ^[3]

Directors

• 1939-1944 - N. V. Pushkov - the first director of the Research Institute for Terrestrial Magnetism (NIIZM) at the Pavlovsk (Slutsk) Magnetic Observatory base;
• 1944-1969 - N. V. Pushkov - the first director and founder of IZMIRAN in the city of Troitsk;
• 1969–1989 - V.V. Migulin ;
• 1989–2003 - V.N. Oraevsky ;
• 2003—2004 - V.D. Kuznetsov - and. about. directors;
• since 2004 - V.D. Kuznetsov .

• Neutron monitor - the first in the USSR azimuth telescope of cosmic rays (Neutron station) 1955 ^[4]
• Two solar optical telescopes:

• the horizontal solar telescope was installed in 1943 (taken out from Kiev);
• in 1959, under the direction of E. I. Mogilevsky, the IZMIRAN Solar Telescope was designed and built (at that time one of the largest in the world).

• Radio Telescope Solar ^{[5] [6]}
• The device for the study of the ionosphere ^[7]
• A device for obtaining geomagnetic data ^[8]
• The variation of cosmic rays and the study of their morphology - Geiger-Muller counters, which are a telescope of cosmic rays (since 1944)

Territorial structure

The Institute has several branches in Russia, which carry out independent research activities in many respects. Today, the following territorial departments and branches operate in the institute ^[9] :

• The head office of IZMIRAN is located in the city of Troitsk . This department is in charge of the Moscow Observatory.

• St. Petersburg branch IZMIRAN. In addition to the branch itself, it includes the magnetic ionosphere observatory "Voeikovo", located in the village of the same name in the Leningrad region , the magnetic station "Red Lake" ( Lebedevka village), and the geophysical station "Lehta" ( Republic of Karelia , village Lechta ).

• The western branch (branch) of IZMIRAN is located in Kaliningrad , since 1975 in the building of the church of St. Adalbert . The magnetic ionospheric observatory "Ladushkin" in the village of Ulyanovka near the town of Ladushkin also belongs to it.

• Vladikavkaz branch (branch) IZMIRAN ( Vladikavkaz ).
• A portable expeditionary subauroral point "Karpogory" located in the village of Vaymusha, Arkhangelsk Region . ^[ten]

IZMIRAN Services

• Environmental monitoring
• Forecast of solar activity
• Sounding of the ionosphere
• Ionospheric weather

• Magnetism of the Earth and Planets
• Ionosphere and radio wave propagation
• Solar-Earth Physics
• Information Computer Center
• Center for Geophysical Predictions
• Space Information Technology Center
• Scientific and educational center

Artificial satellites of the Earth :

• CORONAS - Complex Orbital Near-Earth Observations of Solar Activity (experiment completed)
• COMPAS - Complex Orbital Magneto-Plasma Autonomous Small Satellite
• INTERGELIOSOND
• INTERCOSMOS-19 (Cosmos-1809) - the study of the ionospheric structure and electromagnetic processes in it (experiment completed)
• FORECAST - a series of satellites magnetometers
• APEX (APEX) - Active Plasma Experiments

• Astronomy in Russia
• Geomagnetism
• Paleomagnetism
• Solar magnetism
• Prominence
• Solar-terrestrial physics

• IZMIRAN official website
• Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation named after N. V. Pushkov of the Russian Academy of Sciences // Big Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• IZMIRAN Center for Geophysical Predictions
• Personal page of the Director of IZMIRAN