Academy of Arts

Maria Bashkirtseva . In a studio. 1881

Academy of Arts - an educational institution in the field of art.

Schools for the training of artists can be established by private individuals and, as separate, non-extensive schools or workshops, are extremely important and should count on the assistance of society and government. But next to them there should be drawing schools for students to obtain basic knowledge in the art of painting and higher schools, with the goal of delivering a complete scientific education in all forms of art to people who want to devote themselves to the study of art. Such schools, with their educational process, as well as exhibitions of paintings, periodic and permanent, art museums, are becoming the main means for the development of art education in the country. Known by the name of the academy of arts , such schools appeared much earlier than the drawing schools , although their actual success depends on the proper development of the latter.

Drawing schools are a product of artists' aspirations to disseminate basic information about the art of painting and graphics in mass society. Appearing in large centers, both in the form of permanent schools, as well as Sunday and periodically open courses for all comers, and moreover, mostly without money, drawing schools had and are of great benefit, can affect the change in both the intellectual and aesthetic level of society.

The academies of art, which have been since the beginning of the 17th century, mainly through the efforts of monarchs who want to promote art and create artists in their country, have long remained institutions that could exist exclusively under the auspices of the rulers and at the expense of the funds donated by them. But artificially arranged art academies, although slowly, began to achieve their intended goals. Their works in European societies formed a class of artists who determined the level of art in society.

Academy of Arts in Europe

Academies of art began to form in the seventeenth century in Europe at the request of governments: societies, or associations, of artists have been in Italy and France since the fourteenth century , and in the seventeenth century they have attracted the attention of governments. Such groups of artists are transformed into academies with the assignment to members of their content and certain amounts for the organization of exhibitions, travels, etc.

The first such academy of arts was created in 1600 in Bologna , then in Milan . In 1648, through the efforts of Mazarin , France established the l'Académie de peinture et de sculpture , to which J. B. Colbert added the l'Académie d'architecture in 1671. This academy, like other French academies, brought enormous benefits to French society and, after the first revolution, merged with other academies into the national institution of the institute. (Decree of the fifth fructidor of the third year: “ Il at a pour toute la république un Institut national, chargé de recueillir les découvertes, de perfectionner les arts et les sciences .”) Although the Institute received a completely new organization in 1832, it also now the Parisian “ Académie des beaux arts ” forms, relative to other academies ( des sciences, l'académie française, des inscriptions, des sciences morales et politiques ), and annually participates in general meetings with them. The Paris Academy of Arts ( des beaux arts ) is divided into five departments and has significant capital for issuing prizes for competitive tasks ( veuve Leprince, de Deschaumes, du comte de Maillé Latour-Landry , etc.).

Other European governments began to follow the example of France. On the model of the Paris Academy of Fine Arts began to be arranged in large centers of Germany . In 1699, the Academy of Arts in Berlin was established , in 1704 in Vienna . The Berlin Academy, just like the Vienna Academy, was transformed at the end of the 19th century : it was given self-government, like universities. In addition to Berlin and Vienna, art academies exist in Munich , Dusseldorf , Nuremberg and Stuttgart .

In England, at the beginning of the 20th century , the Royal Academie of Arts operated; but as a private society: the government, for its part, did not take measures to promote the development of the arts, apart from arranging drawing classes.

Academy of Arts in Russia

In Russia, Emperor Peter I began to worry about taking measures to promote the development of the arts. Peter calls from abroad engravers, painters, architects, and then proposes to open the teaching of art in his "Academy of Sciences and Curious Arts . " Peter's plan was partly realized: the teaching of the arts — painting and sculpture — was introduced at the Academy of Sciences, opened under Catherine I. The Academy of Sciences, given the poverty of the conditions in which the teaching of art was placed, could not educate artists, but managed to prepare many knowledgeable masters who successfully completed the orders made by the academy.

Many of the copies they made from famous paintings introduced society to aesthetic needs. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, the teaching of arts at the Academy of Sciences was significantly raised, which prompted the idea of the need to establish an independent school for this education, separately from the Academy of Sciences. With complete success, I. I. Shuvalov developed this idea, presenting to the empress a proposal on the need to establish a “special three noble arts academy” . Then the Imperial Academy of Arts was founded.

List of Art Academies

► Academy of Arts

In Russia

Historical

Imperial Academy of Arts (St. Petersburg)
Academy of Arts of the USSR (Moscow)

Acting

Russian Academy of Arts (Moscow), which includes:
- Repin Institute (St. Petersburg)
- Moscow State Academic Art Institute named after V.I. Surikov
- Regional branch of the Urals, Siberia, the Far East in the city of Krasnoyarsk .

Outside Russia

In Europe

Paris Academy of Painting and Sculpture (1648-1793).
Julian Academy of Paris (1868-1968).
Paris School of Fine Arts (since 1671).
London Academy of Arts .
Vienna Academy of Fine Arts .
Stuttgart Academy of Arts .
Munich Academy of Fine Arts .
Nuremberg Academy of Fine Arts .
Dresden Academy of Arts .
Dusseldorf Academy of Arts .
Roman Academy of Arts .
Venetian Academy of Arts .
Florence Academy of Arts .
Amsterdam Academy of Arts .
Cracow Academy of Arts , Poland .
Kiev Academy , Ukraine .
Lviv National Academy of Arts , Ukraine .
Swedish Academy of Arts .
Academy of Fine Arts of Milan .
Iceland Academy of the Arts , Iceland .
Academy of Fine Arts , Warsaw , Poland

IN THE USA

Academy of Arts and Academics , Springfield, Oregon .
Academy of Art University , San Francisco , California .
New York Academy of Art , New York .
Cranbrook Academy of Art , Bloomfield Hills, Michigan .
National Academy of Design .

In other countries

Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenov , Almaty .
Azerbaijan State Academy of Arts , Baku .
Bezalel Academy of Arts , Jerusalem .
China Academy of Art , China .
Iranian Academy of the Arts , Iran .

Literature

Academy of Fine Arts // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.