Prosthesis

Proteza ( Greek: πρόθεσις standing in front, statement in front ) - development of an additional vowel or consonant at the beginning of a word, for example: Ukrainian Vulitsa "street", Belor. cloud "cloud", lat. spērāre > fr. espérer , sp. esperar "hope." The prosthetic consonants are [v], [j], [γ], and the prosthetic consonants are [i], [e] ^[1] . The appearance of prosthetic sounds can be caused by phonetic reasons of a different nature, in particular, a prosthesis can occur to facilitate pronunciation ^[2] ^[3] .

Content

In Slavic languages

In Belarusian

The following prosthetic sounds are noted in the Belarusian language ^[4] : vowels [a], [i] - in front of combinations of consonants: arzhany “rye”, igla “haze”, ils “lions”, etc .; consonants [c], [g] - before labialized vowels : wok “eye”, woha “ear”, geta “this”, gay “hey”, etc.

In Russian

Prosthetic vowels and consonants are represented in dialects of the Russian language . In some positions, the presence of prostheses characterizes certain dialectal areas. So, the characteristics of the southwestern dialect zone (including groups of dialects adjacent to the Belarusian language distribution area) include:

the presence of a vowel in the position of the first pre- stressed syllable before the initial combination of the sonorous followed by the consonant: jiri "rye", il'nu "flax"; arzhi , al'nu , etc. ^[5] ; less often, the prosthetic [and] can be noted before the initial combination of the nasal with the subsequent consonant: [and] I , [and] like it, etc. ^[6] ;
the use of the prosthetic [ v ] before the initial vowels o and u : [vo] sen ' , [vo] kna , [vu] tka , [vu] chit , etc. ^[5] ^[7] ;

In a number of positions, the prosthesis is widely represented in Russian dialects, not limited to a specific dialect region. For example, at the beginning of a word in the position of the second pre-stressed syllable, before the consonant combinations, including sonor r or l , the prosthetic vowels [b], [a], less often [u], [y], [o]: [b] rye , [a ] rye , [o] rye , [y] rye , etc. ^{[8] is} common in most Russian dialects, absent only in some dialects of the North Russian dialect ^[9] .

Prosthetic sounds are noted in a number of all-Russian words, characteristic both for dialects and for the Russian literary language: eight (for Bulgarian Osm , lat. Octo ); apple tree (for Bulgarian ablka , lat. abella ); a lamb (at the age of glorious lamb ) ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] .

In Czech

The prothetic [v] before o is found in most Czech dialects ^[10] : vokno ( Czech letter. Okno “window”), von (letter. On “he”), vocet (letter. Ocet “vinegar”), etc. n. The prosthesis before o is absent in borrowed words. Of the Czech dialects proper, the prothetic [v] spread in the everyday colloquial Czech language ( obecná čeština ).

Notes

↑ ¹ ² Gryaznova N. A. Prosthesis // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
↑ ¹ ² Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms . - second ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia ", 1969. - S. 368-369. - 608 p. (Retrieved October 5, 2018)
↑ ¹ ² Rozental D.E. , Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M. publishing house = Enlightenment , 1976.
↑ Sudnik M.R. Belorussian language // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
↑ ¹ ² Zakharova K.F. , Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - M .: URSS editorial, 2004 .-- S. 98. - ISBN 5-354-00917-0 .
↑ Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 15. The prosthetic vowel or its absence in the rye word form and the prosthetic [and] in other words with the initial combination of consonants in the stressed syllable.
↑ Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 60. The presence or absence of the prosthetic in front of the stressed [o] and [y].
↑ Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 14. A prosthetic vowel or its absence in the word rye .
↑ Zakharova K.F. , Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - M .: URSS editorial, 2004. - S. 54. - ISBN 5-354-00917-0 .
↑ Short D. Czech // The Slavonic Languages / Edited by Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993 .-- P. 530. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2 .

Literature

Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1966 .-- S. 368.

[ЛЭС._Протеза-1] ¹ ² Gryaznova N. A. Prosthesis // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .

[Ахманова._Словарь-2] ¹ ² Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms . - second ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia ", 1969. - S. 368-369. - 608 p. (Retrieved October 5, 2018)

[Розенталь,_Теленкова._Словарь-3] ¹ ² Rozental D.E. , Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M. publishing house = Enlightenment , 1976.

[4] Sudnik M.R. Belorussian language // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .

[Захарова,_Орлова,_98-5] ¹ ² Zakharova K.F. , Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - M .: URSS editorial, 2004 .-- S. 98. - ISBN 5-354-00917-0 .

[6] Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 15. The prosthetic vowel or its absence in the rye word form and the prosthetic [and] in other words with the initial combination of consonants in the stressed syllable.

[7] Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 60. The presence or absence of the prosthetic in front of the stressed [o] and [y].

[8] Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR . Issue I: Phonetics / Ed. R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka , 1986. Map 14. A prosthetic vowel or its absence in the word rye .

[9] Zakharova K.F. , Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - M .: URSS editorial, 2004. - S. 54. - ISBN 5-354-00917-0 .

[10] Short D. Czech // The Slavonic Languages / Edited by Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993 .-- P. 530. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2 .