Makarov, Stepan Osipovich

Stepan Makarov was born in the family of a naval officer - staff captain Osip Fedorovich Makarov (1813-1878), who served in Nikolaev and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, and his wife Elizaveta Andreyevna Kirillova, daughter of non-commissioned officer ^[2] . In Nikolaev , the house where Makarov was born was preserved (modern address: Admiral Makarov Street , 4). In April 1858, the Makarovs moved to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur , and in September Stepan entered the local maritime school.

From 1861 to 1864, Stepan Makarov was on a number of practical voyages to get practice, including in foreign voyages and in the First American Expedition . In 1865, he graduated from the Nautical School, which trained officers of the naval navigator corps .

In August 1865, Makarov was assigned to the Varyag corvette under the command of Captain 2nd Rank R. A. Lund . The commander spoke of the young non-commissioned officer in the following way: “In continuation of the annual corvette service with too much, Makarov showed excellent testimony in all branches of maritime art, special zeal, diligence and curiosity. For example, for the sake of acquiring knowledge, Makarov was present at all astronomical and magnetic observations made by Lieutenant Staritsky and calculated them for himself; besides, Makarov is a young man of the most noble and beautiful behavior . ” In November 1866, Makarov was transferred to the flagship corvette " Askold " under the command of Lieutenant Commander P. I. Polozov , where he switched to the Baltic through the Cape of Good Hope ^[3] .

In 1867 he was promoted to midshipmen with enrollment in pupils of the Marine Cadet Corps . After two years of study swimming he received the rank of midshipman . Already in 1867, he published his first scientific article “The Atkins tool for determining the deviation in the sea” in the “Sea collection”.

In the first officer's voyage on the armored boat “ Mermaid ” in 1869, Makarov began to investigate the problem of the ship’s unsinkability (the impetus to this was the crash of the “Mermaids”, stranded and nearly sunken). The young officer proposed innovative ideas: to divide the ship into watertight compartments, to establish trunk pipelines with powerful pumps and branches in the compartments, to use special patches to seal holes. In the future, Makarov many times turned to the study of the problem of unsinkability of the ship and published several works on this topic.

Having received the command of the steamer " Grand Duke Konstantin ", Lieutenant Makarov re-equipped it, in accordance with his project, for use as a base for launching mineboats . During the Russian-Turkish war, Makarov with their help carried out several successful attacks of the Turkish ships. In December 1877 and in January 1878, under the leadership and with the personal participation of Makarov, self-propelled mines ( torpedoes ) were used for the first time in combat operations against Turkish ships in Batum ^[4] . ^[5] .

During the Akhal-Tekinsk expedition (1880-11881), he organized the supply of water from Astrakhan to Krasnovodsk . The general Skobelev, who headed the expedition, exchanged St. George's crosses with him (a peculiar version of fraternity with St. George's gentlemen ).

He commanded the steamer Taman (1881–1882), the frigate “ Prince Pozharsky ” (1885), the corvette “ Vityaz ” (1886–1889), on which he made a round-the-world voyage . Engaged in oceanographic research. In 1880 he was awarded the Small Gold Medal of the Russian Geographical Society ^[6] . (He received the gold medal of the same society 15 years later).

In 1890, Makarov, simultaneously with his production as rear admiral , was appointed junior flagship of the Baltic Fleet, and in 1891-1894 he served as chief inspector of naval artillery. In 1892-1897 Makarov lived in St. Petersburg in the front house on Mokhovaya, 7. From 1894, he became the youngest flagship of the Baltic Sea Practical Squadron , then commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean (1894-1895), under the threat of war with Japan (1895) translated ships to the Far East , commander of the Baltic Sea Practical Squadron (1896–98).

Makarov was one of the initiators of the use of icebreakers for the development of the Northern Sea Route . He was the head of the commission for drafting the technical assignment for the construction of the Yermak icebreaker (1897–1898). In 1901, commanding "Yermak", he made an expedition to Franz Josef Land .

From December 6, 1899 to February 9, 1904, Makarov was the chief commander of the port of Kronstadt and the governor of Kronstadt . In this capacity, he made a note four days before the start of the Russian-Japanese war warning of the inevitability of the Japanese war in the coming days, as well as the shortcomings of the Russian anti-torpedo defense, which were later used by the Japanese during the attack on the Port Arthur raid on January 26 1904

After the start of the Russian-Japanese war, he was appointed February 1 (14), 1904 as commander of the Pacific squadron, and on February 24 (March 8) arrived in Port Arthur. He led the actions of ships in the defense of Port Arthur , but soon died on the battleship Petropavlovsk , hit a Japanese mine. The article “Gaydamak” in the Sytin Military Encyclopedia stated that Admiral Makarov’s body was taken on board the cruiser ^[7] , however, in the list of misprints to the 10th volume (p. 373) this information was refuted and in the same place as a friend, a later volume of the same edition, said that " One coat was left of M. " ^[8] . The Japanese poet Ishikawa Takuboku (by coincidence, the young poet died exactly 8 years later, on the same day as the renowned admiral) responded to the news of the death of Makarov in the following lines ^[9] :

In 1909, the hull of the sunken ship, lying at a distance of about 2.5 miles from the coast at a depth of about 150 feet, was acquired by the entrepreneur Sakurai Tsernosuke, who was counting on finding the ticket office and other valuables. In October 1911, the first reports appeared of the discovery of the remains of Russian sailors inside the ship's hull. In the summer of 1913, it was reported that the remains of six people were removed from the cabins located on the left side of the battleship aft on the middle and lower decks. On June 2, 1913, the consul in the city of Dairen (formerly Far) V.V. Trautschold. On June 24, 1913, the dust of the seamen was buried with military honors at the military cemetery in Port Arthur. Since 2004, the Marine Search and Research Center of the Pacific Fleet Iskra has been working on finding the burial place of sailors raised from Petropavlovsk, which has not yielded results. In October 2011, the Iskra Center, under the leadership of Vladimir Alexandrovich Kartashev and the active assistance of the Russian Foreign Ministry, conducted an expedition to establish the exact coordinates of the place of death of the squadron battleship Petropavlovsk, the expedition had international status, and the Chinese Center for Underwater Archeology and the North Seamen took part in it. PLA fleet. As a result of the work, the exact coordinates were established, but there was no battleship at the point of death of the battleship itself. Only a silted metal fragment was detected. According to the head of the expedition V.A. Kartasheva battleship was disposed of by the Japanese in 1943, but this fact was hidden from Russia in order not to aggravate relations between the countries under the current agreement on neutrality that existed at that time. According to the results of the expedition, the Chinese side prepared a detailed report in two languages, and the Russian side in Russian with an indication of the elements of the search, calculations and maneuverable tablet.

Stepan Makarov made a significant contribution to the development of Russian oceanography , including instrumental studies of the World Ocean, he designed one of the first reliable batometers ^[11] . No less, and more likely, its more important development was the ship’s unsinkability theory. Stepan Osipovich insisted on the allocation of floodability in a separate scientific discipline.

At the post of chief inspector of naval artillery, Makarov invented new tips for armor-piercing shells (the so-called Makarov caps), which, however, were introduced into the practice of the Russian fleet only after his death. They consisted of a tip of mild non-alloy steel, which collapsed upon impact, simultaneously causing a hard upper layer of armor to crack. Following this, the solid bulk of the armor-piercing shell easily pierced the lower layers of armor - much less solid. "Caps" (in the current terminology, armor-piercing tips), as a rule, increased the armor penetration of the projectile, all other things being equal, by 10-16%, but at the same time the accuracy worsened.

S. O. Makarov actively promoted the idea of ​​a “shipless vessel”, considering that numerous weapons, including torpedoes, as well as high speed, are more important than armor. He advocated the open placement of guns on the upper deck, considering that the weight of the defense is better to use for additional guns. He also believed that, than to build a cruiser of 12 thousand tons, it is better to send 4 cruisers 3000 tons each to the ocean ^[12] .

Wife (since 1879) - Kapitolina Nikolaevna Yakimovskaya (1859–1946, Antibes ), daughter of the first rank captain Nikolai Fedorovich Yakimovskiy; Cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine (smaller cross) ^[13] . Three children were born in marriage:

• Olga (1882–1886)
• Alexander (1886–1982), married to the chamberlain Lev Viktorovich Golubev, had a son Vadim.
• Vadim (1891-1964), graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in February 1917 and, not accepting a revolution, fought in the army of Kolchak. In 1923 he settled in New York. In the US, he developed weapons systems for the fleet, created a successful business. An honorary citizen of Boston, co-founder of the Society of Russian naval officers in America. In 1962, Vadim Stepanovich underwent a serious operation, and on January 2, 1964, he suddenly died in New York ^[14] .
  • Mikhail Vadimovich (b. 1971), son of Vadim.
    • Mark Mikhailovich (b. 1997), son of Michael.

The name of Makarov is the city ​​in the Sakhalin region , the Makarov basin , several streets in various cities of Russia and Ukraine, as well as three naval universities:

• State University of Maritime and River Fleet in St. Petersburg ;
• National University of Shipbuilding in Nikolaev;
• Pacific Naval Institute in Vladivostok .
• In June 1913, a monument to S. Makarov erected on voluntary donations was erected in Kronstadt with an inscription on a pedestal: “Remember the war!”. Other monuments were erected in Nikolaev and Vladivostok , in Smolensk - a bust (the author is Fishman P. A. ), in the village of Yanrakynnot of the Chukotka Autonomous Region - an obelisk.
• Several ships in the Soviet Union and Russia at various times were called " Admiral Makarov ." On April 15, 1908, the flag was raised on the cruiser “Admiral Makarov” . In 1921, the icebreaker " Lieutenant Schmidt " was renamed in honor of S. O. Makarov.
• In 1984, the popular science film Admiral Makarov (directed by V. Gurkalenko, cameramen V. Petrov , V. Ilyin, V. Smirnov) was shot at the Lennauchfilm film studio. The film was repeatedly shown on central television.
• On January 8, annually commemorative events are held in the Pacific Fleet dedicated to Stepan Osipovich Makarov ^[15] .
• In 2017, in Murmansk, at the entrance to the Nakhimov Naval School, among others, a bust of S. Makarov was installed.

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  Monument to S. O. Makarov in Nikolaev

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  Monument to S. O. Makarov in Smolensk

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  Monument to S. O. Makarov in Kronstadt

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  Monument to S. O. Makarov in Vladivostok

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  Artistic marked envelope of the USSR , dedicated to S. O. Makarov, 1973

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  Postage stamp of the USSR from the Admirals of Russia series, dedicated to S. O. Makarov, 1989 , 35 kopecks ( TsFA 6162, Scott 5850f)

• Makarov, Stepan Osipovich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Editorial Board. Captain 2nd rank adjutant S. O. Makarov // Illustrated chronicle of the war. Appendix to the " World Illustration ": the magazine. - 1878. - № 81 . - p . 244 .
• Stepanov A. Admiral Makarov in Port Arthur: the story / Stepanov A. - Vladivostok: Primizdat, 1948. - 149 p.
• Semanov S.N. Makarov. - M., "Young Guard", 1972. - 288 p., With ill. (“The Life of Remarkable People.” Biography Series. Vol. 8 (515).

• Admiral Makarov in Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia
• Article about Makarov, Vice-Admiral Y. Panteleev
• Biography (English)