Independent cinema in the USA has a long history. Such cinema is largely or completely removed outside the system of major film studios and distributed by independent companies. Also, independent films can produce and / or distribute subsidiaries of major film studios. Usually, but not always, the budgets of independent films are much lower than the budgets of films of large film studios. As a rule, the sale of independent films is characterized by a limited edition , but at the same time it can have serious marketing campaigns and wide distribution.
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 Edison Kinotrest
- 1.2 The origin of the studio system
- 1.3 Association of creative people and opposition to the systems of film studios
- 1.4 Society of Independent Filmmakers Motion Picture
- 1.5 Low Budget Films
- 1.6 Development Boom and MPAA Rating System
- 1.7 New Hollywood and Independent Film Production
- 1.8 Outside of Hollywood
- 2 Indie Movies
- 3 Modernity
- 3.1 Production Technologies
- 4 See also
- 5 Literature
- 6 References
- 7 notes
History
Edison Kinotrest
The Motion Picture Patents Company, MPPC , better known as the Edison Trust , Edison Trust , was founded in 1908 . Edison's trust was created as an agreement between rival studios that held a monopoly on the production of films and their distribution . It included all the major film companies of the time ( Edison , Biograph, Vitagraph , Essanay , Selig, Lubin, Kalem, American Star, American PathΓ© ), a leading distributor (George Kleine) and the largest supplier of Eastex Kodak unexposed film . A number of filmmakers refused to join the company or they were denied trust and were called "independent."
During the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison held the majority of key patents in the field of film technology . George Eastman , who supported the film trust, was also a monopolist, producing more than 90% of the world's total unexposed film. MPPC demanded strict observance of its patents, constantly issuing orders against independent filmmakers. In this regard, some directors moved their filming to Hollywood, California, where the distance from the main base of Edison in New Jersey made them more inaccessible to MPPC and its patents.
The Edison Trust was soon closed thanks to two decisions of the US Supreme Court : the first in 1912, which revoked the patent for unexposed film, and the second in 1915, which revoked all MPPC patents. Although these decisions managed to legalize independent films and rectify the de facto ban on small film productions, independent directors who fled to Southern California have already managed to lay the foundation for classic cinema in Hollywood .
The origin of the studio system
In early 1910, director D.W. Griffith was sent by the Biograph Company to the west coast with his acting troupe, which consisted of actors Sweet Blanche , Lillian Guiche , Mary Pickford , Lionel Barrymore and others. They started filming in a wasteland next to Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles . At this time, the company decided to explore new territories, breaking a few miles to the north, in the direction of Hollywood . The small village was friendly to the team of filmmakers. Griffith created here the very first film ever made in Hollywood, In Old California , a melodrama about California in the 1800s when it belonged to Mexico. The Biographer company stayed there for a month and managed to make several films before returning to New York.
During the Edison Trust in the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants found work in the US film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make a career in a completely new business. For several years, ambitious people such as Samuel Goldwin (MGM), Harry Cohn (Columbia Pictures), Karl Lemmle (Universal Pictures), Adolf Zucor (Paramount Pictures), Louis Mayer and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack ) switched to the production side of the business. After rumors about the success of Biograph in Hollywood, in 1913 many potential filmmakers went west to avoid the fees set by the Edison Trust. Soon they became heads of enterprises of a new type: film studios .
By creating a new production, distribution and distribution system that was independent of the Edison Trust in New York, these studios opened new horizons for cinema in the United States . The Hollywood monopoly has replaced the monopoly of the Edison Trust. As part of this new system, a hierarchy was created that left little room for beginners. At the top were five major studios: 20th Century Fox , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Paramount Pictures , RKO Pictures and Warner Bros. Below them were Columbia Pictures , United Artists and Universal Studios . A little later, the term βPoverty Rowβ appeared, which is used to refer to any other smaller film studios that have managed to fight for their place in the movie business. It is worth noting that, despite the small Poverty Row studios, which can be described as existing βindependentlyβ from any large studios, they used the same type of vertically and horizontally integrated business systems as the major players in the market. However, such a system of film studios and restrictions may collapse, which will enable independent film studios to fill the market with their Poverty Row products, which will lead to the disappearance of Poverty Row as a Hollywood phenomenon. While films produced by Poverty Row Studios only grew in popularity, they ultimately became more affordable than films from major production companies and independent producers, which no longer needed to rely on the studioβs ability to pack and rent them. works.
The following table lists the categories that are commonly used to characterize the Hollywood system:
| Big Five Leaders | Small Three Leaders | Poverty Row (top four companies) |
|---|---|---|
| Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | United artists | Grand national |
| Paramount pictures | Columbia pictures | Republic pictures |
| 20th Century Fox | Universal studios | Monogram pictures |
| Warner bros | Producers Releasing Corporation (aka PRC) | |
| RKO Pictures |
Unification of creative people and opposition to film studio systems
Studio systems quickly became so powerful that some filmmakers again sought independence. On February 5, 1919 , four of the leading figures in silent American cinema ( Mary Pickford , Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith) formed United Artists (UA), the first independent studio in America. Each owned a 20% stake, and the remaining 20% ββbelonged to lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea of ββsuch a venture came from Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford and cowboy star William S. Hart a year earlier, when they traveled around the United States selling bonds to help in the First World War . As veterans of Hollywood, the four stars of the film talked about creating a company to strengthen their own control over their own work. They were pushed to action by Hollywood producers and distributors, who took steps to tighten control over their stars' salaries and creative licenses. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart left them before everything was completed. βWhen he heard about their scheme,β said Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures , βhe said:β Prisoners are taking over the madhouse. β
Four partners on the advice of Macadou (former Minister of Finance and son-in-law of then President Woodrow Wilson ) formed their distribution company with H. Abrams as the first managing director. Initial conditions encouraged Pickford, Fairbanks, Griffith and Chaplin to independently produce five paintings a year, but by the time the company began work in 1920-1921, feature films were becoming more expensive and more sophisticated, and the timing was about ninety minutes (or eight reels with a film). It was believed that no one, regardless of popularity, could not take part in five high-quality feature films a year. By 1924, Griffith abandoned the company and it faced a crisis: either throw all the resources to maintain an expensive distribution system, or fail. Production veteran Joseph Schenck was hired as president of the company. He not only produced paintings for ten years, but also made a commitment to starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his wifeβs sister, Constance Talmadge, and his wifeβs brother, Buster Keaton . Contracts have been signed with a number of independent manufacturers, especially Samuel Goldwyn, Alexander Korda and Howard Hughes. Schenk also formed a partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters called United Artists.
However, even with the expansion, United Artists was having problems. With the advent of sound cinema , Pickford and Fairbanks ended their careers. Chaplin was already quite wealthy and worked only occasionally. In 1933, Schenk and Darryl Zanuk founded the new company Twentieth Century Pictures , which soon shot four paintings a year (almost half of the production of United Artists), and when in 1935 Schenk was denied partial ownership of United Artists, he left her, arranging the merger of β20th Century Pictures and Fox Film Corporation, which formed the 20th Century Fox film company. As the president of United Artists, Shenk was replaced by former sales manager Alexander Lichtman, who himself resigned after only a few months of work. At different times, independent proletarians such as Goldwin, Korda, Walt Disney , Walter Wanger, and Selznik distributed films through United Artists, but by 1940 the dynamics of the business changed and these partners left: Goldwin and Disney in RKO , Wagner in Universal Pictures , and Selznik - retired. Television, which supplanted movie theaters, also had its effect, so by the end of 1940 United Artists had virtually ceased to exist as a producer and distributor of films.
Society of Independent Filmmakers Motion Picture
In 1941 , Mary Pickford , Charles Chaplin , Walt Disney , Orson Welles , Samuel Goldwin , David Selznik , Alexander Korda and Walter Wanger - many of the same people who were members of United Artists , founded the Society of Independent Filmmakers, abbreviated SIMPP . Later, William Cogney, Saul Lesser and Hal Roach also became its members. The society was aimed at preserving the rights of independent filmmakers, the vast majority controlled by the studio system. In fact, the SIMPP community was able to break the monopoly of the seven largest Hollywood studios that controlled the production, distribution and screenings of films.
In 1942 , SIMPP filed an antitrust lawsuit against Paramount's United Detroit Theaters. The complaint accused Paramount of conspiring to occupy theaters in Detroit. This was the first antitrust lawsuit filed against major film companies.
In 1948 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided to order Hollywood movie studios to sell cinema chains and eliminate anti-competitive practices. This actually put an end to the Hollywood golden age studio system.
By 1958 , SIMPP completed its mission and closed offices.
Low Budget Films
Thanks to the efforts of SIMPP and the advent of inexpensive portable cameras during the Second World War, for anyone in America interested in making films, it became possible to write, produce movies directly without the help of a major film studio . These circumstances soon revealed, thanks to critics, a number of outstanding works, including βMidday Shadowsβ by Maya Derain in 1943, βFireworksβ by Kenneth Enger in 1947 and βLittle Runawayβ by Morris Engel, Ruth Orkin and Ray Abrashkin in 1953. Filmmakers: such as Ken Jacobs, without special education began to experiment with new ways of filming.
"Little Runaway" was the first independent film nominated for an Oscar for best original screenplay. He also received the Silver Lion in Venice . Both films by Engel and Angers received recognition abroad from the New Wave , and Fireworks received accolades and invitations to study in Europe with Jean Cocteau , and Francois Truffaut , who cited The Little Runaway as the most important source of inspiration for his main work , β Four hundred strokes .β In the 1950s, a new paradigm of low-budget cinema progressed, which received wide international recognition for films such as the Satyajit Rai film The Apu Trilogy, which was approved by critics (1955-1959).
Unlike the films of the ruined studio system, these new low-budget films could afford to take risks and open up new artistic horizons beyond the classic Hollywood patterns. Crowds of like-minded avant-garde directors from New York who were interested in creating films as works of art, rather than entertainment, soon joined Maya Derain. Based on the common belief that βofficial cinemaβ is βshort of breathβ and it has become βimmoral, aesthetically obsolete, has become thematically superficial, temperamentally boringβ, [9] this new generation of independent filmmakers forms the Society of Cinematographers, promising artists and non-profit organizations, which they will use to distribute their films through a centralized archive. Founded in 1962 by Jonas Mekas , Stan Brackidge , Shirley Clark , Gregory J. Marcopoulos and others, the Society served as the main outlet for many creative film stars in the 1960s, including Jack Smith and Andy Warhol . When Ken Anger returned to America, he made his debut with many important works. Mekas and Brackidge continued to work with Anthology Film Archives in 1970, which also proved to be a prerequisite for the development and preservation of independent films to this day.
Development Boom and MPAA Rating System
Not all low-budget films existed as non-profit art enterprises. Films like Little Fugitive , which are made with a low (and sometimes even no) budget, are hugely popular with non-studio movie fans. The low budget of the film promises a potentially greater return (in terms of interest) if the film is successfully rented in cinemas. At this time, independent producer / director Roger Corman began a wide range of work that will become legendary examples of the frugality and exhaustion of the shooting schedule. Prior to his so-called βretirementβ as a manager in 1971 (he continued to produce films, even after that date), he could produce up to seven films a year, which often exceeded the production schedule.
As at the forefront, Roger Corman's films take advantage of the fact that, unlike the studio system, independent films have never been bound by the Hayes Code . The example of Corman (as well as others like him) helped create a boom in independent B-movies in the 1960s, the main purpose of which was to settle on the youth market, with which major studios lost touch. By promising sex , senseless violence, drug use and nudity, these films hoped to attract an audience in independent movie theaters, offering to show them something that major studios could not. Horror films and science fiction have experienced a period of tremendous demand during this time. As these were tiny producers, movie theaters, and distributors continued to undermine each other, B-class films, in terms of production costs, soon fell to the level of Z movie films. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ².
Π 1968 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ Π ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« ΠΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Β» ( Night of the Living Dead ) Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π₯Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° MPAA. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« Π’Π΅Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Β» (1974)) ΠΈ Β« ΠΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Β» (1980) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π₯Π΅ΠΉΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² MPAA, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ. Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π₯Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ - Π³ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΄Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Paramount Case ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ CinemaScope , ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠΊ , 3-D ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ.
Π 1950-Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1960-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ 1950-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ 1960-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π₯Π΅Π»Π»ΠΎ, ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈ! Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π² 1951 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Arthur Krim ΠΈ Robert Benjamin, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ United Artists, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ Π² 1955 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ United Artists ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. UA Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΄/Π€ΡΡΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΒ». Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ UA Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ . UA ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² 1956 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ, UA ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Mirisch brothers, Billy Wilder, Joseph E. Levine ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1960-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² RKO ΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
Π 1967 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Warner Brothers ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π£ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΈΡΡΠΈ 40 % ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΉΠ΄ , Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ. Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 70 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ Β».
16 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 1969 ΠΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠ΅Ρ , ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΒ» . ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ/ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ/ΡΠΎΠ°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° Π₯ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°. Β«Easy RiderΒ» Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Β«First Film AwardΒ» ("Prix de la premiere oeuvre "), ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π΄Π²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°-Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· American Civil Liberties Union.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌ Β«Easy RiderΒ», ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ United Artists. ΠΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ X-ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ. Π Β«ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠ΅Β» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈ Π£ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°.
Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, Π€ΡΡΜΠ½ΡΠΈΡ Π€ΠΎΡΠ΄ ΠΠΎΜΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° , Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π² ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Donostia-San Sebastian International Film Festival Ρ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΉ The Rain People ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ½ΡΠ» Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, American Zoetrope . Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ» Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, American Zoetrope ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· Zoetrope ΠΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π£ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡ. Π 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Zoetrope ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΡ Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° THX 1138Β», ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ Zoetrope. Π’Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ± Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°. Π ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π½Π³ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Β«ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΒ». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ American Graffiti ΠΎΡ Universal. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1970-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Paper Moon , Dog Day Afternoon ΠΈ Taxi Driver , ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ», ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Taxi Driver , The Last Picture Show ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ 1979 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ , Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°.
ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΡΡΠΌ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ United Artists, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Zoetrope Π±ΡΠ» Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Β«Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Zoetrope Π² 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, Lucasfilm , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠ·Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Ρ . ΠΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ - ΡΡΠΎ Β«Easy RiderΒ» ΠΈ They All Laughed Peter Bogdanovich. Peter Bogdanovich Π²ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Π² 1980 ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ β Π² ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
ΠΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π§Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈ (1975) Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π° Π‘ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅ΡΠ³Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠ·Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ (1977) ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΠΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°. Π‘ ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ), ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ The Godfather Part II ΠΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ), Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ .
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ², ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ , ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π±Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅Π΅ RKO Π² 1950-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . Π ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ RKO Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ, Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Edison Trust, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ , Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°
Π‘ 1970-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ; ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ , ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ingmar Bergman ΠΈ Federico Fellini ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Joseph P. Mawra, Michael Findlay ΠΈ Henri Pachard ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ , ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ( Kenneth Anger , ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ John Waters ΠΈ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1970-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠ° Β« ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°-Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Β» 1977 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»ΡΠΊ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΡΡΠΊΡΠ° , ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Β« Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ-ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ Β» Π΄Π»Ρ Paramount Π·Π° 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ². Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΡΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° Β« ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°-Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Β», ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β« ΠΠ²ΡΠ·Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄ VI: ΠΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ Β». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π€ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ° Β« ΠΡΠ½Π° Β» Π΄Π»Ρ De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Dino De Laurentiis Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΒ», Β«ΠΡΠ½Π°Β» (1984) ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ 45 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»., ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡ 27,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 6 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»., ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β« Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡ Π°Ρ Β» ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ . ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ.
Other key players in this movement were Kembra Pfahler, Casandra Stark, Beth B, Tommy Turner, Richard Kern and Lydia Lunch . Rallying around institutions such as the Society of Cinematographers and the Anthology Film Archives, this new generation of independent filmmakers has dedicated itself to creating a new Hollywood, saying that "all film schools will be blown up, and all boring films will never be made again."
Indie Movies
Since the 1990s, the rise and success of independent cinema has been observed not only at film festivals, but also at the box office, and with the appearance of actors such as Bruce Willis , John Travolta and Tim Robbins, independent films have also become popular with Hollywood studios. In 1990, New Line Cinema, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , raised more than $ 100 million in the United States, making it the highest grossing successful indie movie in history. Miramax Films had hits such as Sex, Lies and Videos , My Left Leg , and Clerks , which ranked Miramax and New Line Cinema as big companies wishing to capitalize on the success of independent studios. In 1993, Disney bought Miramax for $ 60 million. Turner Broadcasting in 1994 acquired, in a billion-dollar deal, New Line Cinema, Fine Line Features and Castle Rock Entertainment . The acquisition was a good step for Turner Broadcasting. When New Line released Mask and Dumb and Dumber in 1994, Castle Rock released Escape from the Shawshank , and Miramax released Pulp Fiction .
The acquisition of small studios by the Hollywood conglomerate was a plan to partially take on an independent film industry and at the same time establish their own independent studios. The following are all indie studios owned by the Hollywood conglomerate:
- Sony Pictures Classics 1992
- Fox Searchlight Pictures 1995
- Paramount Vantage 1998
- Focus Features 2002
- Warner Independent Pictures 2003 [1]
By the early 2000s, Hollywood was producing three different categories of films and creating three different classes of feature films using three different types of producers.
1) Big budget blockbusters.
- High-quality products (big-budget blockbusters with expensive stars and cars) were produced by six major film companies. The budgets of large studios for filming amounted to approximately $ 100 million, while about one third of the studios spent on marketing because of the large release.
2) Low-budget feature films created by independent filmmakers.
- Another class of Hollywood films includes feature films produced by independent filmmakers. Budgets for these indie films average $ 40 million in the early 2000s, plus from $ 10 million to $ 15 million for marketing expenses.
3) Genre and special films made by true indie studios and producers.
- This category consists of genre films created by independent producers and distributors for only a few dozen or perhaps several hundred releases in some urban markets. Such films typically cost less than $ 10 million, but often less than $ 5 million, with a small marketing budget.
Modernity
Today, due to the large volume of low-cost digital cinema equipment available at the consumer level, independent filmmakers are no longer dependent on the major studios and their equipment needed to make the film. Thanks to lower technology costs, thousands of small production companies can get the resources they need to create entertaining films. Post-production has also been simplified with non-linear editing software available for home computers .
Currently, the main studios in Hollywood are the so-called five Golden Age Studios. Their products are still characterized by familiar stories and conservatism in casting and filming. Companies such as Lucasfilm continue to exist, co-financing their production and partnerships with a large six distribution studios. In fact, co-financing has become a growing trend in modern Hollywood. More than two-thirds of films released by Warner Bros. in 2000, funded as joint ventures (compared with 10% in 1987).
In an attempt to capitalize on the boom of independent films, the big six of today's major studios have created a number of independent subsidiaries to create films that are less commercial, but more manageable in nature and content, that attract market attention to the arthouse. These companies include MGM, UA (under MGM), New Line Cinema, HBO Films, Castle Rock Entertainment , Disneynature, DreamWorks , Sony Pictures Classics, Fox Searchlight Pictures , Miramax Films , Warner Independent Pictures, Picturehouse, Paramount Classics / Paramount Vantage , Go Fish Pictures (under DreamWorks), Focus Features , Screen Gems, TriStar Pictures , Destination Films, Fox Faith, Fox Atomic , Gener8Xion Entertainment, Hollywood Pictures , Rogue Pictures , Five & Two Pictures, New Name Pictures, Sherwood Pictures.
The growing popularity and possibilities of low-budget films over the past 15 years have led to a huge increase in the number of filmmakers and aspiring people who have written scripts and synopsises and who are hoping to find several million dollars to turn their script into a successful independent film such as Mad Dogs , Little Miss Happiness or Juneau. Such filmmakers often work in day jobs while they promote their independent film scripts to production companies, talent agents, and wealthy investors. Their dreams are much more achievable than they were before the independent film revolution, because there is no longer any need to enlist the support of large studios in order to gain access to millions of dollars and make their own film.
Independent film production has reduced demand for short films and short film festivals. Feature films are often featured at film festivals such as HANDMOVIE, Slamdance Film Festival, South By Southwest, Raindance Film Festival, ACE Film Festival or Cannes Film Festival . The prize winners of these festivals are most likely to be seen by major film studios.
The following studios are considered the most famous in the field of modern independent studios (they are used for production / filming of independent films and foreign films in America):
- Film4 Productions
- Lions gate films
- Summit entertainment
- Overture Films (out of business)
- Hannover house
- IFC Films
- Samuel Goldwyn Films
- The Weinstein Company / Dimension Films
- Magnolia pictures
- Palm pictures
- Tartan films
- Newmarket films
- Thinkfilm
- Troma entertainment
- Maverick entertainment group
- First Look Studios (come out of business)
- Image entertainment
- Maya entertainment
- Entertainment one
- Phase 4 Films
- Yari film group
- Screen Media Films
- LD Entertainment
- Millennium entertainment
In addition to these higher profile independent studios, there are thousands of small companies that produce independent films every year. These small companies strive to release their films in theaters of their state and, finding additional funding and resources for distribution and advertising , exhibit their projects nationwide. You canβt often see quality artwork in the video market, but amidst many independent films you can see ambitious independent films that couldnβt reach the box office. Now there is a clear distribution between films that will be sold only on DVD, and full-length videos, the main distribution channel of which is fully electronic.
In 1981, Robert Redford established the Sundance , an American independent film institute, which has held the eponymous international film festival since January 1985.
One third of all American independent films are produced in New York .
- famous works
- Pulp Fiction (1994, dir. K. Tarantino, Miramax ) [2]
Manufacturing Technologies
With the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, with the advent of digital video in the early 1990s, the barrier to movie production technology has declined. Independent cinema developed in the 1990s and 2000s and was stimulated by a number of factors, including the development of affordable digital cinema cameras that could compete with high-quality 35 mm film , plus easy-to-use computer editing software . Before digital alternatives became available, the cost of professional equipment and equipment for making films was a serious obstacle for independent filmmakers who wanted to make their own cinema (in 2002, the cost of 35 mm film went up 23%, depending on its type) . Personal computers and non-linear editing dramatically reduced post-production costs, while technologies such as DVDs , Blu-ray discs and online video services made distribution easier. Even 3-D technology is now available for low-budget independent filmmakers.
Thanks to new technologies such as Arri Alexa , RED Epic, and many new SLR cameras , independent movie makers can create frames that look like 35 mm film, but without that high cost. These cameras also work well in low light conditions. In 2008, Canon released the first digital SLR camera, the Canon EOS 5D Mark II , which could shoot high-definition video. With the creation of 5D Mark II, and subsequent "DSLRs" that shoot video, independent directors have the opportunity to shoot video with a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels in progressive scan ( 1080p ) and 24 frames per second (this frame rate is considered the standard in the movie). In addition, these photo cameras allow for greater control over the depth of field , greater capabilities in low light and a wide variety of interchangeable lenses - things that independent directors have been waiting for for many years.
In addition to the new digital cameras, independent filmmakers benefit from new editing software. Instead of having to use post-production studios for editing, independent filmmakers can now use a personal computer and software to cheaply edit their films. Editing software, which includes Avid Media Composer , Adobe Premiere Pro , Final Cut Pro , (Color Grading Software) DaVinci Resolve, and more. These new technologies allow independent filmmakers to create films that are comparable to high-budget films.
Director Francis Ford Coppola is a longtime advocate of new technologies such as non-linear editing and digital cameras. In 2007, he said, βEscaping a movie from the control of financiers is a wonderful thing. You donβt need to wander around with distributors and say: βPlease let me make a filmβ. β
See also
- Hollywood cinema
- Studio system (classic Hollywood movie)
Literature
- Lyons, Donald. Independent Visions: A Critical Introduction to Recent Independent American Film. - Ballantine Books, 1994. - ISBN 0-345-38249-8 .
- Vachon, Christine. A Killer Life: How an Independent Film Producer Survives Deals and Disasters in Hollywood and Beyond. - Simon & Schuster, 1996. - ISBN 0-7432-5630-1 .
- Redding, Judith. Film Fatales: Independent Women Directors. - Seal Press, 1997. - ISBN 1-878067-97-4 .
- Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. - New York University Press, 1999. - ISBN 0-8147-5123-7 .
- Merritt, Greg. Celluloid Mavericks: The History of American Independent Film. - Thunder's Mouth Press, 2000. - ISBN 1-56025-232-4 .
- Biskind, Peter. Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film. - Simon & Schuster, 2004. - ISBN 0-684-86259-X .
- Pierson, John. Spike Mike Reloaded. - Miramax Books, 2004. - ISBN 1-4013-5950-7 .
- Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. - NYU Press, 2001. - ISBN 978-0-8147-5124-4 .
- Hall, Phil. The History of Independent Cinema. - BearManor Media, 2009. - ISBN 1-59393-335-5 .
- Richard Dyer Maccann. Independence, with a Vengeance (English) // Film Quarterly : journal. - University of California Press. - Vol. 15 , no. 4 . - P. 14-21 . - DOI : 10.1525 / fq.1962.15.4.04a00060 .
Links
Notes
- β McDonald, Paul and Wasco, Janet. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. p. 29-30.
- β Genis A. βMass Cultureβ in a cycle on Radio Liberty , January 18, 1997 (audio, from 36 min.)