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Independent Cinema USA

Independent cinema in the USA has a long history. Such cinema is largely or completely removed outside the system of major film studios and distributed by independent companies. Also, independent films can produce and / or distribute subsidiaries of major film studios. Usually, but not always, the budgets of independent films are much lower than the budgets of films of large film studios. As a rule, the sale of independent films is characterized by a limited edition , but at the same time it can have serious marketing campaigns and wide distribution.

Content

  • 1 History
    • 1.1 Edison Kinotrest
    • 1.2 The origin of the studio system
    • 1.3 Association of creative people and opposition to the systems of film studios
    • 1.4 Society of Independent Filmmakers Motion Picture
    • 1.5 Low Budget Films
    • 1.6 Development Boom and MPAA Rating System
    • 1.7 New Hollywood and Independent Film Production
    • 1.8 Outside of Hollywood
  • 2 Indie Movies
  • 3 Modernity
    • 3.1 Production Technologies
  • 4 See also
  • 5 Literature
  • 6 References
  • 7 notes

History

Edison Kinotrest

The Motion Picture Patents Company, MPPC , better known as the Edison Trust , Edison Trust , was founded in 1908 . Edison's trust was created as an agreement between rival studios that held a monopoly on the production of films and their distribution . It included all the major film companies of the time ( Edison , Biograph, Vitagraph , Essanay , Selig, Lubin, Kalem, American Star, American PathΓ© ), a leading distributor (George Kleine) and the largest supplier of Eastex Kodak unexposed film . A number of filmmakers refused to join the company or they were denied trust and were called "independent."

During the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison held the majority of key patents in the field of film technology . George Eastman , who supported the film trust, was also a monopolist, producing more than 90% of the world's total unexposed film. MPPC demanded strict observance of its patents, constantly issuing orders against independent filmmakers. In this regard, some directors moved their filming to Hollywood, California, where the distance from the main base of Edison in New Jersey made them more inaccessible to MPPC and its patents.

The Edison Trust was soon closed thanks to two decisions of the US Supreme Court : the first in 1912, which revoked the patent for unexposed film, and the second in 1915, which revoked all MPPC patents. Although these decisions managed to legalize independent films and rectify the de facto ban on small film productions, independent directors who fled to Southern California have already managed to lay the foundation for classic cinema in Hollywood .

The origin of the studio system

In early 1910, director D.W. Griffith was sent by the Biograph Company to the west coast with his acting troupe, which consisted of actors Sweet Blanche , Lillian Guiche , Mary Pickford , Lionel Barrymore and others. They started filming in a wasteland next to Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles . At this time, the company decided to explore new territories, breaking a few miles to the north, in the direction of Hollywood . The small village was friendly to the team of filmmakers. Griffith created here the very first film ever made in Hollywood, In Old California , a melodrama about California in the 1800s when it belonged to Mexico. The Biographer company stayed there for a month and managed to make several films before returning to New York.

During the Edison Trust in the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants found work in the US film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make a career in a completely new business. For several years, ambitious people such as Samuel Goldwin (MGM), Harry Cohn (Columbia Pictures), Karl Lemmle (Universal Pictures), Adolf Zucor (Paramount Pictures), Louis Mayer and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack ) switched to the production side of the business. After rumors about the success of Biograph in Hollywood, in 1913 many potential filmmakers went west to avoid the fees set by the Edison Trust. Soon they became heads of enterprises of a new type: film studios .

By creating a new production, distribution and distribution system that was independent of the Edison Trust in New York, these studios opened new horizons for cinema in the United States . The Hollywood monopoly has replaced the monopoly of the Edison Trust. As part of this new system, a hierarchy was created that left little room for beginners. At the top were five major studios: 20th Century Fox , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Paramount Pictures , RKO Pictures and Warner Bros. Below them were Columbia Pictures , United Artists and Universal Studios . A little later, the term β€œPoverty Row” appeared, which is used to refer to any other smaller film studios that have managed to fight for their place in the movie business. It is worth noting that, despite the small Poverty Row studios, which can be described as existing β€œindependently” from any large studios, they used the same type of vertically and horizontally integrated business systems as the major players in the market. However, such a system of film studios and restrictions may collapse, which will enable independent film studios to fill the market with their Poverty Row products, which will lead to the disappearance of Poverty Row as a Hollywood phenomenon. While films produced by Poverty Row Studios only grew in popularity, they ultimately became more affordable than films from major production companies and independent producers, which no longer needed to rely on the studio’s ability to pack and rent them. works.

The following table lists the categories that are commonly used to characterize the Hollywood system:

Big Five LeadersSmall Three LeadersPoverty Row (top four companies)
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerUnited artistsGrand national
Paramount picturesColumbia picturesRepublic pictures
20th Century FoxUniversal studiosMonogram pictures
Warner brosProducers Releasing Corporation (aka PRC)
RKO Pictures

Unification of creative people and opposition to film studio systems

Studio systems quickly became so powerful that some filmmakers again sought independence. On February 5, 1919 , four of the leading figures in silent American cinema ( Mary Pickford , Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith) formed United Artists (UA), the first independent studio in America. Each owned a 20% stake, and the remaining 20% ​​belonged to lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea of ​​such a venture came from Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford and cowboy star William S. Hart a year earlier, when they traveled around the United States selling bonds to help in the First World War . As veterans of Hollywood, the four stars of the film talked about creating a company to strengthen their own control over their own work. They were pushed to action by Hollywood producers and distributors, who took steps to tighten control over their stars' salaries and creative licenses. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart left them before everything was completed. β€œWhen he heard about their scheme,” said Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures , β€œhe said:β€œ Prisoners are taking over the madhouse. ”

Four partners on the advice of Macadou (former Minister of Finance and son-in-law of then President Woodrow Wilson ) formed their distribution company with H. Abrams as the first managing director. Initial conditions encouraged Pickford, Fairbanks, Griffith and Chaplin to independently produce five paintings a year, but by the time the company began work in 1920-1921, feature films were becoming more expensive and more sophisticated, and the timing was about ninety minutes (or eight reels with a film). It was believed that no one, regardless of popularity, could not take part in five high-quality feature films a year. By 1924, Griffith abandoned the company and it faced a crisis: either throw all the resources to maintain an expensive distribution system, or fail. Production veteran Joseph Schenck was hired as president of the company. He not only produced paintings for ten years, but also made a commitment to starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his wife’s sister, Constance Talmadge, and his wife’s brother, Buster Keaton . Contracts have been signed with a number of independent manufacturers, especially Samuel Goldwyn, Alexander Korda and Howard Hughes. Schenk also formed a partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters called United Artists.

However, even with the expansion, United Artists was having problems. With the advent of sound cinema , Pickford and Fairbanks ended their careers. Chaplin was already quite wealthy and worked only occasionally. In 1933, Schenk and Darryl Zanuk founded the new company Twentieth Century Pictures , which soon shot four paintings a year (almost half of the production of United Artists), and when in 1935 Schenk was denied partial ownership of United Artists, he left her, arranging the merger of β€œ20th Century Pictures and Fox Film Corporation, which formed the 20th Century Fox film company. As the president of United Artists, Shenk was replaced by former sales manager Alexander Lichtman, who himself resigned after only a few months of work. At different times, independent proletarians such as Goldwin, Korda, Walt Disney , Walter Wanger, and Selznik distributed films through United Artists, but by 1940 the dynamics of the business changed and these partners left: Goldwin and Disney in RKO , Wagner in Universal Pictures , and Selznik - retired. Television, which supplanted movie theaters, also had its effect, so by the end of 1940 United Artists had virtually ceased to exist as a producer and distributor of films.

Society of Independent Filmmakers Motion Picture

In 1941 , Mary Pickford , Charles Chaplin , Walt Disney , Orson Welles , Samuel Goldwin , David Selznik , Alexander Korda and Walter Wanger - many of the same people who were members of United Artists , founded the Society of Independent Filmmakers, abbreviated SIMPP . Later, William Cogney, Saul Lesser and Hal Roach also became its members. The society was aimed at preserving the rights of independent filmmakers, the vast majority controlled by the studio system. In fact, the SIMPP community was able to break the monopoly of the seven largest Hollywood studios that controlled the production, distribution and screenings of films.

In 1942 , SIMPP filed an antitrust lawsuit against Paramount's United Detroit Theaters. The complaint accused Paramount of conspiring to occupy theaters in Detroit. This was the first antitrust lawsuit filed against major film companies.

In 1948 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided to order Hollywood movie studios to sell cinema chains and eliminate anti-competitive practices. This actually put an end to the Hollywood golden age studio system.

By 1958 , SIMPP completed its mission and closed offices.

Low Budget Films

Thanks to the efforts of SIMPP and the advent of inexpensive portable cameras during the Second World War, for anyone in America interested in making films, it became possible to write, produce movies directly without the help of a major film studio . These circumstances soon revealed, thanks to critics, a number of outstanding works, including β€œMidday Shadows” by Maya Derain in 1943, β€œFireworks” by Kenneth Enger in 1947 and β€œLittle Runaway” by Morris Engel, Ruth Orkin and Ray Abrashkin in 1953. Filmmakers: such as Ken Jacobs, without special education began to experiment with new ways of filming.

"Little Runaway" was the first independent film nominated for an Oscar for best original screenplay. He also received the Silver Lion in Venice . Both films by Engel and Angers received recognition abroad from the New Wave , and Fireworks received accolades and invitations to study in Europe with Jean Cocteau , and Francois Truffaut , who cited The Little Runaway as the most important source of inspiration for his main work , β€œ Four hundred strokes .” In the 1950s, a new paradigm of low-budget cinema progressed, which received wide international recognition for films such as the Satyajit Rai film The Apu Trilogy, which was approved by critics (1955-1959).

Unlike the films of the ruined studio system, these new low-budget films could afford to take risks and open up new artistic horizons beyond the classic Hollywood patterns. Crowds of like-minded avant-garde directors from New York who were interested in creating films as works of art, rather than entertainment, soon joined Maya Derain. Based on the common belief that β€œofficial cinema” is β€œshort of breath” and it has become β€œimmoral, aesthetically obsolete, has become thematically superficial, temperamentally boring”, [9] this new generation of independent filmmakers forms the Society of Cinematographers, promising artists and non-profit organizations, which they will use to distribute their films through a centralized archive. Founded in 1962 by Jonas Mekas , Stan Brackidge , Shirley Clark , Gregory J. Marcopoulos and others, the Society served as the main outlet for many creative film stars in the 1960s, including Jack Smith and Andy Warhol . When Ken Anger returned to America, he made his debut with many important works. Mekas and Brackidge continued to work with Anthology Film Archives in 1970, which also proved to be a prerequisite for the development and preservation of independent films to this day.

Development Boom and MPAA Rating System

Not all low-budget films existed as non-profit art enterprises. Films like Little Fugitive , which are made with a low (and sometimes even no) budget, are hugely popular with non-studio movie fans. The low budget of the film promises a potentially greater return (in terms of interest) if the film is successfully rented in cinemas. At this time, independent producer / director Roger Corman began a wide range of work that will become legendary examples of the frugality and exhaustion of the shooting schedule. Prior to his so-called β€œretirement” as a manager in 1971 (he continued to produce films, even after that date), he could produce up to seven films a year, which often exceeded the production schedule.

As at the forefront, Roger Corman's films take advantage of the fact that, unlike the studio system, independent films have never been bound by the Hayes Code . The example of Corman (as well as others like him) helped create a boom in independent B-movies in the 1960s, the main purpose of which was to settle on the youth market, with which major studios lost touch. By promising sex , senseless violence, drug use and nudity, these films hoped to attract an audience in independent movie theaters, offering to show them something that major studios could not. Horror films and science fiction have experienced a period of tremendous demand during this time. As these were tiny producers, movie theaters, and distributors continued to undermine each other, B-class films, in terms of production costs, soon fell to the level of Z movie films. ΠŸΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ этих ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ вскорС сдСлала Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ².

Π’ 1968 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ рСТиссёр ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π”ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΆ Π ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎ ΡˆΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« ΠΠΎΡ‡ΡŒ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Β» ( Night of the Living Dead ) с Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ напряТённости ΠΈ бСспощадности Π² нСзависимых Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… уТасов. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½ сразу послС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ‚ кодСкса Π₯Сйса, Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ принятия систСмы Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° MPAA. По сущСству, это Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈ послСдний Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Π² своём Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΡ‘Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ малСнькиС Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ смогли ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свидСтСлями рСалистичных ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²Ρ‹Ρ… сцСн. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ атмосфСру нСзависимых уТасов Π½Π° дСсятилСтия Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« ВСхасская рСзня Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Β» (1974)) ΠΈ Β« Ад ΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Β» (1980) ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹.

ПослС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ‚ кодСкса Π₯Сйса ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ ТСстокиС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ стали Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, поэтому Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΠ» ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ систСмой Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² MPAA, которая смогла Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ограничСния Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΡƒ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² для ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠΈ. Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ кодСкса Π₯Сйса, эта рСйтинговая систСма прСдставляла ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρƒ для нСзависимых Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° повлияла Π½Π° количСство Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ…- грайндхаусах . Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ способствовало Π΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ пропасти ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ коммСрчСским ΠΈ нСкоммСрчСским ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ.

Новый Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄ ΠΈ нСзависимоС кинопроизводство

Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Paramount Case ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ студии ΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ эффСктным Π·Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ. Π­ΠΊΡ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΈ тСхничСскиС ΡƒΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ CinemaScope , стСрСозвук , 3-D ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‹ для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ сокращСниС Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, давая зритСлям большС, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚.

Π’ 1950-Ρ… ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1960-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΌΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹, историчСскиС эпосы ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹. Они оказались коммСрчСски ТизнСспособными Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ большСй части 1950-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Ρƒ 1960-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² доля Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ сокращаСтся с ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. НСсколько дорогостоящих ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС ΠšΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ Π₯Π΅Π»Π»ΠΎ, Π”ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈ! Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΡ‘Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ бСспокойство Π² студии. ΠœΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Π² 1951 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΡŽΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ‹, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŽΡΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Arthur Krim ΠΈ Robert Benjamin, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ сдСлку с ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ United Artists, которая ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ компанию ΠΈ, Ссли ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Ρ‘ послС пяти Π»Π΅Ρ‚. ΠŸΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° оказалась ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ Π² 1955 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ United Artists стала ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ студиСй Π±Π΅Π· фактичСской студии. UA Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠŸΠΈΠΊΡ„ΠΎΡ€Π΄/ЀэрбСнкс студии, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ студиСй ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. Из-Π·Π° этого, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π·Π°Π²Ρ‘Ρ€Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹Β». Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ выступая Π² качСствС Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ нСзависимым производитСлям. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ UA Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… расходов, тСхничСского обслуТивания ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ производствСнного пСрсонала, Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… студиях. UA стала ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² 1956 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… киностудий, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅Π΄ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² ΡƒΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ, UA ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°, ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ с Mirisch brothers, Billy Wilder, Joseph E. Levine ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.

К сСрСдинС 1960-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² RKO Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Π½ΡƒΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Π° ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ ΠΈΠ· большой пятёрки ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡŽΡ‚, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. Π˜Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, особСнно СвропСйскоС ΠΈ японскоС ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠΌ популярности Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Ρ… людСй, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ заинтСрСсованы Π² Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… с Π½Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ‰Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ структурами. Они, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ амСриканскиС нСзависимыС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ эту Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ студии наняли мноТСство ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Ρ… кинСматографистов (ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Π° ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ с ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ нСбольшим Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠΌ студий Π² процСсс.

Π’ 1967 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Warner Brothers ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŽΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ Π£ΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρƒ Π‘ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΈ 40 % ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ с Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° Π‘ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Клайд , Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ. Ѐильм собрал Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 70 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ всСму ΠΌΠΈΡ€Ρƒ ΠΊ 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ успСх ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ студии ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ практичСски ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля поколСния ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ БМИ окрСстили Β« Новый Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄ Β».

16 мая 1969 ДСннис Π₯ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ , ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ амСриканский Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€, сдСлал сцСнарный ΠΈ рСТиссёрский Π΄Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ с Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ†Β» . ВмСстС со своим ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŽΡΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ/соактёром/соавтором ΠŸΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° Π₯ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ Π±Ρ‹Π» отвСтствСнСн Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ нСзависимый Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Нового Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π°. Β«Easy RiderΒ» Π΄Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π² ΠšΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» Β«First Film AwardΒ» ("Prix de la premiere oeuvre "), послС Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» Π΄Π²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠžΡΠΊΠ°Ρ€, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π·Π° Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ сцСнарий, Π° другая Π”ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡƒ Николсону Π² Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°-Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· American Civil Liberties Union.

БлСдуя ΠΏΠΎ стопам Β«Easy RiderΒ», Ρ‡ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ спустя Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ United Artists. Он стал ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ СдинствСнным Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ X-Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π» ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡŽ АмСриканской ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ. Π’ Β«ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠ΅Β» приняли участиС Π² эпизодичСских ролях ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· супСрзвСзд Π­Π½Π΄ΠΈ Π£ΠΎΡ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ стали символами антиголливудских настроСний срСди нСзависимого киносообщСства Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ°.

Π’ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ мСсяца Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ стаТёр ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, Ѐрэ́нсис Π€ΠΎΡ€Π΄ Ко́ппола , Π΄Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π² Испании Π² Donostia-San Sebastian International Film Festival с Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ The Rain People ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ снял с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ собствСнной ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, American Zoetrope . Π₯отя Β«Π›ΡŽΠ΄ΠΈ доТдя» Π² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ стСпСни ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ амСриканской Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, American Zoetrope стала ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΠΉ силой Π² Новом Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π΅. Π§Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Zoetrope Коппола сформировал Π΄ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡŒΡŽΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ соглашСниС с гигантской студиСй Π£ΠΎΡ€Π½Π΅Ρ€ БразСрс, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ использовал для ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ² своих Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ², работая Π±Π΅Π· контроля студии.

Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ для подраТания ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ голливудским студиям ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поколСния Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΡΠΎΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Zoetrope Π”ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΆ Лукас ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ» свой Π΄Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ с худоТСствСнным Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β«Π“Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° THX 1138Β», Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ занимался Zoetrope. Π’Π΅ΠΌ самым Лукас заявил ΠΎ сСбС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ± Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΡ‘Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅ Нового Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π°. К ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ голливудской Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ сдСлали сСбС ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΈ КопполС Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ парамаунтский трёхсСрийный гангстСрский эпос Β«ΠšΡ€Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ†Β». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Лукас ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» финансированиС для студии American Graffiti ΠΎΡ‚ Universal. Π’ сСрСдинС 1970-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ голливудскиС студии ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ этих Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… рСТиссёров, производя своСобразныС, ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Paper Moon , Dog Day Afternoon ΠΈ Taxi Driver , ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… встрСчался с ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским успСхом ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². УспСхи Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚ студий, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ.

Часто каТСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ всС Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поколСния Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ нСзависимыми рСТиссёрами. Π₯отя всС Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈ со Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ прСтСнзиями Π½Π° высокий Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ», ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всС основныС ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ студий. НовоС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π° вскорС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ вошло Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ систСмы студий, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ финансировали Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ, производство ΠΈ распространСниС своих Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠžΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· этих рСТиссёров ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ нСзависимо ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ выпускали Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ с нСзависимым финансированиСм производства. ВСроятно, нСзависимыС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Taxi Driver , The Last Picture Show ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ студийными Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: сцСнарии Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ впослСдствии ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ студиями, производство ΠΈ финансированиС Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· студий, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ распространСниС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ студиями. Π₯отя Коппола ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ усилия, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ влиянию студии, прСдпочитая Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ сам свой рискованный Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ 1979 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Апокалипсис сСгодня , Π½Π΅ пойдя Π½Π° компромисс со скСптичСски настроСнными руководитСлями студий, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ спасли старыС студии ΠΎΡ‚ финансового ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ…Π°, прСдоставив ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρƒ успСха.

Π”Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² этот ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ само ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСзависимого ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ стало Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹ΠΌ. Π₯отя ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π±ΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» профинансирован United Artists, компания Π±Ρ‹Π»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, студиСй. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Zoetrope Π±Ρ‹Π» Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ «нСзависимой студиСй», которая Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² систСмС, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ пространство для нСзависимых рСТиссёров, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ финансированиС. Π”ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΆ Лукас оставил Zoetrope Π² 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, создав свою ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡŽ, Lucasfilm , которая впослСдствии Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ блокбастСры Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½ΡˆΠΈΠ·Ρƒ Индиана ДТонс . По сути, Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ описаны ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ бСскомпромиссно нСзависимоС ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ - это Β«Easy RiderΒ» ΠΈ They All Laughed Peter Bogdanovich. Peter Bogdanovich Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Ρƒ студии Π½Π° свой Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Π² 1980 ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ» Π·Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ распространСниС ΠΈΠ· своСго ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ посчитала студия β€” Π² ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ обанкротился ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° этого.

ΠžΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡΡΡŒ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π§Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚ΠΈ (1975) Π‘Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π° Π‘ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅Ρ€Π³Π° ΠΈ Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ (1977) Π”ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΆΠ° Лукаса ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π° для Нового Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π°. Π‘ ΠΈΡ… бСспрСцСдСнтными кассовыми успСхами эти Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ стали Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΌ для Голливудских блокбастСров, давая студиям Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ дСньги Π² этом ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡΡ коммСрчСском пространствС. АкцСнт Π½Π° высоко ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ помСщСния с большСй ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅ΠΊ), ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‹, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, саундтрСки, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ использованиС сиквСлов (ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ стали Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ вострСбованными послС The Godfather Part II ΠšΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‹), всё это ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ студиям, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ дСньги Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… условиях.

Поняв, сколько Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ…, ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ голливудскиС киностудии, спасая ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ‚ забвСния, ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³ΡˆΠ΅Π΅ RKO Π² 1950-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. Π’ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ RKO Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ‘Π½. ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ этих ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ заставил кинопроизводствСнный бизнСс ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ всС соки ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… кинСматографистов, работая с Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ коммСрчСски ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ…. Как ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСзависимыС кинСматографисты, бСТавшиС ΠΎΡ‚ Edison Trust, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ старый Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Π΅ выпускники киношкол, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ студий, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° локациях, нСорСалистичСскиС стили ΠΈ структуры Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‚Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ с Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ власти.

Π—Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π°

Π‘ 1970-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² амСриканскоС ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ довольно рСалистично ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎ сСкс ΠΈ насилиС. РСТиссёры, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ массовой Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ старого Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄Π°, быстро Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ эти Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ нСпристойными. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ студСнты АмСриканской Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ впослСдствии использовали для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²Π·ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π“ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠ΄ Π½Π° сСбя; ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ… одноклассников Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Под влияниСм иностранных артхаусных рСТиссёров (Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ…, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ingmar Bergman ΠΈ Federico Fellini ), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ эксплуатировали ΡˆΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ сцСны Π² своих Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… (Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС Joseph P. Mawra, Michael Findlay ΠΈ Henri Pachard ) ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ( Kenneth Anger , ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Π΅ кинСматографисты Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ для кассовости, Π° для худоТСствСнного Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ рСТиссёры ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ John Waters ΠΈ Дэвид Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡ сдСлали сСбС имя Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1970-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° странных ΠΈ часто Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π°Ρ…, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ для ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ².

Когда ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Π° Β« Π“ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°-ластик Β» 1977 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Ρ‘ΠΊ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŽΡΠ΅Ρ€Π° МСла Брукса , Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡ вскорС смог ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡƒ Β« Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ-слон Β» для Paramount Π·Π° 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ². Ѐильм ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ коммСрчСский успСх ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» восСмь Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΡƒΡŽ рСТиссуру ΠΈ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ сцСнарий. Ѐильм Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» сСбя коммСрчСски ТизнСспособным. Видя Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Π° Π² качСствС Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сотрудника студии, Π”ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΆ Лукас , Ρ„Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° Β« Π“ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°-ластик Β», ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Ρƒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ свои ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Β« Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹. Π­ΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄ VI: Π’ΠΎΠ·Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ дТСдая Β». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π», Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ с Лукасом ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‰Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡŽ послС Π½Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ со студийной систСмой. Он отказался ΠΎΡ‚ этой возмоТности, заявив, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π» Π±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ своими собствСнными ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

ВмСсто этого Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ Π½Π°Π΄ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ фантастичСского Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Ѐрэнка Π“Π΅Ρ€Π±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π° Β« Π”ΡŽΠ½Π° Β» для De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ условии, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ компания выпустит Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Π°, Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ рСТиссёр Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ творчСский ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ. Π₯отя Dino De Laurentiis надСялся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Β», Β«Π”ΡŽΠ½Π°Β» (1984) Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ стоимости 45 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»., собрав лишь 27,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π² ярости ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Ρƒ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ любой Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ…ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚. Он ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡Ρƒ всСго 6 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»., полагая, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ смоТСт ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ рСТиссёра. Однако, Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β« Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π°Ρ‚ Β» ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ успСх. Π›ΠΈΠ½Ρ‡ впослСдствии вСрнулся ΠΊ своим нСзависимым корням, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ студиями ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ дСсяти Π»Π΅Ρ‚.

Other key players in this movement were Kembra Pfahler, Casandra Stark, Beth B, Tommy Turner, Richard Kern and Lydia Lunch . Rallying around institutions such as the Society of Cinematographers and the Anthology Film Archives, this new generation of independent filmmakers has dedicated itself to creating a new Hollywood, saying that "all film schools will be blown up, and all boring films will never be made again."

Indie Movies

Since the 1990s, the rise and success of independent cinema has been observed not only at film festivals, but also at the box office, and with the appearance of actors such as Bruce Willis , John Travolta and Tim Robbins, independent films have also become popular with Hollywood studios. In 1990, New Line Cinema, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , raised more than $ 100 million in the United States, making it the highest grossing successful indie movie in history. Miramax Films had hits such as Sex, Lies and Videos , My Left Leg , and Clerks , which ranked Miramax and New Line Cinema as big companies wishing to capitalize on the success of independent studios. In 1993, Disney bought Miramax for $ 60 million. Turner Broadcasting in 1994 acquired, in a billion-dollar deal, New Line Cinema, Fine Line Features and Castle Rock Entertainment . The acquisition was a good step for Turner Broadcasting. When New Line released Mask and Dumb and Dumber in 1994, Castle Rock released Escape from the Shawshank , and Miramax released Pulp Fiction .

The acquisition of small studios by the Hollywood conglomerate was a plan to partially take on an independent film industry and at the same time establish their own independent studios. The following are all indie studios owned by the Hollywood conglomerate:

  • Sony Pictures Classics 1992
  • Fox Searchlight Pictures 1995
  • Paramount Vantage 1998
  • Focus Features 2002
  • Warner Independent Pictures 2003 [1]

By the early 2000s, Hollywood was producing three different categories of films and creating three different classes of feature films using three different types of producers.

1) Big budget blockbusters.

High-quality products (big-budget blockbusters with expensive stars and cars) were produced by six major film companies. The budgets of large studios for filming amounted to approximately $ 100 million, while about one third of the studios spent on marketing because of the large release.

2) Low-budget feature films created by independent filmmakers.

Another class of Hollywood films includes feature films produced by independent filmmakers. Budgets for these indie films average $ 40 million in the early 2000s, plus from $ 10 million to $ 15 million for marketing expenses.

3) Genre and special films made by true indie studios and producers.

This category consists of genre films created by independent producers and distributors for only a few dozen or perhaps several hundred releases in some urban markets. Such films typically cost less than $ 10 million, but often less than $ 5 million, with a small marketing budget.

Modernity

Today, due to the large volume of low-cost digital cinema equipment available at the consumer level, independent filmmakers are no longer dependent on the major studios and their equipment needed to make the film. Thanks to lower technology costs, thousands of small production companies can get the resources they need to create entertaining films. Post-production has also been simplified with non-linear editing software available for home computers .

Currently, the main studios in Hollywood are the so-called five Golden Age Studios. Their products are still characterized by familiar stories and conservatism in casting and filming. Companies such as Lucasfilm continue to exist, co-financing their production and partnerships with a large six distribution studios. In fact, co-financing has become a growing trend in modern Hollywood. More than two-thirds of films released by Warner Bros. in 2000, funded as joint ventures (compared with 10% in 1987).

In an attempt to capitalize on the boom of independent films, the big six of today's major studios have created a number of independent subsidiaries to create films that are less commercial, but more manageable in nature and content, that attract market attention to the arthouse. These companies include MGM, UA (under MGM), New Line Cinema, HBO Films, Castle Rock Entertainment , Disneynature, DreamWorks , Sony Pictures Classics, Fox Searchlight Pictures , Miramax Films , Warner Independent Pictures, Picturehouse, Paramount Classics / Paramount Vantage , Go Fish Pictures (under DreamWorks), Focus Features , Screen Gems, TriStar Pictures , Destination Films, Fox Faith, Fox Atomic , Gener8Xion Entertainment, Hollywood Pictures , Rogue Pictures , Five & Two Pictures, New Name Pictures, Sherwood Pictures.

The growing popularity and possibilities of low-budget films over the past 15 years have led to a huge increase in the number of filmmakers and aspiring people who have written scripts and synopsises and who are hoping to find several million dollars to turn their script into a successful independent film such as Mad Dogs , Little Miss Happiness or Juneau. Such filmmakers often work in day jobs while they promote their independent film scripts to production companies, talent agents, and wealthy investors. Their dreams are much more achievable than they were before the independent film revolution, because there is no longer any need to enlist the support of large studios in order to gain access to millions of dollars and make their own film.

Independent film production has reduced demand for short films and short film festivals. Feature films are often featured at film festivals such as HANDMOVIE, Slamdance Film Festival, South By Southwest, Raindance Film Festival, ACE Film Festival or Cannes Film Festival . The prize winners of these festivals are most likely to be seen by major film studios.

The following studios are considered the most famous in the field of modern independent studios (they are used for production / filming of independent films and foreign films in America):

  • Film4 Productions
  • Lions gate films
  • Summit entertainment
  • Overture Films (out of business)
  • Hannover house
  • IFC Films
  • Samuel Goldwyn Films
  • The Weinstein Company / Dimension Films
  • Magnolia pictures
  • Palm pictures
  • Tartan films
  • Newmarket films
  • Thinkfilm
  • Troma entertainment
  • Maverick entertainment group
  • First Look Studios (come out of business)
  • Image entertainment
  • Maya entertainment
  • Entertainment one
  • Phase 4 Films
  • Yari film group
  • Screen Media Films
  • LD Entertainment
  • Millennium entertainment

In addition to these higher profile independent studios, there are thousands of small companies that produce independent films every year. These small companies strive to release their films in theaters of their state and, finding additional funding and resources for distribution and advertising , exhibit their projects nationwide. You can’t often see quality artwork in the video market, but amidst many independent films you can see ambitious independent films that couldn’t reach the box office. Now there is a clear distribution between films that will be sold only on DVD, and full-length videos, the main distribution channel of which is fully electronic.

In 1981, Robert Redford established the Sundance , an American independent film institute, which has held the eponymous international film festival since January 1985.

One third of all American independent films are produced in New York .

famous works
  • Pulp Fiction (1994, dir. K. Tarantino, Miramax ) [2]

Manufacturing Technologies

With the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, with the advent of digital video in the early 1990s, the barrier to movie production technology has declined. Independent cinema developed in the 1990s and 2000s and was stimulated by a number of factors, including the development of affordable digital cinema cameras that could compete with high-quality 35 mm film , plus easy-to-use computer editing software . Before digital alternatives became available, the cost of professional equipment and equipment for making films was a serious obstacle for independent filmmakers who wanted to make their own cinema (in 2002, the cost of 35 mm film went up 23%, depending on its type) . Personal computers and non-linear editing dramatically reduced post-production costs, while technologies such as DVDs , Blu-ray discs and online video services made distribution easier. Even 3-D technology is now available for low-budget independent filmmakers.

Thanks to new technologies such as Arri Alexa , RED Epic, and many new SLR cameras , independent movie makers can create frames that look like 35 mm film, but without that high cost. These cameras also work well in low light conditions. In 2008, Canon released the first digital SLR camera, the Canon EOS 5D Mark II , which could shoot high-definition video. With the creation of 5D Mark II, and subsequent "DSLRs" that shoot video, independent directors have the opportunity to shoot video with a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels in progressive scan ( 1080p ) and 24 frames per second (this frame rate is considered the standard in the movie). In addition, these photo cameras allow for greater control over the depth of field , greater capabilities in low light and a wide variety of interchangeable lenses - things that independent directors have been waiting for for many years.

In addition to the new digital cameras, independent filmmakers benefit from new editing software. Instead of having to use post-production studios for editing, independent filmmakers can now use a personal computer and software to cheaply edit their films. Editing software, which includes Avid Media Composer , Adobe Premiere Pro , Final Cut Pro , (Color Grading Software) DaVinci Resolve, and more. These new technologies allow independent filmmakers to create films that are comparable to high-budget films.

Director Francis Ford Coppola is a longtime advocate of new technologies such as non-linear editing and digital cameras. In 2007, he said, β€œEscaping a movie from the control of financiers is a wonderful thing. You don’t need to wander around with distributors and say: β€œPlease let me make a film”. ”

See also

  • Hollywood cinema
  • Studio system (classic Hollywood movie)

Literature

  • Lyons, Donald. Independent Visions: A Critical Introduction to Recent Independent American Film. - Ballantine Books, 1994. - ISBN 0-345-38249-8 .
  • Vachon, Christine. A Killer Life: How an Independent Film Producer Survives Deals and Disasters in Hollywood and Beyond. - Simon & Schuster, 1996. - ISBN 0-7432-5630-1 .
  • Redding, Judith. Film Fatales: Independent Women Directors. - Seal Press, 1997. - ISBN 1-878067-97-4 .
  • Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. - New York University Press, 1999. - ISBN 0-8147-5123-7 .
  • Merritt, Greg. Celluloid Mavericks: The History of American Independent Film. - Thunder's Mouth Press, 2000. - ISBN 1-56025-232-4 .
  • Biskind, Peter. Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film. - Simon & Schuster, 2004. - ISBN 0-684-86259-X .
  • Pierson, John. Spike Mike Reloaded. - Miramax Books, 2004. - ISBN 1-4013-5950-7 .
  • Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. - NYU Press, 2001. - ISBN 978-0-8147-5124-4 .
  • Hall, Phil. The History of Independent Cinema. - BearManor Media, 2009. - ISBN 1-59393-335-5 .
  • Richard Dyer Maccann. Independence, with a Vengeance (English) // Film Quarterly : journal. - University of California Press. - Vol. 15 , no. 4 . - P. 14-21 . - DOI : 10.1525 / fq.1962.15.4.04a00060 .

Links

  • Independent movie section in IMDb
  • The history of American independent cinema (1948-1978)

Notes

  1. ↑ McDonald, Paul and Wasco, Janet. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. p. 29-30.
  2. ↑ Genis A. β€œMass Culture” in a cycle on Radio Liberty , January 18, 1997 (audio, from 36 min.)
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Independent_USA_cinema &&oldid = 102533781


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