Dinish I

Afonso III of Boulogne, his father, often attracted Prince Dinis as heir to the throne to share with him the responsibilities of administering the state. By the time of his accession to the throne, the Kingdom of Portugal was again embroiled in diplomatic conflicts with the Catholic Church . Dinis signed an agreement favorable to the church with the pope and vowed to defend the interests of the church in Portugal. In this regard, he granted asylum to the Knights of the Knights Templar , who were persecuted in France, and created the Order of Christ , designed to continue the traditions of the Order of the Temple .

Since the Reconquista was over, and Portugal was completely freed from the rule of the Moors , Dinis ruled as king-administrator, and not king-warrior - the era of war gave way to a period of enlightenment ^[4] . However, a short war between the Castilian-Leon kingdom and Portugal was still not avoided, and the possession of the cities of Sickle and Mora was a matter of dispute. After this conflict, no war was fought: he was an uncommonly peace-loving monarch for this turbulent period of European history. Portugal was finally recognized as an independent state by all its neighbors, and Dinis signed in 1297 a border pact with Ferdinand IV of Castile , valid to this day. By the end of Dinis' reign in 1325, Portugal stood on an equal footing with other kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula .

The last days of Dinis' reign were overshadowed by internal conflicts. Conflicting were his two sons: Afonso, the rightful heir, and Afonso Sanchez, his second son, who often quarreled over signs of royal attention being given.

The main priority of Dinis was organizational reform in the country. He continued his father's policy of shaping legislation and centralizing power ^[4] . He unveiled the core of Portuguese civil and criminal codes protecting the lower classes from harassment and extortion. As a king, he constantly traveled around the country, solving various problems and eradicating injustice ^[4] . By his order, many fortresses were built, new cities were created and city privileges were given to several existing settlements. With his wife, Princess Isabella of Aragon , Dinish made great efforts to improve the situation of the poor and established several social institutions.

Always caring about the country's infrastructure, Dinish ordered the exploration of deposits of coal, silver, tin and iron, and surplus development was sent for export to other European countries. The first Portuguese trade agreement was signed with England in 1308.

Dinis also founded the Portuguese fleet under the command of the Genoese admiral and ordered the construction of several docks. His main business was the development and stimulation of rural infrastructure, which he owes his historical nickname to the Farmer . Dinish redistributed land, encouraged agriculture, organized farming communities, and showed a personal interest in arranging exports. He founded regular fairs in many cities and monitored their functioning. One of his main achievements was to protect agricultural land from the advancing coastal sands by planting the famous ship grove in Leiria . This forest exists in Portugal to this day, being one of the largest, and is known as Pinhal de Leiria .

Don Dinish made a great contribution to the development of Portuguese culture. Dinis I is one of the greatest and most prolific Galician-Portuguese poets of the Middle Ages , having earned the fame of the “King Poet” (Rei-Poeta) , “King Troubadour” (Rei-Trovador) . Don Dinis, like his grandfather, the Castilian king Alfonso X the Wise, composed the cantiges . His authorship is undeniably 137 one-voice songs in the Galician-Portuguese language, of which 73 are cantigas about love, 51 are cantigas about a friend , 10 are cantiges of ridicule and slander, and 3 are pastorals ^[5] . Of this number, with musical notation , only seven cantigas of love were preserved in the " Sharrera Parchment " discovered in 1990 (c. 1300). One of the cantigas about love from Sharrer's Parchment - Loved, love and will love for a century - was translated by E. G. Golubeva:

Under the rule of the troubadour king, a compilation of the cantiges O Livro das Trovas del Rey D. Denis was compiled, which later became Cancioneiro de D. Dinis under the Provencal influence ^[8] . Dinis I did not leave a testament to his literary heritage. It is possible that this collection went to his illegitimate son, Afonso Sanches ( Afonso Sanches , 1289-1329). The manuscript has not been preserved, but other collections of Galician-Portuguese cantigoes that have survived to this day have been compiled according to its model.

During the reign of Dinis I, Lisbon became one of the main scientific and cultural capitals of Europe. By its decree Magna charta privilegiorum in 1290, one of the oldest in Europe and the first university in Portugal was established in Lisbon (later it was transferred to Coimbra ^[4] ).

• From the wife, Princess Isabella of Aragon ( 1270 - 1336 )
  • Constance , Princess of Portugal ( 1285 - 1313 ), married Ferdinand IV , King of Castile and Leon
  • Afonso IV ( 1291 - 1357 ), King of Portugal ( 1325 - 1357 )

• Collateral children (including but not limited to)
  • Juan, lord of Lausanne (Lousã, 1280 - 1325 )
  • Fernand Sanchez (1280-1329)
  • Pedro Afonso ( 1287 - 1354 ), 3rd Earl de Barcelos
  • Afonso Sanchez ( 1289 - 1329 ), Senior Albuquerque and rival of his brother Afonso IV
  • Maria Afonso (1290–1340), lord Gibraleona
  • Maria Afonso (1302–1320), a nun in the monastery of San Dinish in Odivelas , daughter of Branca Lorenzo Valadares, aunt Añes de Castro .

• Cantus coronatus: 7 cantigas d'El-Rei Dom Dinis / ed. Manuel Pedro Ferreira. Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 2005 (facsimile, modern transcription and scientific commentary).

• History of Portugal
• The strengthening of the monarchy in Portugal
• Sharrera Parchment

• Poetry of the troubadours: Anthology of Galician literature / Compiled by: Elena Golubeva , Elena Zernova; Foreword: Jesus Alonso Montero; preparation of texts and afterword: Elena Golubeva. - SPb. : Center for Galician Studies, St. Petersburg State University, with the assistance of ed. "Aletheia", 1995. - 237 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-85233-003-14 (erroneous) .
• Ferreira MP Relatório preliminar sobre o conteúdo musical do fragmento Sharrer // IV Congresso da Associação hispânica de literatura medieval, I. Lisbon, 1991, pp. 35-42
• Sharrer HL Fragmentos de Sete Cantigas d'Amor de D. Dinis, Musicadas - uma Descoberta (port.) // Literatura Medieval. Actas do IV Congresso da Associação Hispânica de Literatura Medieval (Lisboa, 1–5 Outubro 1991), 2ª edição / Sharrer, Harvey L. - Lisboa: Edições Cosmos / Associação Hispânica de Literatura Medieval, 1993. - Vol. 1. - P. 13-29. - ISBN 972-8081-04-9 .

• Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. D. Dinis (port.) . Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas . Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH / NOVA. Date of treatment January 6, 2018. (English)