Native American demographic disaster

The colonization of America took place by eviction from their native places and the extermination of the indigenous population of America.

On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed from the city of Palos de la Frontera on three ships: Nina , Pinta and Santa Maria , in search of India. After 70 days of sailing, he reached several islands of a new, unknown continent.

October 12, Columbus, with his crew of 90 people, landed on one of the Bahamas . On the same day, the first contact with the locals of the island took place . In his personal diary on the same day, Christopher Columbus leaves a record with first impressions:

“These people did not need anything. They took care of their plants, were skilled fishermen, canoeists and swimmers. They built attractive homes and kept them clean. Aesthetically, they expressed themselves in a tree. They had free time to play ball, dance and music. They lived in peace and friendship. ... These people walk in what their mother gave birth, but are good-natured ... they can be made free and converted to our Holy Faith. They will make good and skillful servants ” ^[1] .

Later, Columbus repeatedly described in the logbooks the beauty of the islands and their friendly, happy, peaceful inhabitants, and two days after the first contact, on October 14 of the same year, an entry was made in one of the logbooks:

“50 soldiers are enough to conquer them all and make us do everything we want. Local residents allow us to go where we want, and give us everything that we ask of them ” ^[1] .

March 15, 1493 Christopher Columbus returned to Spain. From his first trip, he brought plants, animals, and six Indians ^[2] .

September 25, 1493 Columbus sailed to America on 3 karakas, 17 caravels with 1,500 people on board. It was with this expedition that a large batch of mastiffs and greyhounds trained to attack people was brought to the New World . Mass hangings were also used, punitive campaigns were organized ^[3] .

During the second expedition, Columbus was searching for gold and the "Great Chinese Khanate" along the southern coast of Cuba , and also engaged in the sale of Indians into slavery. Armed with arquebuses and fighting dogs, the detachment traveled on horseback to Indian villages to exchange gold. When resisting, the Spaniards took gold by force, and people were enslaved .

After the royal expedition to the “New World” in Spain, many “gold hunters” appeared who organized private expeditions. The Spanish monarchy charged 1/3 of them, and later 1/5 ^[4] . The kings endowed the colonists with lands and allowed them to force the natives living on them to sow the fields and plant gardens for the “new owners”. The Spaniards not only established laws by which Indians were punished with death, but often just argued who could cut a man with one blow of a saber from top to bottom. One Spaniard killed one hundred Indians ^[5] . From the moment dogs were brought to the continent, the Spaniards fed them killed Indians ^{[5] [6]} . One surviving Spaniard letter reads:

... when I returned from Cartagena , I met a Portuguese named Rojé Martin. On the porch of his house hung pieces of chopped-up Indians to feed his dogs, as if they were wild beasts ... ^[7]

During this campaign, Bartolome de Las Casas arrived in Hispaniola . Bartolome assessed the condition of the locals, as well as the Spaniards themselves, as terrible, and upon returning to Spain he reported to the monarchs about the poor state of affairs of affairs Columbus and his brothers. Subsequently, he repeatedly stood up to protect the indigenous population of America. His book The Brief Relation on the Destruction of India ( Spanish: Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias ), published in 1552 , provides a vivid description of the atrocities committed by the conquistadors in America - in particular, in the Caribbean , Central America and the territories that today relate to Mexico - among which are many events that he witnessed, as well as some events that he reproduces from eyewitnesses. Largely thanks to his efforts in 1542, New laws were adopted to protect the Indians in the colonies.

A little later, the Spanish monarchs sent to check Juan Aguado, who reported at the end of 1495 about the high mortality of the Indians due to the brutal policy of the colonists. Columbus passed a law that obligated all Indians over 14 years of age to quarterly (3 months) pay the Spaniards gold or 25 pounds of cotton (in areas where there was no gold). Those who paid such a “tax” were given a copper token with the date of the last payment. The token thus extended the right to live for three months. If the date on the token was expired, then the Indians were chopped off the hands of both hands, hung them on the neck and sent to die in their village ^[5] .

Fulfilling the requirement of the law was unrealistic, because the Indians had to quit cultivating their fields, hunting and engaged only in gold mining. Famine began. Weakened and demoralized, they turned into easy prey for infections introduced by the Spaniards ^[8] .

In 1498, the Indians forced labor law for Spaniards came into force. The reason was the dissatisfaction with the income received from the collection of gold and the sale of Aborigines into slavery ^[9] .

In July-September 1539, conquistador Francisco de Chavez razed the kingdom of Carua Conchukos , which was part of the Inca Empire until 1533 (the Finkuko people occupied the territory that now corresponds to the provinces of Palasca and Corongo , in the north of the Ankash department, Peru ) and killed 600 children under the age of three, which was the most massacre of children in history ^[10] .

In 1598 , in response to the killing of 11 Spanish soldiers, don Juan de Onate carried out a punitive expedition and in a three-day battle near Mount Akoma (the name of the mountain comes from the name of the tribe that lived on it) destroyed 800 Indians and ordered that every male of the tribe older 25 years old ^[11] .

In the years leading up to 1835 , the Brazilian government attempted to subjugate the Indians, creating a "local government." As a result, a rebellion broke out in several tribes in Belen , which was crushed ^[12] .

The cause of the numerous victims among the Yanomami Indians who lived in the Amazon River Delta was the mineral-rich territory in which the tribe lived. A large number of Indians died from infections brought there by builders and soldiers. Today, the number of Yanomami is about 500 people; for comparison - in 1974 their number was approximately 2000 people ^{[12] [13]} .

On the evening of May 26, 1637, the British colonists, under the command of John Underhill , in alliance with the Mohicans and the Narragansett tribe, attacked the village of the Pecot tribe (in the territory of modern Connecticut ) and burned alive about 600-700 people.

In 1740, a French traveler wrote:

“... hundreds of miles of river banks without a sign of human life and the once prosperous villages that were devastated and empty” ^[12] .

During the US War of Independence on March 8, 1782, 96 baptized Indians were killed by an American militia from Pennsylvania . The incident occurred in a Moravian brothers' mission called Gnadenhutten, which was located near the current city of Gnadenhutten in Ohio .

During the Revolutionary War and after US independence, armed clashes between settlers and Indians were not uncommon. Some events were brutal or tragic, and received wide publicity. April 30, 1774 there was a massacre at the Yellow Creek , near modern Wellsville ( Ohio ). During tensions and regular conflicts between residents of the most remote communities of the United States and the Indians, at the hands of a group of 22-30 Virginian border settlers led by Daniel Greathouse , at least a dozen Indians from the Mingo tribe, including their brother, were killed and according to some sources, also the wife, nephew, and sister of Logan . Logan's murdered sister, Kunai, had a 2-month-old daughter with her, who was left alive and handed over to her father, John Gibson, then one of the noble white merchants in the area, and, in the future, the manager of Indiana territory.

In 1825, the US Supreme Court in one of its decisions formulated the Doctrine of Discovery , according to which the right to land of “open” land belongs to those who “discovered” it, and the indigenous population retains the right to reside on it, but not land ownership. On the basis of this doctrine, the Law on the Relocation of the Indians was adopted already in 1830, the victims of which are the Five civilized tribes .

On February 26, 1860, six residents, landowners, and businessmen, the Viyota tribe on off the coast of northern California , killing at least 60, and possibly more than 200 women, with axes and knives. , children and the elderly ^{[14] [15]} .

In 1867, the Indian Resettlement Act appeared on the reservation .

Native American reservations were often created in unsuitable places for agriculture. Large reservations are located on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona (Navajo tribe), in the mountains in northern Utah , on the Great Plains in North Dakota and South Dakota , along the Missouri River (Sioux tribe), on an intermountain plateau in Wyoming and in foothills of the Cordillera in Montana ( Cheyenne Indians). A large number of reservations are located along the border of the USA and Canada .

On December 29, 1890, around 150 Indians were killed and about 50 injured as a result of a chaotic shootout that began as a result of a random shootout during the disarmament of the Lakota tribe by the US Army , in the vicinity of the city of Wounded-Ni , South Dakota . Here the Indians gathered to conduct popular “dancing of spirits” ^[16] .

In the 19th century, there was a large-scale extermination of bison , weakening many tribes of the prairies . According to researchers, in 1800 the number of bison was 30-40 million animals, and by the end of the century they were almost completely exterminated: less than one thousand remained ^{[17] [18] [19]} . American General Philip Sheridan wrote: “The bison hunters have done more in the past two years to solve the acute Indian problem than the entire regular army in the past 30 years. They destroy the material base of the Indians. Send them gunpowder and lead, if you like, and let them kill, flay the skins and sell them until they kill all the buffalo! ” Sheridan in the US Congress proposed the establishment of a special medal for hunters, emphasizing the importance of extermination of bison ^[17] . Sheridan is also the author of the saying, “A Good Indian is a Dead Indian” ^{[20] [21]} .

In 1850, at the first session , the California State Legislature passed the Indians Management and Protection Act ^[22] , which outlined the principles for the future relationship between whites and Indians. Providing the Indians with some legal protection, the Act nevertheless fixed the inequality of whites and Indians before the law and laid the foundation for widespread abuse regarding the use of Indians as labor, although allowing them to live on private lands. During 1851 and 1852, the California Legislature approved the allocation of $ 1.1 million for weapons and militia to “suppress hostile Indians” and issued bonds in the amount of $ 410 thousand for the same purpose in 1857. These payments, theoretically aimed at resolving conflicts between whites and Indians, only stimulated the formation of new volunteer squads and an attempt to destroy all Indians in California ^[23] .

At the level of local municipalities, rewards for the killed Indians were practiced. The authorities of Shasta City in Northern California paid $ 5 per head of an Indian in 1855 , a settlement near Marysville in 1859 paid a reward from funds donated by the population “for every scalp or other convincing confirmation” that the Indian was killed. In 1861, there were plans in the Teham County district for a fund to pay for the scalp of the Indians, and two years later in Honey Lake they paid 25 cents for the scalp of the Indian ^[24] .

The German ethnologist Gustav von Koenigswald said that members of the anti-Indian police “poisoned the drinking water of the village of Kayngang with strychnine ... causing the death of approximately two thousand Indians of all ages” ^[12] .

In 2009, the US Congress included a defense apology law statement formally apologizing to US Indians for "the many incidents of violence, abuse, and neglect that indigenous peoples have suffered from United States citizens" ^[25] .

It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims, because the population is unknown before the arrival of Columbus. However, a number of Indian organizations and historians in the United States argue that the number of Indians from 1500 to 1900 decreased from 15 million to 237 thousand ^[26] .

Considered ^{[by whom? ]} that the population of America before the discovery by Europeans ranged from 40 to 100 million people. But according to the Venezuelan Spaniard Angel Rosenblat (Ángel Rosenblat) in his study "The population of America in 1492: old and new calculations" (1967) the population of America did not exceed 13 million people and was concentrated by large groups in the empires of the Aztecs and Incas ^[27] . According to Braudel, the minimum estimates of the population of the whole of America by A. Rosenblatt are 10-15 million people on the eve of the conquest and 8 million after the end of the conquest, and the maximum estimates of the population of all of America are around 1500 based on a study of the Mexican population of 25 million immediately after Spanish conquests amount to 80-100 million people for the entire continent, but Braudel doubts the plausibility of the maximum figures (although he still admits a sharp and catastrophic drop in numbers nnosti Indians after the arrival of European colonizers) ^[28] . According to V. A. Surnin, according to the most plausible estimates, more than 25 million people lived in pre-Columbian America: by the end of the 15th century. 1.5-2 million Indians in North America, 4.5-6 million in Mesoamerica, 1 million in the modern territory of the United States, 0.3 - 0.5 million in the Caribbean, and 6-8 million in the Andes ^{[ 29]} . John White estimates the total number of Indians in pre-Columbian America at 0.75–1 million people ^[30] .

The population of the New World by 4600 amounted to 46 million people by 1500 , according to Braudel in 1650 the American population was from 8 to 13 million ^[31] , by 1750 the number of indigenous people decreased several times, most language families died out over 250 years (whole groups peoples) and isolate languages . The vast majority of Indians (up to 100 million, according to some estimates of the decrease in the area of ​​cultivated fields) died due to the lack of immunity to diseases, involuntarily or intentionally ^[32] (through blankets saturated with cadaveric poisons or belonging to smallpox patients) ^[33] brought in by European colonists.

In the 1960s , in Spain, Carl Sawyer discovered a historical document in the archives written by Bartolomeo Columbus (brother of Christopher Columbus ), who was at that time the governor of the island of Hispaniola . The document recorded that in 1496 there were 1 million 100 thousand Indians on the island. However, the Spaniards owned half of the island and did not include women and children. From this we can conclude that there were about 3 million Indians in the Spanish-controlled territory alone. In just one generation (about 30 years, about 1526 ), the Spaniards counted only 11 thousand Indians, while the Spanish possessions expanded.

On the other hand, the average number of flat tribes after mass epidemics, according to Yuri Stukalin, was about 3-4 thousand people ^[34] . And although it is believed to be reliably established that the number of Indians in the United States at the end of the 19th century was 250 thousand people, however, their number at the time of first contacts with Europeans remains a matter of debate. In 1928, ethnologist James Moon estimated the total number of Indians north of Mexico at 1,152,950 people at the time of the advent of Europeans, in 1987 Russell Thornton put forward a figure of more than 5 million people, and Lenor Stiffarm and Phil Lane Jr. - 12 million. In 1983, anthropologist Henry Dobins estimated the Native American population of North America at 18 million people and the Native American population in the future US at 10 million people ^[35] .

In general, the numbers of researchers range from 6 to 112 million people. According to Dmitry Samokhvalov ^[36], discrepancies in estimates are associated with different population densities in different regions of America - during agriculture, the population density is very high and vice versa, hunters and gatherers have low population densities. The tribes of hunters and gatherers of several thousand people occupied areas equal to the territories of the average European state. The number of ancestors of the Eskimos was 2-2.5 thousand people. Before the advent of horses, the Great Plains of North America and Patagonia in South America were almost uninhabited. In contrast, the agricultural regions of Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi valleys were densely populated ^[37]

According to geneticist Brendan O'Fellon from the University of Washington ( Seattle ) and German anthropologist Lars Feren-Schmitz from the University of Gottingen at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the 16th-17th centuries, the indigenous population of North and South America declined even if not by 90 %, but approximately twice ^[38] .

However, whether the Indians were the victims of genocide is a controversial and controversial issue in the history of depopulation of the indigenous population of America ^[39] . After the Holocaust organized by the Nazis during World War II, genocide was defined as a crime “with the intention of destroying, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic or religious group as such.” In the context of the colonization of America, the controversial issue lies mainly in the legitimacy of the definition of depopulation, which had many reasons, by this term.

Historian David Stannard believes that the indigenous people of America (including Hawaii ) ^[40] fell victim to the “ Euro-American Genocide War” ^[41] , recognizing that most Indians died as a result of devastating epidemics from colonial infections. He estimates that nearly 100 million died from what he called the “American Holocaust.” ^[42] The views of Stannard were shared by Kirkpatrick Sale, Ben Kiernan, Lenore Stiffarm, Phil Lane Jr. and others. These views were further developed in the publications of Ward Churchill, a former professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder , who, in particular, expressed the opinion that “the work was done according to an evil intention, not nature” ^[41] .

Stannard’s claim of 100 million victims was disputed as not being based on any demographic data, nor because Stannard made a distinction between death from violence and death due to illness.

In contrast to Stannard’s assessment, political scientist Rudolf Rammel, a professor at the University of Hawaii , estimates that between 2 and 15 million Indians fell victim to genocide over the entire period of European colonization.

Rammel wrote ^[43] :

Even if these figures at least remotely reflect real ones, the conquest of America can be considered one of the bloodiest and longest genocides in world history.

On the other hand, Noble David Cook, a Latin American and professor of history at Florida International University , believes that the publications of Stannard, like other authors dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America , are an unproductive return to explaining depopulation in the style of a black legend ^[44] .

Although none of the authoritative scholars deny the death and suffering caused by Europeans to the indigenous population of America, however, most historians dispute the fact that genocide, which is a “crime of intent,” was actually the intention of the European colonialists in America. So, the historian Stafford Poole wrote ^[45] :

There are other terms to describe what happened in the Western Hemisphere, but genocide is not one of them. This is a good propaganda term in an era in which slogans and shouts have replaced thinking and research; its use in this context devalues ​​both the term itself and the horror experienced by Jews and Armenians as two examples of the largest victims of this century.

Arguments against the fact that there was genocide of the Indians can be divided into 3 main groups:

• The colonization of America was actually a war of aggression, in which, at certain periods and in certain territories, the preponderance turned out to be on different sides. At the same time, the Indians repeatedly began fighting themselves.
• Not only whites often took part in the destruction of the Indians, but also the Indians themselves, who were at enmity with each other, destroyed each other, served white colonists, took part in hostilities against hostile tribes, and often started wars themselves, for which they received from the whites material or other benefits.
• The vast majority of Indians died due to a lack of immunity to diseases involuntarily or deliberately introduced by European colonists.

Counterarguments - for recognizing the actions of the colonialists as genocide:

• The quality of the weapons of the settlers was obviously higher, that is, the equality of forces between the parties was not observed.
• The internecine hostilities of the natives were inspired by the Europeans on the principle of " divide and conquer ."
• The English colonists knew about the lack of immunity of Aboriginal people to European diseases, knowingly distributing things that were infected with smallpox (clothes and blankets).
• Conscious and deliberate actions of the colonists to organize mass starvation with the starvation of the Indians as a result of the complete destruction of the bison, which served as the main source of food, clothing and shelter for the indigenous population.

Most American historians refrain from using the term "genocide" to describe the depopulation of the indigenous population of America as such; a number of historians, instead of considering the entire history of European colonization as a single and continuous act of genocide, consider individual wars and campaigns as genocidal, both in intent and in consequence. Typically, these include the Pecote War ( 1637 ) and campaigns against the California tribes that began in 1850 ^[46] .

Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has repeatedly spoken about the actions of European colonialists regarding Native Americans as genocide and urged Latin Americans not to celebrate Columbus Day , since this event (the discovery of America) marked the beginning of the genocide ^{[ significance of fact? ]} .

Infectious diseases characteristic of the Old World were brought together with European settlers to America, such as smallpox , typhoid , measles , flu , bubonic plague and others. It is postulated that European settlers had a higher immunity to at least some infectious diseases that were obviously absent among the Indians. The opinion is based on the hypothesis that all the epidemic diseases of Eurasia and Africa were ultimately obtained by humans from domestic animals - this was a kind of payment for the development of cattle breeding , which was practically not developed in pre-Columbian America ^{[47] [48]} . According to some estimates, mortality among small Indians with smallpox disease reached 80–90% ^[49] . It is believed that up to 95% of the indigenous population of America was destroyed by diseases introduced by Europeans ^[50] .

A considerable part of deaths was associated with smallpox diseases ^[51] . Already in 1507, the first case of smallpox was noticed in Hispaniola ( Haiti ); in 1520, along with Spanish immigrants from Hispaniola, smallpox followed on the mainland. According to the testimony of Toribio de Benavente (Motolinia), the Indians were helpless in front of smallpox, which had a monstrous effect on them - the sick were covered with terrible ulcers; up to half the population of the provinces of Central Mexico died out ^[52] . Mass epidemics of smallpox have largely led to the fall of the Aztec and Inca empires ^[51] . It is noteworthy that smallpox reached the Incan lands earlier than the Spanish conquistadors - in 1526, five years before the Spanish invasion, the Inca ruler Waina Kapak died from it ^[53] . According to modern estimates, at least 200 thousand people died of the 6 million population of the Incan empire during 1524-1527 ^[51] . Smallpox epidemics recurred on the South American continent every ten to twenty years; by 1578, they even affected inaccessible inland areas of Brazil , where missionaries brought the disease. In the Jesuit settlements on the banks of the great South American rivers - up to 100,000 Indians - no later than 1660, 44 thousand inhabitants died from infectious diseases, and another 20 thousand died in the epidemic repeated in 1669 ^[51] .

The creation of settlements on the east coast of North America in the 17th century was also accompanied by devastating smallpox epidemics among the Indians ^[54] and subsequently among colonists born on American soil ^[55] . Large Indian cities at the mouth of the Mississippi , described by Hernando de Soto in 1540, no longer existed by the second half of the 17th century, when the first permanent French settlements appeared here ^[48] . The place for the creation in 1620 of Plymouth - the first English colony in the New World - was "cleared" by the worst epidemic of smallpox among the Indians in 1617-1619 ^[51] .

• Doctrine of discovery
• Road of tears
• Potawatomi Death Road
• Resettlement of the indians
• Native American wars
• Native American reservation
• Indians
• The Wounded-Ni Creek Massacre
• Sand Creek Massacre
• U.S. Indigenous Peoples
• Indians of Canada
• Guatemala Indigenous Genocide

• Beotuki
• Cueva
• Taino
• Timukua

Литература на английском языке

1. Russell Thornton. American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492. (Civilization of the American Indian, Vol 186). University of Oklahoma, 1990.
2. David Stannard. American Holocaust : The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press, 1993.
3. Hans Koning . The Conquest of America: How The Indian Nations Lost Their Continent. Monthly Review Press, New York, 1993.
4. Jan R. Carew. Rape of Paradise : Columbus and the Birth of Racism in the Americas. Brooklyn, NY : A&B Books, 1994.
5. Ward Churchill. A Little Matter of Genocide. Holocaust and the Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present. San Francisco: City Lights, 1997. ISBN 0-87286-323-9 . ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1 .
6. Ward Churchill. Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization. Publisher: City Lights Books; 2nd Revised edition (5 Nov 2002). ISBN 0-87286-414-6 . ISBN 978-0-87286-414-6 .
7. Mike Davis. Late Victorian Holocausts : El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso, 2001.
8. Браун, Ди . Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West , Owl Books (1970). ISBN 0-8050-6669-1
9. Heizer, Robert F., The Destruction of California Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1993. ISBN 0-8032-7262-6 .
10. «Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians» (1978), «Amazon Frontier», John Hemming, the director of the Royal Geographical Society in London.
11. Dobyns Henry. Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1983, ISBN 978-0-87049-400-0 .
12. Disease and Demography in the Americas / Verano John W., Ubelaker Douglas H., DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994, ISBN 978-1-56098-401-6 .
13. Ramenofsky Ann. Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. University of New Mexico Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-8263-0997-6 .
14. Snow Dean. Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations, Science 268:1601-4, 1995.

Литература на русском языке

• Даймонд Д. М. « Ружья, микробы и сталь: Судьбы человеческих обществ » = Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies / Пер. from English М. В. Колопотин . — М. : АСТ Москва : Corpus , 2010. — 720 с. - 3000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-17-061456-1 ISBN 978-5-403-01950-7 .
• Куприенко С.А. Источники XVI-XVII веков по истории инков: хроники, документы, письма / Под ред. С.А. Куприенко.. — К. : Видавець Купрієнко С.А., 2013. — 418 с. — ISBN 978-617-7085-03-3 .
• Талах В.Н. , Куприенко С.А. Америка первоначальная. Источники по истории майя, науа (астеков) и инков / Ред. В. Н. Талах, С. А. Куприенко.. — К. : Видавець Купрієнко С.А., 2013. — 370 с. — ISBN 978-617-7085-00-2 .
• Лютова С. Н. Возрождение журналистики индейцев США и идеология традиционализма (70-80 гг. XX в.): диссерт. на соискание уч. степ. Cand. филол. н. М.: МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, 1992. (Полный текст доступен в электронном виде в залах РГБ; автореферат диссертации см. ссылку: http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01000316669#?page=1 )
• Фурсенко А. А. и др. История становления американского государства. Л., 1992.
• Шлепаков А. Н. США: Социальная структура общества и его национальный состав. Исторический очерк. Киев, 1976.
• Стукалин Ю. Энциклопедия военного искусства индейцев Дикого Запада. М.: Эксмо, 2008. 720 стр. ISBN 978-5-699-26209-0
• Кевин А. Нераскаявшиеся. Разоблачение власть имущих. Ссылка: http://n-bitva.narod.ru/prilojenie/politika/annet_k_neraskayavshiesya.htm

• Эксперт: Следующий шаг Анкары — обвинение в адрес США за геноцид индейцев Северной Америки
• Взгляд: Папа Римский признал геноцид индейцев.
• Геноцид аборигенов Нового Света
• Кто стал жертвой самого массового геноцида в мировой истории?
• Индейцы без томагавков. на сайте www.bibliotekar.ru
• Судьба индейцев. Все о положении индейцев сегодня.
• Витторио Мессори. Чёрные страницы истории Церкви
• Зинн, Говард Колумб, индейцы и прогресс человечества
• Карен Вртанесян, Арам Палян 2. Геноцид аборигенов Америки . Акты геноцида в истории человечества.
• Антон Баумгартен Часть 1: Эпоха Колумба. Американский Геноцид.
• About the Wounded Knee Massacre.
• Indian land cession by years
• The theft of Native Americans' land, in one animated map.