Warhol andy

Andy Warhol was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh ( Pennsylvania , USA ) as the fourth child in a working-class family of Ruthenian immigrants ^[7] from the village of Mikova near Stropkova in northeast modern Slovakia , part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire .

The first child, Justin's daughter, who was born in Slovakia, died before moving to the United States. Warhol's father, Andrei, in search of work, immigrated to the United States in 1914, his mother Julia (nee Zavatskaya) joined him in 1921, after the death of her grandmother and grandfather. Members of a deeply religious family were parishioners of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church . Warhol's father worked in a coal mine, and his mother, who did not speak English, earned extra money by washing windows and cleaning, and also made and sold flowers from cans and corrugated paper. By 1934, the Warhol moved from the slum to a more comfortable area. The family lived on Belen 55, and then on Dawson Street 3252 in Auckland, a neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Andy had two older brothers, Paul (Paul), born in 1923, and John, born in 1925. The son of Paul, James Warhol , became an illustrator of children's books.

In the third grade, Warhol fell ill with the Sydenham chorea , also called "St. Paul's Dance". Witt ”, which was the result of earlier scarlet fever , after which most of the time was bedridden. In class, he became an outcast. Suspiciousness appeared, the fear of doctors and hospitals developed, which did not let him go to death. While Andrew was bedridden, he began to get involved in drawing, collecting photographs of movie stars and making collages from newspaper clippings. Warhol himself later referred to this period as very important in the formation of his personality, developing skills, artistic taste and preferences.

When Andy was 13 years old, his father died in an accident at a mine. In 1945, Warhol graduated from Shenley High School in .

He planned to get an art education at the University of Pittsburgh, then to teach drawing. But then the plans changed, and he entered the Carnegie Institute of Technology , hoping to make a career as a commercial illustrator. In 1949, he received a bachelor of fine arts degree in graphic design . He did well in school, but often did not find a common language with teachers and fellow students.

After graduating in 1949, he moved to New York , where he began working as a storefront designer, drawing postcards and advertising posters. He was later hired by an illustrator in the magazines Vogue , Harper's Bazaar and several other less popular publications. During this period, he Americanized his surname, beginning to write it without the last letter a - “Warhol” ( Warhol ) ^[5] .

By 1950, success came after successful advertising for the shoe company “I. Miller. " Advertising posters depicted in an eccentric manner ink-painted shoes with specially made blots. In the mid-1950s, Warhol illustrated the Spanish language tutorial Margarita Madrigal , who laid the foundation for a series of her best-selling self-instruction books, reprinted many times.

In 1962, Warhol held his first major exhibition, which brought him popularity ^[8] . By this time, Warhol was able to buy his own house in Manhattan , on 33rd East Street. His income rose to the mark of 100 thousand dollars a year, and this gave him the opportunity to be more interested in his favorite business - drawing, and dream of "high art" ^[9] .

Warhol was one of the first to use screen printing as a method for creating paintings. In his early silkscreens, he used his own, hand-drawn images. Later, with the help of a projector , he broadcast photographs on the canvas and manually circled the image. The use of the silk-screen printing method was one of the stages in Warhol’s desire for mass reproduction and reproduction of works of art, contrary to all criticism of Walter Benjamin , who wrote about the loss of the aura and value of the work in the century of its technical reproducibility ^[10] .

Warhol's method was as follows: a nylon mesh was pulled over the frame. The image itself on the grid was created by contact exposure. A slider impregnated with a photo emulsion was superimposed. Everything was lit up, as with photo printing . In the illuminated areas of the grid, the photoemulsion polymerized and became an insoluble film. Excess was washed off with water. So the matrix was created, that is, the printed form. It was applied to paper or cloth and dyed. The paint penetrated through the transparent sections of the grid and created an image. Thus, applying black paint on a wooden handle with a special rubber roller, Warhol performed the main contour of his most famous works: repeatedly repeated Marilyn Monroe , Elizabeth Taylor and others. For multi-color printing, the number of matrices required was equal to the number of colors. One set of matrices was enough for a large number of images. The introduction of innovative technologies in the process of creating images put art on a commercial basis.

In the 1960s, the artist used photographs printed in the media for his work. Since the 1980s, he took pictures himself with a Polaroid camera ^[11] .

Already in 1952, Warhol's work was presented at an exhibition in New York, and in 1956 he received the honorary prize of the Club of Art Editors. By this time, the artist was earning about one hundred thousand dollars a year, but he did not stop dreaming of “high art”.

In 1960, Warhol created a design for Coca-Cola cans, which brought him fame as an artist with an extraordinary vision of art. In the early sixties, Warhol was increasingly engaged in graphics , creating, basically, only works with the image of dollar bills . In 1960-1962, a series of works appeared depicting cans of Campbell's Soup Can . Initially, posters with cans of soup were made using the painting technique: Campbell's Soup Can (Tomato Rice), 1961, and since 1962, using the silk-screen printing technique (Thirty-two Campbell Soup cans, One hundred cans of Campbell soup ”,“ Two hundred cans of Campbell soup ”- all 1962). Also, in 1962, turning for himself, Warhol created the series “ Green Coca-Cola Bottles . ” Drawings of cans in bright colors became Warhol's“ calling card ”. The display of works at the exhibition in the Stabl Gallery caused a great resonance among the public, although, according to critics, these paintings s reflect the impersonal and the vulgarity of mass consumption culture, the mentality of Western civilization. After this exhibition Warhol ranked as representatives of pop art and conceptual art , such as Robert Rauschenberg , Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein .

Starting from this period, Warhol, as a photographer and artist, worked with images of pop and film stars: Marilyn Monroe , Elizabeth Taylor , Jim Morrison , Mick Jagger and Elvis Presley , as well as with the images of politicians, for example, Mao Zedong , Richard Nixon , John F. Kennedy and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ("Red Lenin", "Black Lenin"). After Monroe passed away, he created his famous "Diptych Marilyn" , which became an allegory of the life and death of the actress. As of 2011, Diptych Marilyn was on display at the London Tate Gallery in Liverpool . On December 2, 2004, The Guardian published a list of the 500 most outstanding works of contemporary art, where this work of Warhol holds an honorable third place ^[12] . Warhol had a peculiar, ever-changing approach to painting. One of the innovations was the use of paints of acid shades.

In 1963, Warhol bought a building in Manhattan , the building is called the "Factory" , here Andy puts on stream the creation of works of modern art. In 1964, the first exhibition of Warhol art objects took place, which did not fit into the concept of painting. The exposition consisted in the demonstration of about a hundred copies of packaging cardboard containers, Heinz ketchup boxes and Brillo washing powder. On the occasion of the opening of the exhibition, Warhol made a presentation of his new unusual studio, The Factory, whose walls were painted silver. The studio was dominated by permissiveness, parties were held. This room violated the idea of ​​the artist’s workshop as a secluded place. The "Factory" and its owner often began to appear in the reports of the secular chronicles, they began to write about them in magazines and the media. Warhol also creates his own project - the Interview magazine, where celebrities interviewed celebrities ^[13] .

"Factory" was an organized production, which produced up to 80 printed works per day, that is, several thousand prints per year. A team of workers was hired to carry out the mass production of stream-mounted reproductions with portraits of celebrities. Warhol photographed the heroes of his replicated works in his studio, making a series of snapshots with Polaroid. Of the many frames, the best was chosen, increased, and transferred to the canvas by the method of silk-screen printing. The surface of the canvas was covered with paint either before reproduction, or Warhol applied oil paint on an already reproduced print. Usually several versions of one work were made. In this way, Warhol turned art into "business art," leading artists who technically reproduced his own work.

Warhol was of the opinion that celebrities in portraits should have looked perfect and without flaws: the picture "Before and After" from the cycle "Advertisements" (1960), gave the announcement of a "new face from Warhol", supposedly "an improved version of yourself." He retouched wrinkles and skin imperfections, removed extra chins, painted brighter eyes and lips, giving faces idealized features. Warhol’s clients include the entire family of Iranian shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , Mick Jagger , Lisa Minnelli , John Lennon , Diana Ross , Bridget Bardot and many other celebrities ^[14] .

In parallel with the creation of objects of pop art, Warhol begins to make films, however, as a director, he succeeds only in narrow circles. Between 1963 and 1968, Warhol shot several hundred films, including 472 four-minute black-and-white portrait screen tests ( English Screen Tests ), dozens of short films and more than 150 films with scenes, only 60 of which were released.

Most of his films shot in that period had no plot. The plot lines were based on pseudo-documentary filming, for example: “a man tries on his underpants,” or “a man enjoys a blowjob . ” The main meaning of Warhol's films was to reveal the essence of the sexual revolution ^[15] . In the mid-1960s, Warhol switched from filming black and white silent films to color films with script (most often erotic content). In an effort to push the boundaries of traditional cinema, Warhol began shooting "motionless films." The most significant of them were Sleep (1963) and Empire (1964). The first was a black and white 5-hour shoot of a sleeping man - American poet John Jorno not accompanied by any sounds ^{[16] [17]} . The premiere of the film took place on January 17, 1964 ^[17] at The Film-Makers' Cooperative with the participation of director Jonas Mekas , the “godfather” of New York movie avant-garde. In total, nine spectators were present, two of them left the viewing during the first hour ^[16] . Initially, instead of Jorno, Warhol wanted to capture Brigitte Bardot’s dream ^{[16] [17]} .

The plot of the second tape was an 8-hour screening of the Empire State Building, filmed in slow motion, from the evening of July 25 to the morning of July 26, 1964. With his auditions and performances in cinema, Warhol wanted to discover new trends in cinema and interest and surprise them with a satiated audience.

In 1973 he directed the film “Love” with fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld in the title role.

On June 3, 1968, the radical feminist Valerie Solanas , who had previously starred in Warhol films, entered the Factory and shot Andy in the stomach three times. Then she went outside, went to the policeman and said: "I shot Andy Warhol." The victim suffered a state of clinical death and a 5-hour operation that ended successfully ^[15] . After the attempt, the artist had to wear a support corset for more than a year, since almost all of his internal organs were damaged. Warhol refused to give indictments to the police, with the result that Solanas received only three years in prison and forced treatment in a psychiatric hospital. His work is dominated by topics related to violent death. However, this topic occupied Warhol even before the assassination attempt, the catastrophes excited him with his attractiveness. Warhol expressed his fear of death and mutilation through the depiction of electric chairs, suicides, accidents, funerals, nuclear explosions, mourning Jacqueline Kennedy , posthumous portraits of Marilyn Monroe and sick Elizabeth Taylor . One of the vivid illustrations of this warhol phobia is the 1963 painting “Catastrophe with Tuna,” which reproduces newspaper clippings and photos of two women who were poisoned by canned tuna A&P, a can from which also appears in the image.

After the assassination, Warhol did not lose interest in creative activity and did not cease to experiment with art. In 1979, he took up the artistic coloring of a racing car ^[18] . In his opinion, a work of art moving in space is a new word, a new phenomenon in painting, the essence of beauty of which was revealed in the dynamics of movement. The bodywork of the car Warhol personally engaged. He applied paints with various materials at hand, including a finger. His statement ^{[19] has been} preserved: “I tried to draw what speed looks like. When the car moves at high speed, all lines and colors are blurred. ”

Warhol died in a dream of cardiac arrest at the Cornwell Medical Center in Manhattan, where he underwent a simple operation to remove the gallbladder in 1987 . Buried in his native Pittsburgh.

Andy Warhol never did a cuming out , but lived the life of an open gay ^{[20] [21] [22]} . The homosexuality of the artist was actively manifested in his work. Examples include the pictorial series Sex Parts and Torso, films Sleep , Blow Job, My Hustler and Lonesome Cowboys.

The artist’s boyfriends at different times were Billy Name , John Jorno , Jed Johnson and John Gould ^{[23] [24]} .

In recent years, Andy Warhol tops the list of best-selling artists. So, in 2013, the total cost of the artist’s works sold at auctions amounted to $ 427.1 million ^[25] . Large-format canvases of 1962-1964 are most highly valued, prices for which can reach up to $ 100 million. In November 2013, a record was set - $ 105.4 million for the "Silver Car Accident (Double)" (1963) ^[26] .

Between 1985 and 2010, average auction prices for Warhol's work increased by 3400%, which is approximately double the average price increase for contemporary art over the same period ^[27] .

• The Doors (1991) - Crispin Glover
• Basquiat (1996) - David Bowie
• “ I shot Andy Warhol ” (1996) - Jared Harris
• “ I Seduced Andy Warhol ” (“Factory Girl”) (2006) - Guy Pearce
• The Keepers (2009) - Greg Travis
• Men in Black 3 (2012) - Bill Hader
• Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy (2012) - Tom Mithen
• “ Vinyl ” (2016) - John Cameron Mitchell
• American Horror Story (2017) - Evan Peters
• Club of Billionaires (2018) - Carey Elvis

• Warhol Week in Moscow / State. museum fig. Arts them. A.S. Pushkin [et al.] - M.: Gallery: GIF, 2001.
• Warhol E. Andy Warhol's Philosophy (from A to B and vice versa) = The philosophy of Andy Warhol (from A to B and back again) / [Transl. from English G. Seversky]. - M.: Aronov, 2001.
• Warhol E. America. M., Ad Margin , 2013.
• Warhol E. Andy Warhol Diaries. / Per. From English V. Bolotnikova, Ad Margin , 2015.

In Moscow

• 2001 - Warhol Week in Moscow / State. museum fig. Arts them. A. S. Pushkin [et al.] / 2001 ^[28]
• 2003 - Figures of America. Between pop art and transavantgarde. Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Tom Wasselman / Stella Art Gallery / November 28, 2003 - February 14, 2004 ^{[29] [30]}
• 2005 - Andy Warhol and Russian pop art in the Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val / Tretyakov Gallery on the Krymsky Val / September 2005
• 2008 - Pre-auction exhibition of the house Phillips de Pury & Co. As part of the exhibition, the painting “Camouflage” is shown / Regina Gallery / February 10-12, 2008 ^{[31] [32]}
• 2008 - Andy Warhol “Living Portraits” (Exhibition dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Andy Warhol) / Moscow Museum of Modern Art / December 17, 2008 - February 8, 2009 ^[33]
• 2009 - Andy Warhol “Ladies and Gentlemen” / K35 Gallery / October 15 - December 3, 2009
• 2013 - Andy Warhol “10 Famous Jews” / Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center / 2013
• 2017 - Andy Warhol. Endangered Species » State Darwin Museum / March 18 - May 25, 2017

In Baku

• 2013 - “ Life, Death and Beauty ” / Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center / June 21 - September 9, 2013 ^[34]

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  A billboard in Baku informing about the exhibition of Andy Warhol's works in the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center

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  Exhibition of works by the artist at the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku

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  Exhibition of works by the artist at the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku

In Tampere

• 2014 - “An American Story” / Sarah Hilden Museum of Art / March 15 - May 30, 2014 ^[35]

In Yekaterinburg

• For the first time, originals of the author are exhibited outside Moscow: the Marilyn Monroe series, Flowers and the famous Campbell soup , and his films are shown (2014).

In 2002, the US Postal Service issued a 37-cent stamp depicting a self-portrait of the artist in 1964, which was first presented at a ceremony held on April 9, 2002 at the Andy Warhol Museum ^{[36] [37]} .

In March 2011, a chrome statue of Andy Warhol was installed at the corner of Union Square in New York . ^[38]

In April 2016, by the decision of the Head of the Transcarpathian region, Gennady Moskal , October Square in the village of Minai was named Andy Warhol ^[39] .

• Andy Warhol Foundation
• Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh