Crimean population

According to Krymstat, the number of permanent residents of the republic as of January 1, 2014 was 1,958,504 people (including 1,218,730 citizens, or 62.23%), of the present population - 1,967,259 people (including 1,233,536 citizens, or 62.70%) ^[40] .

When analyzing the dynamics of changes in the population in 2014, the main factors of which were the natural population decline and migration growth, it should be borne in mind that the state statistics agencies of Crimea could not correctly take into account population migration, since in April, May and the first two decades of June 2014 registration and deregistration of the place of residence by the migration service were not carried out at all, and in the subsequent period there was an underestimation of migration upon departure, since since July 2014 the number of migrants who have left is fixed Krymstat excluding those who left for other subjects of the Russian Federation ^{[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]} .

In 2014-2016, according to the Ukrainian authorities, since the accession of Crimea to Russia , 22,437 people have moved from the peninsula to Ukraine ^[47] ; according to the Ukrainian authorities, as of August 12, 2018, 33.5 thousand people from Crimea are registered as “ internally displaced persons ” ^{[48] [49]} . Over the period 2014-2015, about 200 thousand refugees left the Crimea from the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine; in addition, in the territory of Crimea 50 thousand foreign citizens are engaged in labor activities ^[50] . At the same time, over 3 thousand Crimeans who studied at higher educational institutions on the territory of Ukraine left Ukraine and, upon returning to Crimea, received Russian citizenship there, after which they continued their studies at Russian higher educational institutions ^[51] . About 3.5 thousand inhabitants of Crimea did not want to accept Russian citizenship and retained the citizenship of Ukraine ^[52] . According to the Migration Service of Ukraine, from the time of the accession of Crimea to Russia until May 14, 2015, 10 thousand citizens of Ukraine previously registered in the Crimea received registration on the territory controlled by the Ukrainian authorities. They were issued 3 thousand passports of citizens of Ukraine ^[53] . According to the Majlis of the Crimean Tatar people , half of the 20 thousand migrants from Crimea to Ukraine-controlled territory are Crimean Tatars ^[54] .

Fertility dynamics of the Republic of Crimea in 1990—2016 ^[55]

According to the 2014 census, 56.34% of the Crimean population, or 1,247,235 people out of 2,223,707 who indicated their place of birth, were natives of the peninsula (of which 1,068,467 were born in the territory of the present Republic of Crimea and 178,768 in Sevastopol); 15.36%, or 340,050 people, were natives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation outside the Crimea (of which 21688 people were born in the Krasnodar Territory, 12000 people in the Kursk Region, 11395 people in the Sverdlovsk Region, 10408 people in the Bryansk Region, 10256 people - in the Rostov region, 9926 people - in the Perm region, 9311 people - in the Voronezh region, etc.); 16.08%, or 355 957 people, were natives of Ukraine (excluding the Crimea included in it); 7.35%, or 162,620 people, are natives of Uzbekistan ; 1.33%, or 29419 people, are natives of Kazakhstan ; 1.00%, or 22,233 people, are natives of Belarus ; 0.44%, or 9841 people, are natives of Tajikistan ; 1.20%, or 26,591 people, are natives of other CIS countries ; 0.89%, or 19,761 people, are natives of other countries of the world. The number of people who did not indicate their place of birth was 71,062 people, or 3.11% of the total population of the CFD ^{[7] [59]}

According to the 2001 census, 49.1% of the republic’s residents were Crimeans by place of birth (993,656 people out of 2,024,056 permanent residents of Crimea); 18.8% were natives of the regions of the Russian Federation (379,993 people); 16.1% were from other regions of Ukraine (325 424 people, including 29 594 people from Kherson, 23 610 people from Vinnitsa, 23 132 people from Donetsk, 21 701 people from Khmelnitsky, 21 506 people from Sumy, 19 781 person from Zhytomyr regions). In addition, 8.1% were born in Uzbekistan (164,707 people, most of them Crimean Tatars who were born in Uzbekistan during their expulsion); 1.4% - in Kazakhstan (27,413 people); 1.3% - in Belarus (26 817 people), 1.9% - in other republics of the former USSR (except the Baltic countries; 39 364 people), and 2.8% did not indicate the place of birth (56 741 people) ^[60] . According to the Ukrainian side, “more than 50% of Crimean residents have never traveled to mainland Ukraine” ^[61] .

A high proportion of the natives of Uzbekistan in the Crimean population is due to the fact that the bulk of the Crimean Tatars, who returned to Crimea from the late 1980s, were those generations that were born in the places of their forced stay; the most compact Crimean Tatars were settled in Uzbekistan.

According to the 2014 census, 97.5% of respondents who indicated citizenship are citizens of the Russian Federation (2.2 million people), while 5.7 thousand Russian citizens in Crimea have second citizenship. 51.8 thousand inhabitants of Crimea have citizenship of other states, of which 46.7 thousand people are Ukrainian. 3.4 thousand inhabitants of Crimea - stateless persons ^[62]

Population by citizenship: ^{[7] [63] [64]}

According to the census in the Crimean Federal District , as of October 14, 2014, the urban population was 1,323,050 people, or 57.91% of the total population of the Volga Federal District , including 959,916 people in the republic, or 50.75% . The rural population is 961,719 people (42.09%) and 931,549 people (49.25%), respectively.

A sharp reduction in the urban population in the republic from 1,274.3 thousand to 959.9 thousand people. and, accordingly, a sharp increase in the rural population from 759.4 thousand to 961.7 thousand people. for the census period of 2001-2014, it was primarily due to the fact that all urban-type settlements in the Republic of Crimea in 2014 were assigned to rural settlements.

According to the 2001 census, with a total population of 2033.7 thousand people, the urban population of the republic amounted to 1,274.3 thousand people (62.7%), and the rural population - 759.4 thousand people (37.3% ) ^[65] . Since the 1989 All-Union Census , the rural population of Crimea has increased significantly due to the resettlement of Crimean Tatars returning to the peninsula in rural areas.

Distribution of urban and rural population by nationality

Russians are the predominant nationality in the Republic of Crimea, both in cities and in rural areas. However, in rural areas their share is lower, since here the proportion of Ukrainians and especially Crimean Tatars is higher.

Dynamics

Dynamics of the national composition of the Crimean population (including Sevastopol)

Dynamics of the national composition of the population of the Republic of Crimea (excluding Sevastopol)

By districts and urban districts of Crimea

According to the census in the Crimean Federal District in 2014 ^[77] (people and% of those indicating nationality) :

According to the 2001 All-Ukrainian Population Census . ^{[79] [80]}

Gallery

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  Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars - 2014

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  Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars - 2001

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  Belarusians (max - green) - 2001

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  Poles (max - red) - 2001

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  Moldavians (max - orange) - 2001

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  Bulgarians - 2001

History

The composition of the Crimean population over time has changed from exclusively Crimean Tatar in 1778-83, to mixed multi-ethnic in the late XX - early XXI centuries :

• The era of Hellenic colonization - 200,000 people: the Bosporus and Scythian kingdoms within the borders of Crimea.
• XIII century - 430 000
• The first quarter of the 18th century - 467,000 people (95.1% of Crimean Tatars, 2.6% of Greeks, 2.1% of Armenians, 0.2% of Krymchaks and Karaites)
• 1760s-70s - 454,700 people (92.6% of Crimean Tatars, 4% of Armenians, 3.1% of Greeks, 0.3% of Krymchaks and Karaites)

Johann Tunmann, who visited Crimea in the 18th century, noted:

In 1778, Alexander Suvorov, at the direction of Prince Potemkin , who at that time served as governor-general of the Novorossiysk, Azov, Astrakhan and Saratov provinces, facilitated the transition to Russian citizenship and the resettlement of the Christian population of Crimea (Armenians, Greeks, Volokhs, Georgians) to new lands of the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov and the mouth of the Don. On the one hand, this was due to the need for accelerated settlement of the fertile lands of the Northern Black Sea region (primarily the lands of the liquidated Zaporizhzhya section , which were deserted due to the departure of some of the Zaporozhye Cossacks over the Danube and the eviction of the rest to the Kuban). On the other hand, the withdrawal of Armenians and Greeks from Crimea was aimed at the economic weakening of the Crimean Khanate and the strengthening of its dependence on Russia. From May to September 1778, 31 thousand people were relocated from Crimea to the Sea of ​​Azov and to Novorossia ^{[83] [84] [85]} .

• 1795 - 156,400 people (87.6% of Crimean Tatars, 4.3% of Russians, 1.9% of Greeks, 1.7% of Roma, 1.5% of Karaites, 1.3% of Ukrainians, 0.8% of Jews, 0.6% of Armenians, 0.1% of Germans, 0.1% of Bulgarians)
• 1816 - 212,600 people (85.9% of Crimean Tatars, 4.8% of Russians, 3.7% of Ukrainians, 1.4% of Karaites, 1.3% of Armenians, 0.9% of Jews, 0.8% of Greeks, 0.7% of Germans, 0.4% of Bulgarians)
• 1835 - 279,400 people (83.5% of Crimean Tatars, 4.4% of Russians, 3.1% of Ukrainians, 2.4% of Gypsies, 2% of Greeks, 1.5% of Armenians, 1.1% of Karaites, 0, 9% of Jews, 0.7% of Germans, 0.4% of Bulgarians)
• 1850 - 343,500 people (77.8% of Crimean Tatars, 7% of Ukrainians, 6.6% of Russians, 2% of Greeks, 1.9% of Roma, 1.3% of Karaites, 1% of Armenians, 1% of Germans, 0, 9% of Jews, 0.5% of Bulgarians)
• 1858 - 331,300 people (73% of Crimean Tatars, 12.6% of Russians, 4% of Ukrainians, 2.4% of Greeks, 2% of Roma, 1.8% of Jews, 1.5% of Germans, 1.3% of Armenians, 0.8% Karaites, 0.6% Bulgarians)
• 1864 - 198,700 people (50.3% of Crimean Tatars, 28.5% of Russians and Ukrainians, 6.5% of Greeks, 5.3% of Jews, 2.9% of Armenians, 2.7% of Germans, 1.7% Karaites, 1.6% of Bulgarians)

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  The ethnic composition of the population of the cities of Crimea according to the All-Russian Census of 1897

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  The population of the Tauride province according to the census of 1897

• 1897 - 546,700 people (35.6% of Crimean Tatars, 33.1% of Russians, 11.8% of Ukrainians, 5.8% of Germans, 4.4% of Jews, 3.1% of Greeks, 1.5% of Armenians, 1.3% of Bulgarians, 1.2% of Poles, 0.3% of Turks) ^[66]
• 1917 - 749,800 people (41.2% of Russians, 28.7% of Crimean Tatars, 8.6% of Ukrainians, 6.4% of Jews, 4.9% of Germans, 2.9% of Greeks, 1.6% of Armenians, 1.4% of Bulgarians, 0.8% of Poles, 0.7% of Turks)
• 1920 - 718,900 people (44.1% Russians, 26% Crimean Tatars, 7.4% Ukrainians, 6.7% Jews, 5.9% Germans, 3.3% Greeks, 1.7% Armenians, 1, 5% of Bulgarians, 0.8% of Karaites, 0.8% of Poles)
• 1926 - 706,800 people (42.7% of Russians, 25.3% of Crimean Tatars, 11.0% of Ukrainians, 6.2% of Germans, 5.5% of Jews, 2.4% of Greeks, 1.5% of Armenians, 1.6% of Bulgarians, 0.6% of Karaites, 0.6% of Poles, 0.9% of Krymchaks) ^[67]
• 1934 - 832,000 people (44% of Russians, 23.8% of Crimean Tatars, 10.9% of Ukrainians, 8.1% of Jews, 6.1% of Germans, 1.7% of Armenians, 1.4% of Bulgarians)
• 1937 - 996,800 people (47.7% Russians, 20.7% Crimean Tatars, 12.9% Ukrainians, 5.5% Jews, 5.1% Germans, 2.2% Greeks, 1.5% Bulgarians, 0.3% Karaites)
• 1939 - 1,123,800 people (49.6% Russians, 19.4% Crimean Tatars, 13.7% Ukrainians, 5.8% Jews, 4.5% Germans, 1.8% Greeks, 1.4% Bulgarians , 1.1% of Armenians, 0.5% of Poles) ^[68]
• 1944 (end of summer) - 379,000 people (75% of Russians, 21% of Ukrainians)

• 1959 - 1 201 500 people (71.4% of Russians, 22.3% of Ukrainians, 2.1% of Jews, 1.8% of Belarusians, 0.5% of Bulgarians, 0.3% of Poles) ^{[69] [86]} During the intercensal period, significant changes took place in the population of the peninsula, the reasons for which were the Great Patriotic War , which caused significant population losses, as well as the criminal and illegal deportation of the Crimean peoples carried out during the war years (the Crimean Tatars were the most numerous deported peoples). Such a significant population growth over such a short period is associated with the massive organized resettlement of people from various regions of the USSR (mainly from the RSFSR (residents of the Krasnodar, Voronezh, Kursk, Orel and Belgorod regions) to Crimea, many of today's descendants of immigrants consider themselves Crimeans. Immigrants from the regions of the Soviet Union were given a lump-sum cash allowance in the amount of 2,500 rubles per family, all debts and taxes were written off, they were allowed to bring inventory, livestock and other property with a total weight of up to two tons per family. Families in particular need were allocated lingerie, clothes and shoes. Families were transported in railway passenger cars. Migrants were settled in the liberated houses of the Crimean Tatars. So recalls that time, Ekaterina Klochkova, one of the collective farmers of the Voronezh region ^[88] :

• 1979 - 2,135,900 people (68.4% Russians, 25.6% Ukrainians, 2.0% Belarusians, 1.0% Jews, 0.5% Crimean Tatars, 0.3% Poles, 0.3% Crimean Tatars) ^[70] , an increase in the population of almost a million during the census period is associated with the ongoing policy of the resettlement of collective farmers from various regions of the union to Crimea ^[88] ;
• 1989 - 2,430,500 people (67.1% Russians, 25.8% Ukrainians, 2.1% Belarusians, 1.6% Crimean Tatars, 0.7% Jews, 0.4% Tatars, 0.3% Moldovans , 0.3% of Poles) ^{[71] [86]}

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  Crimean population over the past 300 years

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  Map of the resettlement of Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars of Crimea (2014)

• 2001 - without the city of Sevastopol - 2,024,056 people (58.3% Russians, 24.3% Ukrainians, 12.1% Crimean Tatars , 1.4% Belarusians , 0.5% Tatars , 0.4% Armenians , 0.2% of Jews , Poles , Moldavians , Azerbaijanis , 0.1% of Uzbeks , Koreans , Greeks , Germans , Mordovians , Chuvashs , Gypsies , Bulgarians , Georgians and Maris , as well as Karaites , Krymchaks , Italians, and others).

The All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001 recorded the residence of 788 Izhors in Crimea - that is, more than in their historical homeland. During the census period, there was a massive repatriation of Crimean Tatars , while about 260,000 Crimean Tatars remained in places of deportation (239 thousand in Uzbekistan (mainly in the Ferghana and Tashkent regions ), 9.4 thousand in Tajikistan , 3.6 thousand in Kyrgyzstan ^[89] ).

Most Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks and Bulgarians profess Orthodoxy , Crimean Tatars and Tatars are Sunni Islam, Jews , Protestants , and Catholics are also widespread.

• 2014 - from the city of Sevastopol - 2,284,800 people, including 2,297,600 people who indicated their nationality, including: 67.9% Russians, 15.7% Ukrainians, 10.6% Crimean Tatars, 2.0% Tatars (including Tatars with the Crimean Tatar language), 1.0% of Belarusians and 0.5% of Armenians, 2.3% of others. ^[90]
• 2014 - without the city of Sevastopol - 1,889,400 people (65% of Russians, 16% of Ukrainians, 13% of Crimean Tatars, 2% of Tatars). ^[90]

When analyzing the preliminary results of the 2014 census, one should take into account the opinion of the Rosstat leadership that some Crimean Tatars called themselves Tatars during the census (which should explain the statistical phenomenon of an almost four-fold increase in the number of Tatars in the census period compared with a slight decrease in the number of Crimean Tatars), therefore, when the formation of the final results of the census, these groups will be summarized ^[91] .

In the past, at different periods of the history of Crimea, other languages ​​( Greek , Italian , Armenian , Turkish-Ottoman language ) played a significant role in its territory. The linguistic picture of the Crimean peninsula has recently been characterized by a predominance of Russian-speaking ^[92] . According to the 2001 census, among the native languages, except Russian (77.0%), Crimean Tatar (11.4%) and Ukrainian (10.1%) languages ​​were also noticeably present ^[93] . During the period of being a part of Ukraine, a disproportion between nationality and the language of use (mother tongue) was characteristic, as well as their use in the education system and office work. During this period, there was a tendency towards the gradual displacement of the Russian language from the official written sphere in the republic with the parallel command and administrative introduction of the Ukrainian language in the education and office system ^[94] , although, according to a survey conducted in 2004 by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) , the Russian language was used by the vast majority - 97% of the entire population of Crimea ^[95] .

After Crimea became part of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea , 3 state languages ​​were proclaimed in the new subject of the Russian Federation: Russian , Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar .

According to the results of the census in the Crimean Federal District in 2014 , the vast majority of the population of the Volga Federal District named Russian as their native language - 84.1%. Crimean Tatar was named native for 7.9%, Tatar - for 3.7% (many Crimean Tatars called their language Tatar, and themselves Tatars ^[96] ), Ukrainian - for 3.3%. ^[97] 79.7% of Ukrainians, 24.8% of Tatars and 5.6% of Crimean Tatars named Russian as their native language. For 0.1% of Russians, their native language is Ukrainian. ^[97]

In the Republic of Crimea itself, according to the 2014 census, 81.68% of the population of the region was called the native language of the Russian language , or 1,502,972 people out of 1,840,174 indicated the native language; Crimean Tatar language - 9.32%, or 171 517 people; Tatar language - 4.33%, or 79,638 people; Ukrainian - 3.52%, or 64,808 people; Armenian language - 0.29%, or 5376 people; Azerbaijani language - 0.12% or 2239 people; Belarusian language - 0.09%, or 1700 people; gypsy language - 0.09%, or 1595 people; Turkish - 0.06%, or 1192 people; Moldavian language - 0.04%, or 703 people; Greek - 0.02%, or 434 people. ^[7] By language proficiency in the republic according to the 2014 census, the following are distinguished: Russian - 99.79%, or 1,836,651 people out of 1,840,435 indicating language proficiency, Ukrainian - 22.36%, or 411,445 people, English language - 6.13%, or 112 871 people, Crimean Tatar language - 4.94%, or 90 869 people, Tatar language - 2.75%, or 50 680 people, Uzbek language - 1.66%, or 30 521 people , German - 1.09%, or 20 132 people, Turkish - 0.45%, or 8305 people, French - 0.30%, or 5529 people, Armenian - 0.27%, or 4988 people, Belarusian language - 0.25%, 4620 or forehead ek, Polish - 0.17%, or 3112 people, the Azeri language - 0.13%, or 2320 people, the Tajik language - 0.10% or 1932 person in Italian - 0.10%, or 1831 people, Spanish - 0.09%, or 1726 people, Moldavian - 0.09%, or 1682 people, Greek - 0.07%, or 1315 people, Georgian - 0.07%, or 1225 people, gypsy - 0.06%, or 1148 people, Arabic - 0.06%, or 1092 people, Kazakh - 0.06%, or 1086 people, Bulgarian - 0.05%, or 959 people. ^[7]

Most Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks and Bulgarians profess Orthodoxy , Crimean Tatars, Tatars, Uzbeks - Sunni Islam, most Azerbaijanis are Shiite Muslims , Protestants , Catholics (including Greek Catholics ), Jews (including Crimeans ) are also widespread, Karaites (including Karaites ).

Distribution of the resident population by urban districts and districts of the Republic of Crimea and municipal districts of Sevastopol based on the census in the Crimean Federal District as of October 14, 2014 ^[36] and taking into account the movement of estimates of the resident population as of July 1, 2014 ^{[ 98] [99]} :

The population of large Crimean settlements (more than 5 thousand inhabitants). ^[100]

The data are given for the resident population according to the results of the census of 2014 as of October 14, 2014 (also for the resident population according to the results of the census of 2001 (as of December 5, 2001), as well as current accounting as of January 1, 2018) .

Community Map

Map Legend:

The migration balance of the Republic of Crimea has been positive since 2004 ^[108] . After 2014, in the internal Russian migration, Crimea loses its population: the most active Crimeans travel to such regions as Moscow , Sevastopol , St. Petersburg , as well as to the Moscow Region and Krasnodar Territory . However, this outflow more than compensates for the influx of citizens of Ukraine, Uzbekistan, India, Nigeria and Israel.