Bolshaya Tolmachevsky Lane (in the 17th — 18th centuries, Nikolaevskaya (Nikolskaya) Street [1] ) is a lane in the Yakimanka District of the Central Administrative District of the city of Moscow . It passes from Bolshaya Ordynka to Staromonetny Lane . On the even (northern) side, Lavrushinsky and Maly Tolmachevsky lanes adjoin it (the block between them is occupied by the State Tretyakov Gallery and the Horde deadlock (only a pedestrian passage).
Big Tolmachevsky lane | |
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Scientific Pedagogical Library. K. D. Ushinsky (estate of the Demidovs, 1772 - 1814) | |
general information | |
A country | Russia |
City | Moscow |
District | CAO |
Area | Yakimanka |
Underground | Tretyakovskaya |
Content
Origin of title
According to the settlement of interpreters (translators) who served Zamoskvoretsky Tatar Horde XIV-XVI centuries. The settlement “Old Tolmachi”, dated XIV century, was originally located east of modern Ordynka [2] and moved to the area of the present Tolmachevsky lanes in the XV century.
History
Main article: Kadashevsky settlement
Nikolayev Street was formed no later than the end of the 15th century [3] as the border between the privileged, one of the largest in Moscow, Kadashevsky settlement (to the north) and the small Tolmachevskaya settlement (to the south) - first, as a dead end road to the west of Orynka. The existing network of lanes in Zamoskvorechye as a whole was formed in the first third of the 17th century, at the end of the Time of Troubles : the destruction of the Troubles and the construction of the ramparts and the start of the Earthen city led to a quick redevelopment of landslide lands.
Between 1612 and 1625, the first wooden Church of St. Nicholas was built in Tolmachy (also known as Dukhovskoy, or Soshestvensky, on the main throne of the Descent of the Holy Spirit), the parish of which united all the inhabitants of the alley. [4] In 1658–1661 to the north, along the route of the current Staromonetny lane, a fortified castle of the new Khamovny (later the Coin and Cloth) courtyard was built, giving work to thousands of neighboring inhabitants. At that time, the only connection between Tolmachy and Kadash (besides Ordynka) was Mukhina Street - the modern Maly Tolmachevsky Lane, so the two settlements developed almost independently from each other.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Zamoskvoretsky settlements fell into decay in connection with the defeat of the Strelets revolt of 1682 and the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg . During the 18th century, the terrain did not practically develop, retaining the scale given by pre-Petrine times.
The existing Lavrushinsky Lane received access to Tolmachevsky Lane only between 1768 and 1772. [5] This led to the extremely favorable location of the site to the south of the intersection where the Demidovs' estate had appeared by 1777. The front yard of the estate was designed only by 1805. A little earlier, in 1803, the Khamovny yard was demolished, opening a direct passage to the Vodootvodny channel along the Staromonetny (formerly Prikaznyi) lane - this was the end of the merger of Tolmachs and Kadashi.
During the fire of 1812, all the houses on the alley were burned out, only the Nikolskaya Church remained, separated by a small green garden from the neighboring building. Due to the reduction in the population, the parish was temporarily closed, the church and the parishioners were numbered to the church of St. Gregory of Neokesariysky on Polyanka ; services were resumed only in 1814. At the same time the house of the Demidovs was restored; probably the degree of destruction was not great. Up until the end of the 19th century, the Demidov manor remained the largest building in the alley, and around it there were manors of one or two floors. Here there was no big trade, no industry, but there was the estate of the Tretyakovs , which at the end of the century became the core of the Tretyakov Gallery.
In the 1930s, the lane was on the proposed route of the new highway - the continuation of the Boulevard Ring through Zamoskvorechye. Within the framework of the new project, a single “House of Writers” was built in Lavrushinsky Lane, 17 (1937, architect I. I. Nikolaev , expanded in 1948-1950). At the same time, the “ Schusevsky ” building of the Tretyakov Gallery was built according to the project of A.N. Snigarev, under which one-story houses were demolished inside the “Tretyakov” quarter, and the Nikolsky Church was reequipped for the GTG storage facility. Significantly large destruction struck the area in the 1980s, with the construction of new buildings of the State Tretyakov Gallery, going directly to Bolshaya Tolmachevsky Lane. Relatively preserved, only the south side of the alley can be considered, from Demidov's house to Staromonetny alley.
In November 2013, Bolshaya Tolmachevsky Lane became a pedestrian lane, traffic on it was completely closed. [6]
Buildings and structures
Total: 22 homes [7] . On the odd side:
- Bolshaya Ordynka, 24 - main office of Rosatom State Corporation
- No. 3, 5 (outbuilding) - Scientific pedagogical library named after KD Ushinsky , the former city estate of the Demidovs , XVIII — XIX centuries [8] The construction of the main house dates from 1772, the existing decor of the building is post-fire, 1814. The outbuildings were rebuilt in 1849-1859, when the estate was owned by Countess M.F. Sollogub, who organized famous literary salons here. A unique cast-iron fence was made for the Demidov house on the Gorokhov field in the 1760s. and installed in a new location in the 1820s. [9]
- No. 5, buildings 1-4 - State Research and Design Institute of the rare metal industry (JSC “ Giredmet ” SSC RF)
- No. 5, building 7 — E. S. Lobkova’s house , 1817 [8]
- № 5, building 9 - the main house of the urban estate of the XIX century. [8] Representation of the Altai Territory
- No. 11/19, Building 4 - a one-story house of the XIX century [10] . Houses 5, building 9 and 11/19 are lined up in the Empire style , however, they refer to the later period of the 1850s, when the Empire style was already generally superseded by eclecticism .
On the even side:
- No. 2 - XIX century building
- № 4 p. 1 - the main house of the city estate of the XVIII century [8]
- Lavrushinsky, 17/5 p. 1 - “House of Writers”
- within it (Horde deadlock, 5a) - the chambers of the XVII — XVIII centuries [8]
- in the square on the corner of Lavrushinsky and Bolshoy Tolmachevsky lanes - a monument to I. S. Shmelev , who lived for a long time in Zamoskvorechye
- Number 12 - State Tretyakov Gallery . Directly into the alley goes modern building of the State Tretyakov Gallery, built in the 1980s - 1990s. [eleven]
- on the territory of the State Tretyakov Gallery (9, Maly Tolmachyo Lane) - the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachy [8] , built in 1690-1697 at the expense of the Kadashevists of Kondraty and Longin Dobrynins on the site of a wooden church known since 1625. The temple was preserved during the fire of 1812, but as his whole parish burnt out, services were resumed only in 1814. The bell tower and refectory in classical forms were built according to the project of F. M. Shestakov in 1833-1834, the fence was replaced in 1836. The temple itself was rebuilt according to the same Shestakov project in 1856 —1858. The altar and apses were dismantled and rebuilt, raising the level of the apsides; the iconostasis was replaced with an exact copy of the former. In 1929, the closed church was transferred to the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the 1930s it was converted into a storage facility, dividing the interior space into floors. The iconostasis and the fence were destroyed. [four]
- No. 16/10 - two-story building of the almshouse at the Nikolsky Church
- No. 18 - site under reconstruction
Transportation
- Metro Tretyakovskaya , Polyanka
Sources
- ↑ Monuments of architecture of Moscow. Zamoskvorechye. M., "Art", 1994, ISBN 5-210-02548-9 , c. 140
- ↑ ibid, c. 15-16
- ↑ ibid, c. 147
- ↑ 1 2 ibid, c. 168-170
- ↑ ibid, c. 175-177
- ↑ Moscow: seven streets at once became pedestrian - car news - Avto@Mail.Ru
- ↑ 22 home.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Protected monument, see the Register of monuments of the Moscow Heritage Committee (inaccessible link)
- ↑ [1] : “In Bolshoy Tolmachevsky Lane - one of the most interesting examples of applied art of Russia of the 18th century. This is a cast-iron fence mansion A. P. Demidov. There are various versions of the origin of this miracle of foundry art. According to the most reasonable - the lattice was made at the Nizhny Tagil plant of the Demidovs by the foundry master TS Sizov in the 1760s. and moved here from the large Demidov Palace on Voznesenskaya Street. ”
- ↑ In the center of Moscow a part of the old building collapsed : on March 13, 2011, a wooden roof collapsed near this building and part of the brickwork fell onto the roadway
- ↑ Monuments of architecture of Moscow. Zamoskvorechye. M., "Art", 1994, ISBN 5-210-02548-9 , c. 179-181