Leg ( lower free coning , lat. Mémbrum inférius liberum ) is a paired organ of support and movement of a person.
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The phylogenetic human leg is derived from the hind limbs of amphibians , which, in turn, are descended from the fins of fish .
Content
Anatomy
General Description
The leg anatomically consists of three main parts: the thigh , tibia and foot . The femur is formed by the femur (the most massive and strongest of human bones) and the patella protecting the knee joint . The patella provides a block when the leg is extended. The shin is formed by the large and small shin bones. The foot forms many small bones. The place where the femur joins the pelvic bone is called the hip joint . The articulation of the femoral and tibial bones is called the knee joint, and the tibial bones with the bones of the foot are called the ankle joint . The Achilles tendon restricts movement of the foot relative to the tibia. Injuries to the ankle and especially the knee joint are dangerous, as they often cause irreversible harm.
Leg areas
- Gluteal area (regio glutea)
- Front hip area (regio femoris anterior)
- Rear hip area (regio femoris posterior)
- Front knee area (regio genu anterior)
- Rear knee area (regio genu posterior)
- Anterior lower leg region (regio cruris anterior)
- Rear leg region (regio cruris posterior)
- Anterior Ankle (Regio articulationis talocru - ralis anterior)
- Rear ankle region (regio articulationis talocru - ralis posterior)
- Outside ankle area (regio articulationis talocru - ralis lateralis)
- Inner area of the ankle joint (regio articulationis talocru - ralis medialis)
- Foot area (regio dorsi pedis)
- Sole area (regio plantae pedis)
Bones of the lower limb
The number of bones is shown in brackets, for example (26 × 2) means that there are 26 bones in each of the two legs.
Lower limb girdle (cingulum membri inferioris)
- Pelvic bone (os coxae) (2):
- Ilium (os ilium) (2);
- ischium (os ischii) (2);
- pubic bone (os pubis) (2).
The free part of the lower limb (pars libera membri inferioris) (30 × 2)
Thigh (femur):
- femur (os femoris) (2);
- patella (patella) (2).
Crus (crus):
- tibia (os tibia) (2);
- fibula (os fibula) (2).
Foot (pes, pedis) (26 × 2)
- Tarsus (tarsus) (7 × 2):
- calcaneus (calcaneus) (2);
- the talus (talus) (2);
- navicular bone (os naviculare) (2);
- medial sphenoid bone (os cuneiforme mediale) (2);
- intermediate cuneiform bone (os cuneiforme intermedium) (2);
- lateral sphenoid bone (os cuneiforme laterale) (2);
- cuboid bone (os cuboideum) (2).
- Metatarsus (metatarsus):
- Metatarsus (ossa metatarsi) (5 × 2).
- The bones of the fingers (ossa digitorum) (14 × 2) - 5 fingers on each foot, 3 phalanges in each finger, except for the thumb (I) finger, which has 2 phalanges :
- proximal phalanx (phalanx proximalis) (5 × 2);
- phalanx media (4 × 2);
- distal phalanx (phalanx distalis) (5 × 2).
Lower limb bone connections
The hip , knee and ankle joints consist of an articular sac filled with synovial fluid that plays the role of a lubricant . Articular bag hermetically closes the joint. Due to this, the joint is held including air pressure. The ends of the connected bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which reduces friction. The meniscus in the knee joint absorbs shocks when running and jumping. The meniscus is not a bone and is not able to grow together. When the meniscus ruptures, its fragments are removed.
Lower limb muscles
Pelvic Muscles
- Gluteus maximus (m. Gluteus maximus)
- The gluteus maximus muscle (m. Gluteus medius)
- Pear muscle (m. Piriformis)
- Internal obturator muscle (m. Obturatorius interims)
- Upper and lower twin muscles (m. Gemelli superior, m. Gemmeli inferior)
- Square thigh muscle (m. Quadratus femoris)
- Small gluteus (m. Gluteus minimus)
- External locking muscle (m. Obturatorius externus)
Thigh muscles
Anterior thigh muscle group:
- The quadriceps muscle of the thigh , quadriceps ( lat. M. (Musculus) quadriceps femoris ) is a strong muscle that participates in the extension of the tibia. If the quadriceps is paralyzed, the patient can normally walk in a level place, but is not able to run and only with difficulty climbs the steps. Consists of 4 heads:
- Hip rectus muscle ( lat. M. Rectus femoris )
- The medial broad muscle of the thigh ( lat. M. Vastus medialis )
- Intermediate wide muscle of the thigh ( lat. M. Vastus intermedius )
- Lateral wide muscle of the thigh ( lat. M. Vastus lateralis )
- Tailor's muscle ( lat. M. Sartorius ) is a long and thin muscle that runs from the hip joint to the knee along the entire length of the thigh. It is the longest of all human muscles.
Medial thigh muscle group:
- Long adductor muscle ( lat. M. Adductor longus )
- Short adductor muscle ( lat. M. Adductor brevis )
- Big adductor muscle ( lat. M. Adductor magnus )
- Thin muscle ( lat. M. Gracilis )
- Comb muscle ( lat. M. Pectineus )
Back thigh muscle group:
- The biceps muscle of the thigh ( lat. M. Biceps femoris ), consists of 2 heads:
- The long head of the biceps femoris ( Latin caput longum )
- Short head of biceps femoris ( lat. Caput breve )
- Semimembranosus muscle ( lat. M. Semimembranosus )
- Semi-tendinous muscle ( lat. M. Semitendinosus )
Shin Muscles
Anterior leg muscle group
- Anterior tibial muscle , m. tibialis anterior
- Long finger extensor , m. extensor digitorum longus
- Long extensor of the big toe , m. extensor hallucis longus
Back muscle group
- The triceps muscle of the calf , m. triceps surae, consists of 2 muscles:
- The calf muscle , m. gastrocnemius, consists of 2 heads:
- Medial gastrocnemius head , caput mediale
- Lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle , caput laterale
- Soleus muscle , m. soleus
- The calf muscle , m. gastrocnemius, consists of 2 heads:
- Plantar muscle , m. plantaris
- Popliteal muscle , m. popliteus
- Posterior tibial muscle , m. tibialis posterior
- Long flexor , m. flexor digitorum longus
- Long flexor of the big toe , m. flexor hallucis longus
Lateral group of leg muscles
- Long fibular muscle , m. peroneus longus
- Short fibular muscle , m. peroneus brevis
Functions
Propulsion function
The muscular strength of the legs is used for walking , running , jumping, crawling on knee-highs and on all fours, swimming (along with the strength of the arms). To increase the effectiveness of the use of the muscular strength of the legs when moving on a particular surface (in a particular environment), such devices as shoes , stilts , skis , skates ( roller skates ), climbing cats , flippers , skateboard , bicycle , etc. are used.
Support Function
Legs - one of the main organs of human support. On his feet a person can stably stand upright (stand, squat). Legs are used to make provisions such as laying down.
Other features
- In traditional winemaking, the juice from the fruit of the grapes was crushed.
- The legs are used for intramuscular and intravenous injection .
- If a person has lost his hands, it is often possible to learn how to perform difficult tasks with his feet: write, draw, play musical instruments, work on a computer , etc.
Foot diseases
Diseases of bones and joints
One of the most common diseases of the feet in children is flat feet .
Another disease of the legs is arthritis (inflammation of the joints). Arthritis can affect not only the knees, but other joints as well. The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis , or arthrosis - chronic inflammation of the joints due to the wear of the cartilage plates that provide the joining of bones in the joints. Osteoarthritis leads to more severe pain in the knees when walking. In severe cases, surgery is performed to replace the knee joints with prosthetic ones . Symptoms similar to arthritis can occur in calcaneal osteomyelitis, the occurrence of which is associated with relatively sluggish blood circulation. Inflammatory-degenerative foot disease associated with chronic microtraumatization of the plantar fascia - plantar fasciitis (or "heel spur") is quite common.
Of the injuries, there is a common hip fracture, Achilles tendon rupture and knee injuries. The latter are the most dangerous, since they are often irreversible. Therefore, knee pads are used in many sports.
Older people are more likely to get a hip fracture when falling from their height, simply stumbling. This is because in humans, with age and a decrease in the activity of hormones, osteoporosis is manifested and increases, and bones become more fragile. Treatment - osteosynthesis and hip arthroplasty . Prevention measures - accuracy and prevention of osteoporosis.
Soft tissue
In older age, there is a trophic ulcer - an ulcer due to insufficient blood supply to the legs. This disease is painful and difficult to cure.
Frostbite of the legs can lead to gangrene , as a result of which part of the leg or even the entire leg has to be amputated. Of the legs that have lost their legs, the most famous pilot is Alexei Maresyev , who, after the amputation of his legs, continued to pilot the plane.
Diseases and injuries of the nervous system
Spinal cord injuries result in paralysis of the legs. Sometimes injuries to the upper part of the spine lead to simultaneous paralysis of the arms and legs - tetraplegia. Leg paralysis is often combined with impotence or frigidity.
Legs in culture and art
Etymology of the word "leg"
In modern etymology, it is believed that the word "foot" in Russian and other Slavic languages originally meant "nail" ( eng. Nail; German Nagel ). The word for the foot should have a root “under” (sole, hem). ( English foot , him. Fuß , lat. pes (genitive case pedis ).
Language peculiarities of the use of the word "leg"
In the language of the word "leg" is used not only to refer to a human organ. Often it in combination with other words symbolizes the functions performed by the foot (see metonymy ). This is reflected, for example, in stable combinations and idioms . Thus, the expression “to tie hands and legs”, meaning “to deprive of the ability to act freely,” is connected with the limitation of the motor functions of the legs, and the expression “put upside down”, meaning “to do something completely wrong”, refers to the supporting function.
In addition to directly identifying the real legs, the “foot” in the singular and plural numbers can be used in combination with the definition to create tropes (usually metonymy) designed to characterize the speed or manner of movement (fast legs, slow legs, light legs).
The word "leg" can also act as a separate part of stable abusive constructions that has partially lost its independence ("your mother for the leg").
Leg in ancient cosmogonic myths
Leg and Human Status
In the past, poor people did not have the money to buy shoes , so barefoot often symbolized poverty. In Russian, the word "tramp" remains; In Hebrew, the ruin is called pshitat raegel (פשיטת רגל), literally naked legs . Accordingly, expensive shoes symbolized, and still symbolizes, wealth: hence Cinderella's crystal shoes and red shoes from the eponymous tale by H.C. Andersen [1] .
Another common connotation of the legs, especially female - erotica. In Victorian England, the word "leg" (leg) was considered inappropriate for the utterance in a decent society, instead they said "limb" (limb). In the above-mentioned fairy tale "Red shoes", both symbolic meanings are combined.
Foot in rituals
The leg, being in a normal position lower in relation to other parts of the body, can be used in ritual and symbolic actions, showing that a person is lower (for example, in the social hierarchy) in relation to another. At the same time, the level of the “lower” person is in some way compared to the level of the legs of the “higher” person. Such a comparison can be expressed in various forms: kissing a foot, falling or bowing to the legs, kicking a defeated opponent’s foot, etc.
Washing the feet and changing shoes
The leg, being an organ of motion that is in direct contact with the ground, is capable of collecting dirt on itself. This dirt can be brought into a clean room (house, temple). In this case, the removal of shoes and washing the feet before entering the room can be not only a utilitarian action, but also a symbolic, expressing respect for the owner, the cleanliness of his house, showing the absence of evil intentions in relation to him.
Between the eastern nations and in modern times there is a custom to enter the temple and to the lord of shoes and foot washing. The washing of the feet was a general expression of hospitality (Gen. XVIII, 4) and was usually performed by servants (I Sam. XXV, 41, John XIII, 5, 6) [2] ) [3] . In the life of the Scottish queen Margaret (the end of the XI century ) tells about the strict form of the ritual of caring for the poor, during which she in particular washed the legs of six beggars.
Chopping off the legs
In the Kartardinian epic “ Narts ”, the death of Sosruko (one of the main positive heroes whose merit, for example, includes the abduction of fire from the gods) occurs as a result of cutting off the legs with the Balsaga wheel . However, Sosruko did not die, but was buried by the enemies living in the ground. Every spring, the day when Sosruko was buried alive in the ground, the rivers are freed from the shackles of ice, and the grasses awaken and begin to reach for the light. [four]
Notes
- ↑ Red shoes | H. K. Andersen | Fairy tales network library | www.skazki.org.ru
- ↑ Baths, baths, bathing and ablution // Archimandrite Nikifor Bible Encyclopedia . - M. , 1891-1892.
- ↑ Foot washing // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Golubkov D. ed. Sled. Kabardian epic. - M .: Goslitizdat , 1957. - p. 527.
See also
- Arm
Literature
- Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov . - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- Knipovich N. M. Noga, organ of movement in animals // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1890-1907.