Steplag (Steppe Camp), Osoblag ( Special Camp ) No. 4 - a camp for political prisoners in the Gulag system, whose management was located in the village. Kengir (now within the city of Zhezkazgan ) of the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan . It was created on the basis of the Dzhezkazgan prison camp No. 39 [1] . In 1940-1943, the Dzhezkazgan ITL was located on the site of Steplag, with which Steplag is often mistakenly mixed.
Prisoners
| date | strength | date | strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| IV quarter 1948 | 5713 | January 1, 1953 | 20 869 |
| January 1, 1949 | 18 572 | January 1, 1954 | 21,090 |
| January 1, 1950 | 27 855 | January 1, 1955 | 10 481 |
| January 1, 1951 | 18 572 | July 1, 1956 | 7603 |
| January 1, 1952 | 23,089 |
The filling limit varied from 10,000 - February 28, 1948, 16,000 - July 29, 1948, 23,400 - April 12, 1949, 28,000 - August 11, 1949, 19,000 - November 17, 1950, 25,000 - July 16, 1951, in including due to the reduction of the limit of Special Deal No. 7 by 6 thousand. The Council of Ministers ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs in April - March 1954 to import 3,000 prisoners of the "special contingent" (convicted under article 58) and 1,000 prisoners of the general contingent.
National composition of prisoners
The national composition of the prisoners of Steplag [2] was as follows:
| No. | Nationality | number | %% | No. | Nationality | number | %% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | Ukrainians | 9596 | 46.36 | 18 | Turkmens | 76 | 0.38 |
| 2 | Lithuanians | 2690 | 13.0 | nineteen | Ingush | 56 | 0.27 |
| 3 | Russians | 2661 | 12.86 | 20 | Chinese | 55 | 0.27 |
| four | Latvians | 1074 | 5.19 | 21 | Tajiks | 54 | 0.26 |
| five | Belarusians | 878 | 4.24 | 22 | Koreans | 52 | 0.25 |
| 6 | Estonians | 873 | 4.22 | 23 | Kyrgyz | 50 | 0.24 |
| 7 | Poles | 379 | 1.83 | 24 | Japanese | thirty | 0.14 |
| eight | Germans | 359 | 1.73 | 25 | Romanians | 24 | 0.12 |
| 9 | Kazakhs | 291 | 1.40 | 26 | Greeks | 21 | 0.10 |
| ten | Moldavians | 208 | 1,0 | 27 | Udmurts | 20 | 0.10 |
| eleven | Uzbeks | 204 | 0.99 | 28 | Iranians | 18 | 0.09 |
| 12 | Jews | 174 | 0.84 | 29th | Finns and Karelians | sixteen | 0.08 |
| 13 | Armenians | 154 | 0.74 | thirty | Bashkirs | 9 | 0.04 |
| 14 | Georgians | 132 | 0.64 | 31 | Afghans | eight | 0.04 |
| 15 | Tatars | 127 | 0.61 | 32 | Turks | eight | 0.04 |
| sixteen | Chechens | 124 | 0.60 | 33 | Mongols | 2 | 0.01 |
| 17 | Azerbaijanis | 108 | 0.52 | 34 | Other | 167 | 0.81 |
Among the so-called "others" mentioned in this table were American Norma Schickman [3] , Hungarian Ferenc Varkoni [4] , and the famous surgeon, Spaniard Julian Fuster [5] . And here is how A. Keldir camp division of those years A.E. Feldman describes [6] :
There were almost all nationalities in the camp, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Balts, many Chinese, Japanese, Germans. The countries of popular democracy were very thoroughly represented. [...]. There were many priests, but there were especially many sectarians of various kinds. The camp developed its own, unusual language. Western Ukrainians, who were in the camp after the war, the majority, taking advantage of the fact that they were understood, did not speak Russian, but only in Ukrainian. Foreigners and residents of Central Asia, who did not know the Russian language at all, gradually studied Ukrainian, considering it Russian. In general, most prisoners spoke a wild mixture of different languages and dialects, which they mistook for Russian.
The structure of the Steplag and the number of prisoners by camp departments
In the early 50s, the structure of Steplag included 9 camp departments (LO) [7] , including Baikonur (not to be confused with the cosmodrome), Karsakpay, Karazhal, Akchatau, Balkhash [8] . On June 10, 1954 there were 6 LOs in Steplag [9]
| LO number | Dislocation [7] | Men (including convicts) | Women (including convicts) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | pos. Mine-Dzhezkazgan | 5114 (13) | - | 5114 |
| 2 | pos. Transshipment | 3530 (1408) | - | 3530 |
| 3 | pos. Kengir | 3190 (10) | 2407 (134) | 5597 |
| four | pos. Krestovsky? [ten] | 1393 (359) | - | 1393 |
| five | pos. Jazd [11] | 1180 (245) | - | 1180 |
| 6 | pos. Terrorist Acts [12] | 2270 (17) | 1614 (0) | 3384 |
Work in progress
- 1 camp division (Rudnik settlement) - mining of copper ore in mines
- 2 lagging - mining in copper mines
- 3 camp department (Kengir settlement) - the construction of an enrichment factory, a woodworking factory, a brick factory, a bakery, club area, the 6th and 10th quarters of residential buildings of the future city of Dzhezkazgan, a dairy farm [13] .
- 5 camp separation (Dzhezdy settlement) - mining of manganese ore in mines [14]
- pos. Baikonur - coal mines (from 07.29.1948 to 07.10.1950) [15]
- Ekibastuz - coal mine (from 11/11/1949 to 11/17/1950 - transferred to Peschanlag ) [15]
History
After the war, the forces of the prisoners of Steplag began the construction of an enrichment plant, a thermal power plant , the dam of the Kengir reservoir and the city of Dzhezkazgan itself . The name Steplag is from 1948 , from April 8, 1948 Colonel Alexander Chechev , formerly Deputy Minister of the Interior of the Lithuanian SSR, was appointed camp leader. At this time, the camp was serviced by the Dzhezkazgan Copper Plant of the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, prisoners worked in coal mines , in the construction of various facilities, were engaged in the development of manganese deposits. The camp’s own facilities included stone quarries, a brick factory, construction projects, and a number of other industrial and agricultural industries.
Rebellion
In May-June 1954, Steplag became the site of one of the most famous and tragic uprisings in the Gulag’s history ( Kengir prisoners uprising ), crushed with tanks . That spring, more than five thousand z / c rebelled; they demanded a meeting with a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. [sixteen]
April 24, 1956 [15] Steplag was eliminated. The camp units were transferred to the Directorate of Forced Labor Camps and Colonies (UITLK) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kazakh SSR. Many prisoners of Steplag remained in a forced settlement in the city of Dzhezkazgan and should have been regularly reported to the police.
Steplag Guide
Heads and Acting Heads
- Chechev A. A. , Colonel, from 04/08/1948 - not earlier than 04/07/1954 [15] , but on 02/25/1954 "went on a business trip" [5] and was absent for more than 3 months [17]
- Shchetinin B.A., lieutenant colonel, 02.25.1954 and. about. Chief [5] , 05/28/1954 dismissed deputy. Chief [18] , 09.16.1954 removed from office deputy. boss [19]
- Ryazanov N.P. , lieutenant colonel, not later than 05/28/1954 and. about. Chief [18] , 09.16.1954 warned of incomplete official compliance [19]
- Burdyug V.S., lieutenant colonel, from 11/11/1954 to 02/07/1956 [15]
Notes
- ↑ Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - S. 16.
- ↑ Data are given according to the "Information from the special department of the Steppe Camp of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the composition of the prisoners held in the camp" (compiled by the head of the special department, Colonel Savchenko) of the RF Civil Aviation Administration F. 9414 Op. 1, D. 228. L. 171-173. According to the publisher: Kokurin A.I. Uprising in Steplag. // Domestic archives. - 1994. - No. 4. - S. 33-82. (with addition)
- ↑ Formozov N.A. Kengir: 40 days and 50 years. // Newspaper “October 30”. - No. 44. - 2004. - S. 1.
- ↑ Kengir uprising. Documents and memories. / Comp .: M. Craveri, N. Formozov. // Will. Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. - 1994. - No. 2/3. - S. 365—369.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - P. 38.
- ↑ Feldman A.E. Ordinary business. - M .: Memorial. 1993 .-- 63 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - P. 17.
- ↑ Nikolaev V. New Secrets of Steplag. // Dzhezkazgan truth. - 1990. - August 7. - S. 2.
- ↑ Data are given for: “Information from the special department of the Steppe Camp of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the composition of the prisoners held in the camp” (compiled by the head of the special department, Colonel Savchenko) of the RF GA, F. 9414 Op. 1, D. 228. L. 171-173. According to the publisher: Kokurin A.I. Uprising in Steplag. // Domestic archives. - 1994. - No. 4. - S. 33-82. (with additions)
- ↑ According to other sources: pos. Dzhezdy ( Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. “... Disobedience must be stopped.” - Alamaaty: Fund XXI century, 2004. - P. 17, but see Kengir uprising. Documents and memoirs. / Comp. M. Craveri, N. Formozov // Volya. Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. - 1994. - No. 2/3. - S. 340.
- ↑ Kengir uprising. Documents and memories. / Comp. M. Craveri, N. Formozov. // Will. Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. 1994. No. 2/3. - S. 340. According to other sources: pos. Terekty - Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - P. 17.
- ↑ According to other sources: pos. East Kounrad (near Balkhash) - Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - P. 17.
- ↑ Allaniyazov T., Naimushina O. "... Disobedience must be stopped." - Alamaats: Fund XXI Century, 2004. - S. 22.
- ↑ Kengir uprising. Documents and memories. / Comp. M. Craveri, N. Formozov. // Will. Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. - 1994. - No. 2/3. - S. 341.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Steplag in the Memorial Directory
- ↑ The Situation newspaper, No. 25 January 2009, p. 3, http://avtonom.org/files/situazion/situazion25.pdf
- ↑ History of the Stalinist Gulag. Riots, riots and strikes of prisoners. - T. 6. - M .: ROSSPEN. - S. 634.
- ↑ 1 2 History of the Stalin Gulag. Riots, riots and strikes of prisoners. - T. 6. - M .: ROSSPEN. - S. 606.
- ↑ 1 2 History of the Stalin Gulag. Riots, riots and strikes of prisoners. - T. 6. - M .: ROSSPEN. - S. 635.