Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich

Born in 1884 in Kiev. His father, Ivan Fedorovich Shmalgauzen (1849-1894) - a well-known botanist, professor at St. Petersburg and Kiev universities, died early.

I.I.Schmalgauzen graduated from the First Kiev Gymnasium in 1901. Then he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of St. Vladimir . Lectures by Professor A. N. Severtsov contributed to I. I. Schmalhausen's fascination with comparative anatomy. In 1905, as a university student, he served as assistant professor Severtsov at the Higher Women's Courses . Student work dedicated to Schmalhausen studying the development of limbs in amphibians received a gold medal. Studied I.I. Schmalhausen intermittently. At first he was expelled from the university for participating in student unrest, but then again admitted to the university, but the revolution that soon began (1905-1907) led to the temporary closure of the university. And only in 1907, Schmalhausen received a diploma from Kiev University.

In 1910, on the recommendation of A. N. Severtsov, I. I. Shmalgauzen was approved as a full-time laboratory assistant at the zoological laboratory.

In 1912, A.N. Severtsov took the position of professor of comparative anatomy at Moscow University , which was vacated after M.A. Menzbir's resignation , and invited I.I. From 1913 to 1918, I.I. Shmalgauzen held the post of assistant professor at the Department of Moscow University, which was headed by A. N. Severtsov.

Since 1918 - professor at Voronezh University .

Since 1921 - professor at Kiev University.

Since 1935 - academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences .

In 1939 - 1948 - professor at Moscow University, headed the department of Darwinism , organized by him. Among other "Mendelian-Weisman-Morganist" Order of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR dated August 23, 1948 No. 1208 "On the status of teaching biological disciplines at universities and on measures to strengthen biological faculties with qualified personnel of Michurin biologists" was dismissed "as an active the struggle against the Michurinians and the Michurin teachings and which did not ensure the education of Soviet youth in the spirit of advanced Michurin biology ” ^[3] .

In 1930 - 1941 - Director of the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR .

In 1936-1948 - Director of the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology, USSR Academy of Sciences . After the election of I. I. Shmalgauzen as an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the same year he was appointed director of the K. A. Timiryazev Biological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as the director of the laboratory of experimental zoology and morphology. These two scientific institutions were combined in 1936, and the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology was created on their basis, which after the death of A. N. Severtsov began to be called his name.

After the death of A. N. Severtsov in 1936, I. I. Shmalgauzen became the recognized leader of Soviet evolutionary morphologists and embryologists.

In 1936, a participant in the IV Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Kiev.

Since 1938, I. I. Shmalgauzen - Head of the Department of Darwinism at Moscow State University.

In 1948-1955, he was a senior research fellow at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences .

In 1955 he signed the " Letter of Three Hundred ." He criticized the views of T. Lysenko.

In 1955-1963 - Head of the Embryology Laboratory of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1961, Ivan Ivanovich became seriously ill. In the hospital, he completed the manuscript of the book “Regulation of shaping in individual development”. After leaving the hospital in 1962, Schmalhausen worked hard, despite his poor health, and during 1962-1963 he completed the monograph “The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates,” which had begun even before the illness. It gives a complete and harmonious picture of the transition of vertebrates from aquatic to terrestrial life. At the same time, Ivan Ivanovich began to write a book on the use of cybernetics in biology, but in the autumn of 1963 the disease worsened and Schmalhausen died.

theoretical, descriptive, experimental studies on:

• evolutionary morphology
• the study of the processes of growth of organisms
• in comparative anatomy and embryology
• phenogenetics and shaping
• the origin of terrestrial vertebrates
• factors, paths, patterns of evolution
• bio-cybernetics.

• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (06/10/1945)
• Darwin Medal of the German Academy of Naturalists Leopoldina (1958)
• Gold Medal named after I.I. Mechnikov (1963)
• Prize named after A.O. Kovalevsky (1964)

• Schmalhausen I. I. Fundamentals of comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Gos. ed. [1923]. VIII + 425 s (The book withstood 4 editions, the last in 1947)
• Schmalhausen I. I. The organism as a whole in individual and historical development. M.-L. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1938. 144 p.
• Schmalhausen I. I. Ways and patterns of the evolutionary process. M.-L. From the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. On the stove in Moscow 1939.232 s.
• Schmalhausen I.I. Evolution factors (stabilizing selection theory). M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 16th type. Polygraphbook Trust in Moscow, 1946.339 s.
• Schmalhausen II Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection, Blakiston, Philadelphia (1949)
• Schmalhausen I. I. Cybernetic questions of biology / Under the general. ed. and with the foreword. R. L. Berg and A. A. Lyapunov. Novosibirsk, Science, Sib. branch. 1968.22 s.
• Schmalhausen I. I. Issues of Darwinism: Unpubl. work / ed. I.M. Medvedev; Repl. ed. A.V. Ivanov, E.I. Vorobyev; M. Science, 1990 158 pp.

• The Department of General Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences for outstanding work on the problems of evolutionary biology awards the I. I. Schmalhausen Prize .
• Kiev Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine bears the name of Ivan Ivanovich Shmalgauzen;
• The Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine established the I. I. Schmalhausen Prize.

in Russian

• Schmalhausen O. Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen, (1884-1963). M .: Nauka , 1988.
• Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich // Sherwood - Yaya. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - P. 62. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 35). - ISBN 978-5-85270-373-6 .

in other languages

• Levit GS, Hossfeld U, Olsson L. 2006. From the “Modern Synthesis” to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (1884-1963) and his research program for a synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology (From “modern synthesis” to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen, (1884-1963) and his research program for the synthesis of evolutionary biology and developmental biology) // Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B, 2, 89-106

• Profile of I. I. Schmalhausen on the official website of the RAS
• Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich on the site Biography.ru
• Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich (04/23/1884 - 10/07/1963) // Site of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• NAS of Ukraine Institute of Zoology named after I.I.Schmalhausen