Constitution of Singapore

The Constitution of Singapore consists of 14 parts and 163 articles.

• I. Preliminary provisions
• II. Republic and Constitution
• III. Protection of the sovereignty of the Republic of Singapore
• IV. Fundamental freedoms
• * Article 9: right to life and personal liberty
• * Article 10: prohibition of slavery and forced labor
• * Article 11: protection against criminal retroactive laws and repeated trials
• * Article 12: right to equality and equal protection
• * Article 13: prohibition of exile and the right to freedom of movement
• * Article 14: right to freedom of speech, assembly and association
• * Article 15: right to freedom of religion
• * Article 16: the right to equality in education
• V. Government
• VI. Legislature
• VII. The Presidential Council on Minority Rights
• Viii. Judicial system
• IX.Public service
• X. Citizenship
• Xi. Financial standards
• XII. Special powers against sabotage and emergency powers
• Xiii. General norms
• Xiv. Transitional norms.

Since 1965, when the Singapore Constitution came into force, 46 amendments have been made to it. The most important ones are listed below.

• 1965 year. The constitution was adopted by a simple majority of the Singaporean MPs .
• 1970 year. To protect the rights of racial and religious minorities in Singapore, a Presidential Council was created. ^[2] In 1973, he was renamed the Council for Minority Rights under the President of Singapore .
• 1979 year. The procedure for amending the Constitution was changed - for this, a qualified majority was introduced (two-thirds of the votes of parliamentarians in the second and third readings of the bill) ^[3] .
• 1984 year. The institute of the so-called Non-constituency Member of Parliament was introduced (NCMPs) - representatives of parties that have not passed parliament but enjoy the majority of the rights of members of parliament, except for the right to vote when amending the Constitution of the country or vote of confidence in the government. ^[4] .
• 1988 year. The institute Group Representation Constituency was introduced (GRCs) ^[5] . This is a special type of constituency in Singapore, whose deputies are elected to parliament as a group, and at least one member of each GRC must be a representative of a minority (Indian, Malay, etc.) ^[6] .
• 1990 year. The institute of appointed deputies of the parliament was introduced - a quota of parliamentarians who are not members of political parties, who are personally appointed by the president of Singapore to increase the number of independent votes in parliament ^[7] .
• 1991 year. The Constitution introduced a new procedure for the election of the country's president - from now on, he was elected by popular vote ^[8] .
• 1994 year. The Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Singapore was established as a mechanism for preventing conflicts between the president and the cabinet on constitutional issues ^[9] .

• Constitution of Singapore