Oscar Drude ( German Carl Georg Oscar Drude , 1852 - 1933 ) - German botanist , ecologist and geobotanist .
| Carl Georg Oscar Drude | |
|---|---|
| him. Carl Georg Oscar Drude | |
| Birth name | |
| Date of Birth | June 5, 1852 |
| Place of Birth | Braunschweig , Germany |
| Date of death | February 1, 1933 (aged 80) |
| Place of death | Dresden , Germany |
| A country | |
| Scientific field | botany, ecology |
| Place of work | |
| Alma mater | |
| Known as | substantiator of the law of relative constancy of habitat |
| Taxonomy of wildlife | |
|---|---|
The author of the names of a number of botanical taxa . In the botanical ( binary ) nomenclature, these names are supplemented by the abbreviation " Drude " . List of such taxa on the IPNI website Personal page on IPNI website |
He divided the vegetation of the globe into six botanical and geographical zones, or regions, from a climatic point of view, and into 14 floristic kingdoms , grouped by composition and origin of vegetation into boreal , tropical, and southern groups.
Established the "law of relative constancy of habitat":
Many plants, especially near the borders of their range , by changing habitat give out the reason for the cessation of its distribution in a certain direction. So, northern plants or plants of high mountain regions are looking in the warm border areas of their range for the moist shade of forests , which indicates that an increase in insolation and an increase in transpiration in this regard prevent their growth; on the other hand, it is possible to observe, for example, that plants that have a northwestern boundary of growth in northwestern Germany tend to find dry and hot habitats open to the sun in the most extreme, extended to the northwest boundary points, due to which fall into conditions close to the familiar continental climate conditions. So in each region, in the local configuration of the terrain, climate types that are widespread in another region are repeated [1] .
Content
Path in Science
Since 1870, he studied natural sciences and chemistry at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig , and since 1871 - at the University of Gottingen , received a doctorate there in 1874.
Since 1876 he was a privat-docent of botany at the University of Gottingen. He was an assistant to Augustus Grisebach .
From 1879 to 1921 - professor of botany at the Dresden Higher Technical School (later - Botanical Institute of the Dresden Technical University ).
Drude wrote a number of articles on botanical geography , in 1890 summarizing his observations with the experience of general plant geography in the book Handbuch der Pflanzen geographie [2] .
From 1906 to 1907 - rector of the Dresden Technical University .
Founder and director of the Botanical Garden in Dresden .
Oscar Drude introduced into scientific use the scale of plant abundance ( Drude scale or the Gult-Drude scale), which shows the abundance and projective coverage of plant individuals by eye estimation in points using the approximate value of the projective cover (in percent): individually - up to 0.16; a little - 0.80; quite a lot - 4; a lot - 20; a lot - up to 20; plentifully - up to 100% [3] .
The system of plant life forms of Drude, introduced in 1913, was predominantly physiognomic, however, it emphasized the dependence of plant appearance on the climate , the importance of biological traits [4] .
Drude distinguished the following classes of plant formations: forests; forests interspersed with shrubs ( German: Gebüsche ); Shrubs perennial formations; grassy fields ( German: Grasfluren ); steppes; rock vegetation; mosses; swamp formations; fluid water formations; pond formations and organic formations [5] .
Drude counted fifteen floristic kingdoms on Earth (while Skou counted 22 kingdoms, and Engler only four) [6] .
Drude united floristic kingdoms into several groups that differ from each other in important floristic features [7] . Among them:
- boreal - here he attributed most of the Old World , with the exception of tropical Africa and the Indian region , and all of North America to the tropic of Capricorn
- Starotropic group of the Old World
- America's Novotropic group
- the Australian group, which includes the Andean and Antarctic regions of America, the Cape region , New Holland , with the exception of the northern coast, and New Zealand with the Antarctic islands.
Along with the distribution of vegetation into floristic kingdoms and plant areas, Drude established six plant zones characterized by floristic and climatic features. These plant zones largely coincide with the Keppen thermal zones. In Druda, starting from north to south, there are the following vegetation zones [8] :
- Northern Arctic, or tundra zone. Typical vegetative forms for this zone are shrubs and herbaceous perennials with a short growing season, mosses and lichens. Drude indicates the absence of trees and real shrubs, the absence of biennial grasses and the almost complete absence of annuals. Freshwater vegetation is almost completely devoid of flowering plants here. Succulents, epiphytes, parasites, and lianas likewise do not have representatives in this zone. The growing season lasts in this zone for only 3 months. Mountainous countries of the northern hemisphere, where the growing season is reduced to the same period of time, have a similar flora. Such, for example, is the vegetation of the Tibetan Plateau, which rises in many places above 5,000 meters.
- A zone of coniferous and greening trees only in summer, as well as greening swamps and meadows in summer. This zone extends from the northern limit of forests to the strip where evergreen deciduous trees and shrubs dominate in the forests. In treeless areas, the zone reaches meadows burning in summer. The vegetation break in this zone is caused only by winter frosts and the presence of snow cover. The entire growing season lasts from 3 to 7 months, and the vegetation reaches its highest development in July. Of the plant forms for this zone, the most characteristic are trees and shrubs with leaves falling for the winter, as well as evergreen conifers. In addition, shrubs and perennials, mosses and lichens are found here in a greater variety than in the first zone; a variety of one- and biennial herbs, flowering freshwater plants, etc. appear here. This zone quite accurately coincides with the Keppenovskoye northern “cold zone” (1–4 months with a moderate temperature, the rest are cold) and with the nearest more southern zone, characterized by moderate summers and cold winters.
- The northern zone of evergreen shrubs, deciduous and coniferous trees interspersed with tree species that lose foliage for the winter, as well as steppes and deserts sultry during the summer. Adjacent to the previous one, this zone stretches south to the tropical zone. It is characterized by evergreen deciduous trees and shrubs. Conifers of this zone are poorly adapted to tolerate frost. Numerous succulents and leafless plants, as well as bulbous perennials, are very common in this zone.
- Zone of tropical evergreens or leaves whose leaves fall in the dry. This zone covers all countries in which there is no winter rest caused by the cold. The growing season lasts all year round or only part of the year, depending on the distribution of precipitation during the year. A mass of special vegetative forms. These include primarily large-leaved "bouquet-like" trees (with a bunch of leaves at the top, such as palm trees, pandanuses, etc.), the growth of which is possible only in this climate. Trees deciduous only in the rainy season, as well as peculiar grassy perennials like a banana, are also characteristic of this zone. Thickets of mangrove trees grow along the seashores; forests are rich in vines, epiphytes; tree parasites and saprophytes, as well as succulent plants, are represented here very richly. This zone captures the Keppen tropical zone, and from the subtropical zones those parts in which the temperature below 20 ° lasts no more than 4 months.
- The southern zone of evergreen and periodically deciduous trees, evergreen and thorny shrubs and steppes drying out in summer. Of the countries lying south of the tropical zone, this zone includes everything except the southern tip of South America (approximately 46 ° south latitude) and islands (Kerguelen, Malvinov Islands) lying south of 48 °, as well as the Andean plateau and mountainous areas Tasmania and New Zealand, which belong to the next zone. The vegetation period is interrupted here in the southern part by July cold, and in the northern part the vegetation freezes in the summer during the January heat. This zone corresponds to the entire southern Keppenov belt with moderate summers and cold winters, as well as the remainder of the subtropical southern zone.
- Antarctic zone of evergreen low shrubs and periodic herbaceous vegetation. This zone includes the remnants of the land of the southern hemisphere, listed in the characterization of the previous zone. It coincides with the Keppenovsky southern cold belt and does not reach the southern polar zone. In addition to the characteristic vegetation already listed in the name of the zone, here we must also mention, as in the far north, mosses and lichens covering the soil and stones.
Named after Drude
- Drudeophytum JMCoult. & Rose (1900) from the Umbrella family : now considered a synonym for the genus Tauschia Schltdl.
- From 1961 to 1964, the Drudea Botanical Magazine was published in Germany
Printed Works
- him. Drude O. Die Biologie von Monotropa hypopitys L. und Neottia nidus avis L. Göttingen, 1873
- him. Drude O. Die Anwendung physiologischer Gesetze zur Erklärung der Vegetationslinien. - Göttingen: A. Breithaupt, 1876
- him. Drude O. Ausgewählte Beispiele der Fruchtbildung bei den Palmen. // Botanische Zeitung, 1877
- him. Drude O. Cyclanthaceae , Palmae in Martii Flora Brasiliensis. München, 1881–1882 [9] .
- him. Drude O. Die insektenfressenden Pflanzen, in Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik, 1881
- him. Drude O. Die Morphologie der Phanerogamen, in Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik, 1881
- him. Drude O. Die Florenreiche der Erde. Gotha, 1884
- him. Drude O. Die systematische und geographische Anordnung der Phanerogamen, in Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik, 1887
- him. Drude O. Atlas der Pflanzenverbreitung // Berghaus' Physikal. Atlas, V, Gotha, 1887 [10]
- him. Drude O. Über die Prinzipien in der Unterscheidung von Vegetationsformationen, erläutert an der erlautern an der zentraleuropäischen Flora // Botanische Jahrbuch. 1890. Bd 11. S. 21–51
- him. Drude O. Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn, 1890
- him. Drude O. Deutschlands Pflanzengeographie, 1896
- him. Drude O. Der Hercynische Florenbezirk. In: Engler und Drude. Die Vegetation der Erde, VI. Leipzig, 1904
- him. Drude O. Die Ökologie der Pflanzen, 1913
In a large botanical essay by Engler and Prantl, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Drude processed two such large plant families as Palm and Umbrella .
Literature
- him. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Oscar Drude. Heinrich, Dresden 1932
Notes
- ↑ Cit. by: Joseph Schmithausen . The general geography of vegetation. - M .: Progress, 1966, p. 74.
- ↑ Botanical Geography // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Environmental Dictionary - Scale of Plant Abundance (Retrieved April 28, 2009)
- ↑ Life form of plants - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Plant formations // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Floristic kingdoms // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Geography of plants // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Plant Areas // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ C 86 tables.
- ↑ 8 cards.
Links
- Drude, Oscar // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Proceedings of Oscar Drude and literature about him at the Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (inaccessible link) (German) (Retrieved April 28, 2009)