White (Kama tributary)

The source is located in the swamps east of Mount Iremel , the second largest peak in the South Urals, located in the northeast of the Beloretsky district of Bashkortostan. It starts at the foot of the Avalyak ridge at an altitude of 744 meters, near the village of Novokhusainovo, Uchalinsky district . In the upper reaches of the banks of the Belaya are swampy. Below the village of Tyrlyansk, the valley narrows sharply, in some areas its slopes are steep, steep, covered with forest. Below the confluence of the right tributary of the Nugush River, as it reaches the plain, the valley gradually expands; after the confluence of the Ufa River, Belaya is a typically flat river.

Flowing along a vast floodplain teeming with old people , the river forms many bends and breaks into branches. The right bank is usually more elevated than the left.

The food of the river is mainly snowy. The average annual water discharge at Birsk is 858 m³ / s, at the mouth - 950 m³ / s. The river freezes, as a rule, in the second half of November; it opens in mid-April.

About 60% of the annual runoff occurs during the spring flood (an average of 75 days). The average start date for the flood: April 10 , end: July 23 . During floods, the turbidity reaches 900 mg / L (the rest of the time about 50 mg / L).

Tributaries with a length of more than 100 km: Ashkadar, Base, Bir, Fast Tanyp, Dema, Zilim, Karmasan, Kuganak, Nugush, Sim, Xun, Uzyan, Urshak, Ufa, Chermasan.

Flora

Belaya shores are mainly occupied by steppe natural communities , forests (mostly broad-leaved ) are found only in places. In the middle reaches, the riverbanks are mostly covered with poplars , willows , and rose hips . Blackberries grow in large quantities along the banks of the river.

Fauna

Perch , common roach , pike , chub , bleak, catfish , burbot , ruff , bream , silver bream , sterlet , gudgeon , pike perch , trout (in the upper reaches), asp , ide , grayling , taimen (almost gone), dace , czech , podust , bruise , rudd , eye , rotan , crucian carp .

(km from the mouth; river lengths greater than 100 km are indicated)

An important waterway of Bashkortostan . The river is accessible for navigation from Tabinsky (656 km). Regular communication is provided from Ufa . Belaya is an integral part of the Moscow - Ufa waterway, along which tourist trips are organized.

It is planned to build a cascade of three hydroelectric facilities: in 2003 the first Yumaguzinsky reservoir was built, in 2005 the last unit of the Yumaguzinsky hydroelectric station was launched. In recent years, the river has become shallow as a result of the construction of this reservoir.

Water from the river is widely used for watering gardens, and is rarely used as drinking water. Use for industrial production ( Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat , etc.) is limited, enterprises are switching to closed cycles of water use.

In the near future, it is planned to change the channel and deepen the 23-kilometer section of the river from the village of Gruzdevka, Ilishevsky district of Bashkiria, to the village of Azyakul, Aktanyshsky district of Tatarstan. This major infrastructure project has already been funded by 25 million rubles. by order of the acting Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan Radiy Khabirova . The purpose of the work is to get the opportunity to export grain to the river-sea class vessels through this waterway. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Bridges

Numerous bridges are thrown across the river, the largest of which are automobile and railway bridges in Ufa.

Administrative Borders

The Belaya River (including the floodplain estuary) flows through the territory or along the border of the following areas:

• areas of Bashkortostan - Arkhangelsk , Aurgazinsky , Beloretsky , Birsky , Annunciation , Buraevsky , Burzyansky , Gafursky , Dyurtyulinsky , Iglinsky , Ilishevsky , Ishimbaysky , Karmaskalinsky , Krasnokamsky , Kugarchimsky , Ulitsa , Ulyufimazinsky , Kulyufazy , Ulyufazy , Ulyanovsk Agidel district , mountains. Kumertau district , mountains. Salavat district , mountains. District Sterlitamak , mountains. Ufa district ;
• Aktanyshsky district of Tatarstan;
• Karakulinsky district of Udmurtia .

Settlements

Cities on Belaya (from the source): Beloretsk , Meleuz , Salavat , Ishimbay , Sterlitamak , Ufa , Blagoveshchensk , Birsk , Dyurtyuli , Agidel .

The name Volga , in ancient times Idel (Itil; Bashk. Iel ), did not coincide with modern meaning; it was believed that the Idel River begins at the confluence of the Ak-Idel and Kara-Idel rivers ( Ufa river ) ^[9] . Consequently, the Agidel River was considered current only until modern Ufa . Idel’s form was preserved in Bashkir folklore and colloquial speech ^[10] .

In the 16th – 17th centuries, the form of Belaya Volozhka was fixed in Russian historical and geographical literature ^[11] . In particular, a similar form is recorded in the " Book of the Big Drawing " of 1627 ^[12] .

The Russian name Belaya is similar to the Bashkir Aғiҙel or Tatar Agyydel - a white river that dates back to the Turkic ak - white and the ancient Turkic idel - water, river. Thus, as it were, the two rivers of this locality are contrasted, Belaya-Agizel - the White River and Ufa - Karaidel ( Bashk. Kariҙel ), which means “black river”, which is possibly due to the color orientation of the cardinal points, the Belaya River flows from the south , and Ufa - from the north ^{[13] [14]} .

Types of the river are presented in the paintings of the artists A. Тю. Tyulkin “In the homeland of Nesterov”, “Trunilovka”, “Ice drift” and others ^[15] , B. F. Domashnikov “Morning on the White”, “On the White River”.

The river is sung in the poems of the poets A. Filippov, S. Kulibay and in the song of the DDT group “Agidel (White River)”.

On pre-revolutionary postcards

The upper reaches of the Belaya River is a popular water tourism destination.

Since the river is very long, a lot of sights are found along its banks. These are the former ironworks Beloretsk and Kagi , a large number of caves in the upper reaches (including Kapova cave ), the former salt pier of Sterlitamak and the fortress of Tabyn .

According to the state water register of Russia, it belongs to the Kama Basin District , the water sector of the river is Belaya from the source to the Arsky Kamer gauging station , and the river sub-basin is Belaya. The river basin of the river is Kama .

The code of the object in the state water register is 10010200112111100016731 ^[4] .

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  The middle course of the river. Entrance to the Kapova cave

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  White in the middle course

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  White Embankment in Ufa

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  White in the city of Ishimbay

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  White in Salavat

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  The average course of the river

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  Barges on Belaya near Birsk

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  Barges on Belaya near Birsk

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• Article in the Bashkir Encyclopedia
• Sitnikov G. G., Fedenko I. I. Moscow — Ufa: On the reaches of five rivers. - M .: Geografgiz, 1954. - S. 155-169. - 200 p. - 15,000 copies. (in per.)