Hetman

According to most scholars, the word "hetman" is of German origin. The Czech word “hejtman” in this case is derived from the Old High German “hauptmann” (“haupt” means “main” or “head”, “mann” is “man”), and the Polish “hetman” is from the Middle Low German “hōd-man” (in XIV - XV centuries used the option "etman", from the XV century - "hetman"). In the German language of that time, this word had the meaning "commander of an armed detachment," " captain ." In the modern armed forces of German-speaking states, the title "Hauptmann" corresponds to the rank of captain . An alternative version of the origin of the German word from Polish has few supporters.

Such borrowing is not single. Close ties between Poland and the German states led to the mass entry of words of German origin, mainly military and administrative subjects, into the Polish language.

From the end of the 13th century until 1918, the governor of the Czech king in Moravia held the title of Moravian Zemsky hetman ( Czech Moravský zemský hejtman ).

In the Czech Republic during the Hussite Wars hetman ( Czech hejtman ) was called the commander of the army of the taborites . The first tabor hetman was Jan ижižka in 1420 . In fact, he was the commander in chief, although formally he was only one of the four hetmans.

After the administrative reform of 2000, which divided the Czech Republic into regions, the head of the region ( Czech krajský hejtman ) is called the hetman.

In the Commonwealth, the hetman ( Polish hetman ) was the commander of the army, and obeyed only the king. He first appeared in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in 1497 ), in the Kingdom of Poland - in 1503 . Initially, the title of hetman was given only to military commanders for the period of hostilities , but since 1581 it has become permanent. Since the 16th century , there have been four hetman titles in the Commonwealth: two for Lithuania (“Lithuanian hetmans”) and two for Poland itself, “ Crowns ” (“Polish hetmans” or “Crown hetmans”).

Full names of the titles of “Lithuanian Hetmans”: Lithuanian Great Hetman and his deputy - Lithuanian Full Hetman (the title was established in 1521 , “field” hetman). Titles of titles of Polish Hetmans: The Great Hetman Crown and his deputy - Full Hetman Crown (the title was established in 1529 ). The hetmans had broad powers in the military sphere.

The first “Polish Hetman” is considered to be Svyatoslav Kolomiyets, a landowner from the Kolomiyets clan who owned land a little further from Warsaw.

In 1776, the rights of hetmans were limited to the creation of the military department of the Permanent Council .

Hetman titles lasted until the very end of the Commonwealth and were abolished only in 1795 with its third division .

After the creation of the registered Cossack army in 1572 , his superior was called "The Hetman of his Royal Majesty the Zaporizhzhya Army " ^[2] . The hetman title was also used by the leaders of the Cossack movements, not subordinate to the government of the Commonwealth. After the suppression of the Cossack and peasant uprisings of 1637 - 1638, the title of hetman of the registered Cossacks was abolished.

In 1648, an uprising began in Ukraine ( 1648 - 1654 ). Hetman was proclaimed Bogdan Khmelnitsky . After the Pereyaslav Rada with Russia (1654), the Zaporizhzhya Army is part of the Russian Empire .

After the death of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the Hetmanism split: some of the Cossacks went over to the side of the hetman Ivan Vygovsky, the protege of the Commonwealth, some remained faithful to the Russian kingdom and resisted Vygovsky, as a result of which the lower Cossacks began to submit to the hetman only formally. According to the results of military operations, which were proceeding with varying success, in 1667 the split of the South Russian lands along the banks of the Dnieper was consolidated. Until 1704, there was a hetman on the Right Bank and the Left Bank ("Hetman of the left bank of the Dnieper" and, accordingly, "Hetman of the right bank of the Dnieper"). In 1669, the hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine Petro Doroshenko passed into the citizenship of the Turkish Sultan , having received hereditary power for this. After the Turks invaded Ukraine, the Poles made peace with the Sultan of Buchach , according to which they abandoned the Right Bank. The Orthodox population of the right bank of the Dnieper massively fled to the left. In 1674, the left-bank hetman Ivan Samoilovich, along with the governor Romodanovsky, crossed the Dnieper; in the same year, the Rada proclaimed him hetman of both banks of the Dnieper, but Turks and Tatars entered the war on the side of Doroshenko. Hetmanism could not be united, and the Right Bank was temporarily empty and lost its strategic importance.

In 1696, the Kiev governor, Prince Baryatinsky, received a letter from the old-Duban resident of Suslov, in which he wrote: “The initial people are now all Poles in the Little Russian army . Under Obidovsky , Mazepa’s nephew, there is not a single Cossack servant. The Cossacks have a great complaint against the hetmans , colonels and centurions that, in order to eradicate the old Cossacks, their previous liberties took them all away, turned them into citizenship, and they all took the lands apart. From which Cossacks first sat down to serve one and a half hundred, now only five or six people come out. The hetman keeps in his mercy and charity only hunting regiments , companionable and hearty regiments , hoping for their loyalty, and in these regiments there is not a single person of a natural Cossack, all Poles ... ”

- S. M. Soloviev - “History of Russia”, vol. XIV. M 1962, Prince VII, pp. 597-598

In 1704, the left-bank hetman Ivan Mazepa , taking advantage of the uprising against the Commonwealth and the invasion of Poland by Poland, occupied the Right Bank, uniting Ukraine. In the fall of 1708, the hetman Mazepa switched to the side of the invading Swedish troops, but was not supported by the bulk of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Once again elected in 1708 by hetman, Ivan Skoropadsky remained a loyal ally of Russia.

Gradually the power of the hetman weakened; for some periods hetmans were not appointed. Hetmanism was finally abolished by Catherine II in 1764 .

During April - December 1918, the head of the Ukrainian state, Pavel Skoropadsky , had the title of hetman. After the establishment of the Ukrainian Directory in Ukraine, Pavel Skoropadsky resigned as hetman, emigrated to Germany, where he died in the city of Potsdam in May 1945 during a US air raid. Until 1954, his son Danilo was considered by his supporters in London and Munich to be the legitimate heir to the hetman's title (“hetman”).

January 22, 2005, the day before the inauguration of the President, Yushchenko was named the Hetman of Ukraine. The monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Kiev was changed by the addition of the Yushchenko memorial stone. Viktor Andreevich was appointed hetman of the Cossacks at a time when he was no longer in the ranks of the Cossacks, as he had been expelled from them a year earlier because he had ceased to pay membership dues. Also, a year before Yushchenko’s appointment, he was “deprived of the Cossack military rank of Yesaul General and military decorations” ^[3] .

In the Moldavian principality, the hetman ( rum. Hatman ) was the second senior commander (after the governor ). He entered the sofa - advice under the ruler, was the keeper of the princely sword and club . In addition, he was a pyrkalab ( rum. Pârcălab , the head of the fortress) and portar ( rum. Portar , a high dignitary under the ruler, responsible for guarding the castle gates and also serving as an interpreter at the reception of foreign embassies) Suceava , the capital of the principality. The hetman could even hold the post of Great Spetar ( rum. Mare spătar - commander in chief). The name of the title was borrowed from the Commonwealth.

• Getmans of Ukraine
• Hetmans of the Commonwealth
• Hetmanism

• Hetman // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.