Elements of damage to the oral mucosa

The rashes that we can observe on the skin and mucous membrane (hereinafter referred to as CO) are composed of individual elements. They can be combined into groups:

• discoloration of the mucosa;
• change in surface topography;
• limited accumulation of fluid;
• layering on the surface;
• defects of CO.

The elements of defeat themselves are divided into:

• primary;
• secondary.

Primary elements are those elements that arise on unchanged CO. Secondary elements - are the result of transformation or damage to existing elements.

If a formation of identical primary elements appears on CO, then this formation is called monomorphic. And if from different - a polymorphic rash. Knowing all the elements of the lesion makes it possible to correctly navigate in a large number of diseases of SOPR and lips. If the clinical picture of local changes is correctly compared with the state of the whole organism and environmental factors, both on the affected area and on the organism as a whole, it becomes possible to make a correct diagnosis .

they include:

• Spot;
• nodule;
• node;
• tubercle;
• vial
• bubble;
• abscess;
• cyst.

Spot

( lat. - macula) is a limited color change of SOPR. A spot never violates the relief of CO, this implies that it never rises above the level of CO. The color of the spot can be different, depending on the reasons for its appearance. Distinguish:

• vascular stains;
• dark spots;
• stains due to deposition of coloring matter in CO.

A vascular stain may occur due to temporary vasodilation and inflammation. Inflammatory spots have different shades, more often red than blue. If you press on such a spot, it will disappear, but will appear after the cessation of pressure on it. (Diascopy method, carried out by pressing a glass plate on the lesion element.)

Erythema

- a spot that does not have clear contours, unlimited.

Roseola

- small erythema, ranging in size from 1.5 mm to 10 mm in diameter. has a limited outline. Roseola is observed in infectious diseases, such as measles , scarlet fever , typhoid , and syphilis .

Hemorrhages

- spots that appear due to a violation of the integrity of the vascular wall. The color depends on the stage of decomposition of the blood pigment. It can be red, cyanotic red, green, yellowish, etc. The spots can be of various sizes, it does not disappear when pressed. Hemorrhagic spots resolve and disappear without leaving a trace. Petechiae - point hemorrhages. Ecchymoses are large hemorrhages.

Teleangiectasia

- these spots appear as a result of persistent non-inflammatory expansion of blood vessels or their neoplasms . They are formed by thin sinuous vessels anastomosing between themselves. Diascopy turns a little pale.

Age spots

- appear due to deposition of coloring substances in CO. It can be both exogenous and endogenous in nature. May be congenital and acquired. Congenital pigmentation is called nevus. Acquired pigmentations are endogenous or develop in infectious diseases. Substances exogenously staining CO: smoke , drugs , chemicals, industrial dust . Pigmentation can also occur from the penetration of heavy metals and their salts into the body. Such pigmentations have a clear shape. The color from mercury is black, from silver it is black or aspid, from copper it is greenish, from zinc it is gray, from tin it is bluish-black, and from lead and bismuth it is dark gray.

Knot

( lat. -papula) - an element protruding above the surface of the mucosa, without cavity. Its infiltrate is located in the papillary layer of its own plate. The size in diameter is from 3 mm to 4 mm. The shape of the nodule can be bowling, round, semicircular, spiky. If the nodules merge, a plaque forms. With the reverse development of the nodule, no trace remains.

Node

( lat. -nodus) is a limited compaction that reaches the submucosal layer. The size of the knot can be from hazelnut to chicken egg . Their formation may be a consequence of the inflammatory process, malignant and benign tumor growth, or deposition of calcium and cholesterol in the tissue. Inflammatory nodes are characterized by rapid growth. The reverse development of nodes depends on their nature. The result may be resorption, necrotization, fusion with the formation of an ulcer, and then a deep scar.

Lump

( lat. -tuberculum) - a cathodic element, rounded, infiltrative. its size can be up to a pea. Speaks at the level of CO. Infiltrate is found on all layers of the mucosa. Initially, the tubercle is similar to a nodule. A feature of the tubercle is that its central part, if not all of it, is necrotic. The consequence of this is the formation of an ulcer, which is scarred. If the tubercle dissolves without violating the integrity of the epithelium, the result is cicatricial atrophy. They have the ability to group. These primary elements are inherent in lupus erythematosus, tertiary syphilis, leprosy , etc.

Bubble

( lat. -vesiculum) - is a cavity element filled with fluid. The size can be from a pin head to a pea. The contents of the bladder are often serous than hemorrhagic. It is formed in a prickly layer of the epithelium. Rashes can occur not only on a healthy, but also on a hyperemic and edematous basis. The wall of the vesicle is formed by a thin layer of epithelium. Because of this, the tire quickly ruptures, erosion forms, and fragments of the bubble remain along its edges. Often the bubbles are located as a whole group. The formation of a bubble can be the result of ballooning or vacuole dystrophy, with the development of viral diseases. With the reverse development, the vial leaves nothing in its place.

Bubble

( lat. -bulla) - an element of large sizes, up to a chicken egg. Hollow, filled with fluid. It is formed either inside the epithelium or under it. In the bladder, the bottom, tire and contents are distinguished. Exudate , as in the vesicle, can be serous and hemorrhagic. In the subepithelial bladder, the tire is thicker than the intraepithelial bladder and therefore it exists for a longer time. Erosion after blisters heal without leaving a trace.

Ulcer

( lat. -pustula) - a limited accumulation of purulent exudate. Abscesses can be either primary - appear on an unchanged mucosa and immediately fill with purulent contents of a whitish-yellow color, or secondary - arise from vesicles and blisters. Abscesses are a consequence of the action on the epithelium of toxins and enzymes, the waste products of streptococci and staphylococci . They can be both superficial and deep.

Kista

( lat. -cystis) - cavity formation. The cyst has a wall and contents. May be epithelial and retention. Retention cysts are a consequence of blockage of the excretory ducts of the mucous and salivary glands. They can be located on the palate, lips, cheek mucosa. Filled with transparent contents that can become purulent. Epithelial cysts have a connective tissue wall lined with epithelium . Content may be serous, serous-purulent, and bloody.

they include:

• erosion ;
• excoriation;
• afta ;
• an ulcer ;
• crack ;
• crust;
• scar;
• and etc.

Diseases of the oral mucosa. Danilevsky N.F., Leontiev V.K. Moscow 2001. ISBN 5-89599-018-7