California Condor [3] ( Gymnogyps californianus ) is a very rare bird species from the family of American vultures ( Cathartidae ). It is close to the South American (Andean) condor ( Vultur gryphus ), but somewhat smaller than the latter, according to other sources - the largest of the birds capable of flying [4] . It is found in the mountains of California [5] , as well as Arizona , Utah and Mexico [6] .
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Gymnogyps californianus ( Shaw , 1797) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Almost disappeared in the XX century; Since the 1980s, a program has been very successfully implemented to restore the population and study the biology of this endangered species , initiated at the San Diego Zoo [7] .
Content
Description
The wingspan is 240-305 cm [8] . There were reports of a maximum wingspan of 340 cm, but there is no documented evidence of this [8] . The body length is 109-140 cm. The weight of the bird is 7-14.1 kg [9] .
California condors have black plumage with white feathers on the underside, as well as a black collar with sharp feathers sticking out in different directions. The beak is short and strong, adapted to dismember fresh, not decomposed carrion [6] .
Nutrition
The California Condor begins its search for food in the early morning. His menu includes almost exclusively carrion. After the meal, the condor flies off to a remote peaceful place and rests for a very long time [6] [10] .
Reproduction
The egg incubation period is usually located in the first five months of the year. The nest is built on high cliffs in coastal areas. Californian condor females usually lay one white egg each . The nest is guarded by the male and female together, until after about 45 days the chick is hatched. Young condors have been patronized by their parents for a long time. Despite the fact that after three months the chicks begin to study the area around the nest, their stay in the nest lasts about six months. After that, they make their first flight attempts, always accompanied by their parents. At the age of 12 months, the chicks become independent, and from the age of three years are considered adults. Due to the long guardianship period of chicks, California condors nest only every two years [6] [10] .
Guard Status
California Condor was once common across the North American continent. Because of its magnificent flight, it was an attractive target for hunters who brought a view of the brink of extinction [10] . In 1987, when the last free condor [7] was caught, their total number was 27 individuals. However, thanks to good captive breeding, since 1992 they have again been released. In 2007, 127 California condors lived in California, Arizona, and Mexico . As of 2019, the number of individuals exceeded 500, more than half of which live in the wild [11] .
Genetics
Karyotype : about 80 chromosomes ( 2 n ) [12] .
- Molecular genetics
- The deposited nucleotide sequences in the database EntrezNucleotide , GenBank , NCBI , USA: 982 (as of February 21, 2015).
- Deposited protein sequences in the database EntrezProtein , GenBank, NCBI, USA: 7 (as of February 21, 2015).
The California condor, along with the turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ), is genetically one of the most studied representatives of the Cathartidae family.
Genome : 1.51 pg ( C-value ) [13] .
Complete genomic sequencing of the species was performed (in 2013) [14] [15] [16] . A project on conservation genomics of a California condor, carried out at the research institute of the San Diego Zoo [7] , led to the creation of a microsatellite and LHC library of the genome of this endangered species, its comparative physical and cytogenetic map [17] [18] [19] , as well as sequencing of its transcriptome [7] .
Philately and Numismatics
California condor was dedicated to the postage stamps of Angola , Benin , Gambia , Maldives , Mexico , the United Nations , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , USA , Togo , Uganda , France and Chad [20] [21] .
Condor is present at the 2005 US 25-cent coin , issued in honor of the state of California . The reverse of the coin depicts the naturalist John Muir against the backdrop of the granite rock Half Dome in the Yosemite Valley . A California condor hovers in the sky. The inscriptions read: “John Muir” (John Muir), “Yosemite Valley” (Yosemite Valley) [22] .
Photo Gallery
Head and upper body
adult condorCondor over the Grand Canyon
in arizonaSoaring condor in
Zion National Park ( Utah )Condor on the branch
Feeding the chick using a special
"Dolls" at the San Diego Zoo
See also
- American vultures
- Andean Condor
- The Condor - ornithological magazine
Notes
- ↑ Swainson W., Richardson J. The Birds // Fauna Boreali-Americana; or The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: In 3 Vols / J. Richardson. - London: John Murray, 1829-1836. - T. 2. - S. 1-3. (English) (Retrieved February 21, 2015)
- ↑ Harry H. The Annals of Gymnogyps to 1900 // The Condor: Journal. - Central Ornithology Publication Office for the Cooper Ornithological Society , 1941. - Vol. 43, no. 1 . - P. 3–55. - ISSN 0010-542 . Archived February 21, 2015. (Retrieved February 21, 2015)
- ↑ Boehme R. L. , Flint V. E. The Bilingual Dictionary of Animal Names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Ed. ed. Acad. V. E. Sokolova . - M .: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - S. 37. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0 .
- ↑ Vinokurov A.A. Rare and endangered animals. Birds: Ref. allowance / ed. V. E. Sokolova . - M .: Higher school, 1992 .-- S. 446. - 446 p. : ill. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-002116-5 .
- ↑ Knipovich N. Vultures, birds of prey // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 California Condor: Life History . All About Birds: Bird Guide . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Cornell University . Date of treatment February 21, 2015. Archived on February 6, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Romanov MN, Tuttle EM, Houck ML, Modi WS, Chemnick LG, Korody ML, Stremel Mork EM, Otten CA, Renner T., Jones KC, Dandekar S., Papp JC, Da Y., NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Green ED , Magrini V., Hickenbotham MT, Glasscock J., McGrath S., Mardis ER , Ryder OA The value of avian genomics to the conservation of wildlife (Eng.) // BMC Genomics : Journal. - London , UK : BioMed Central Ltd , Current Science Group, 2009. - Vol. 10, no. Suppl. 2 . - P. S10. - ISSN 1471-2164 . - DOI : 10.1186 / 1471-2164-10-S2-S10 . - PMID 19607652 . Archived February 18, 2015. (Retrieved February 18, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 Wood, Gerald. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. - 1983. - ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9 .
- ↑ Raptors of the World by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), ISBN 0-618-12762-3
- ↑ 1 2 3 California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) - photos and videos . The birds . AnimalBox.ru - Encyclopedia of the animal world. - Description, photo and video materials. Date of treatment February 21, 2015. Archived March 2, 2012.
- ↑ Thebault, R. The largest bird in North America was nearly wiped out. Here's how it fought its way back . The Washington Post (July 22, 2019). Date of treatment July 25, 2019.
- ↑ de Boer LEM Karyological heterogeneity in the Falconiformes (Aves) // Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. - 1975 .-- Vol. 31. - No. 10 .-- P. 1138-1139. - DOI : 10.1007 / BF02326755 . (Eng.) (Retrieved February 19, 2015) Archived June 20, 2013.
- ↑ Detailed Record for Gymnogyps californianus . . . - Database of animal genome sizes. Date of treatment March 29, 2015. Archived March 29, 2015.
- ↑ Ryder O., Chemnick LG, Thomas S., Martin J., Romanov M., Ralls K., Ballou JD, Mace M., Ratan A., Miller W., Schuster S. (2014-01-11). " Supporting California condor conservation management through analysis of species-wide whole genome sequence variation " in International Plant and Animal Genome XXII Conference, San Diego , January 11-15, 2014 .: 176, San Diego, CA , USA : Scherago International. Abstract W635. OCLC 899128058 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 . (eng.)
- ↑ Gymnogyps californianus (California condor ) . BioProject Bethesda, MD, USA: NCBI. Date of treatment February 16, 2015. Archived February 16, 2015.
- ↑ Gymnogyps californianus . Search: Obtaining Data: Trace Archive v4.2 . Bethesda, MD, USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information ; US National Library of Medicine (February 10, 2015). Date of treatment February 16, 2015. Archived February 16, 2015.
- ↑ Romanov MN, Koriabine M., Nefedov M., de Jong PJ, Ryder OA Construction of a California condor BAC library and first-generation chicken – condor comparative physical map as an endangered species conservation genomics resource (Eng.) // Genomics : magazine. - Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Academic Press Inc , Elsevier Science BV , 2006. - Vol. 88, no. 6 . - P. 711-718. - ISSN 0888-7543 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ygeno.2006.06.005 . - PMID 16884891 . Archived February 18, 2015. (Retrieved February 18, 2015)
- ↑ Romanov MN , Jones KC , Chemnick LG , Stremel-Mork E. , Otten C. , Da Y. , Akhunov ED , Ryder OA (2009-01-10). " California condor microsatellite-enriched library as a tool for genetic and genomic studies in an endangered species " in International Plant and Animal Genome XVII Conference, San Diego, January 10-14, 2009 .: 107, San Diego, CA, USA: Scherago International Abstract P517. Retrieved 2009-01-10 . Archived January 23, 2012 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Modi WS, Romanov M., Green ED, Ryder O. Molecular cytogenetics of the California condor: evolutionary and conservation implications (English) // Cytogenetic and Genome Research : Journal. - Basel , Switzerland : Karger Publishers , 2009. - Vol. 127, no. 1 . - P. 26-32. - ISSN 1424-8581 . - DOI : 10.1159 / 000272458 . - PMID 20051671 . Archived February 19, 2015. (Retrieved February 19, 2015)
- ↑ Stamps showing California Condor Gymnogyps californianus . Species Sorted: Mainly Images: New World Vultures Cathartidae . Theme Birds on Stamps; Kjell Scharning. Date of treatment February 21, 2015. Archived February 21, 2015.
- ↑ California Condor . Species Index: Clements Families: Cathartidae (New World Vultures) . Birds of the World on Postage Stamps; Chris Gibbins Date of treatment February 21, 2015. Archived July 15, 2014.
- ↑ California . Quarters of 50 states; 2005 year . US coins are a reflection of history; US-Coins.ru; A. Larionov. Date of treatment February 21, 2015. Archived November 24, 2013.
Links
- Species factsheet: Gymnogyps californianus - BirdLife International (Retrieved February 21, 2015)
- Video, audio and photo materials about the form California Condor (Eng.) In the database The Internet Bird Collection .