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C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake)

Comet Hyakutake [approx. 1] , the official name C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) is a long-period comet discovered on January 30, 1996 by Japanese amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake . In March 1996, the comet passed relatively close to the Earth (its approach was one of the closest approaches of comets to Earth in the last 200 years). The comet was very bright and was easily observed with the naked eye in the night sky, thanks to which it was named the “ Big Comet of 1996” . [2] [3] For a while, comet Hyakutake eclipsed comet Hale-Bopp , which at that time was approaching the inner region of the solar system .

C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
Hyakutake Color.jpg
Comet Hyakutake
Opening
DiscovererYuji Hyakutake
opening dateJanuary 30, 1996
Alternative designationsBig Comet 1996
Orbit characteristics
Epoch 2450161,5
Eccentricity0.999899 [1]
Semi-axis ( a )2279.99 a. e.
Perihelion ( q )0.230229 a. e.
Afhelia ( Q )4559.75 a. e.
Period of circulation ( P )17,000 (before 1996) - 70,000 / 108,900 a (after 1996)
Orbit inclination124.9 °
Last perihelionMay 1, 1996
physical characteristics

Observing the comet Hyakutake has led to several scientific discoveries. The most surprising for scientists was for the first time the detected x-rays of a comet, probably caused by the interaction of ionized solar wind with neutral atoms in a comet's coma . [4] [5] In addition, the Ulysses spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the tail of comet Hyakutae at a distance of more than 500 million km from the nucleus. [6]

Before the last passage of comet Hyakutake through the solar system, its orbital period was 17,000 years, but after interacting with the gravitational field of the giant planets, it increased to 70,000 years [7] or more.

Content

Timeline

Opening

The comet was discovered on January 30, 1996 by the Japanese amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake. [8] By that time, he had been searching for comets for several years, which largely determined his move to Kagoshima Prefecture for the darker sky of rural areas. The place of his usual observations was a mountain about 15 km from his house. To view the starry sky, he used powerful astronomical wide-angle binoculars with 6- inch lenses (150 mm ) Fujinon 25x150 MT-SX, mounted on the mount. [9] [10]

This comet was the second in a row, open Hyakutake. He opened the first, C / 1995 Y1 on December 26, 1995 , but in the end it did not reach high brightness: it could only be observed with a telescope . Five weeks later, watching C / 1995 Y1 and the surrounding space, he noticed another comet, just 4 ° from the part of the sky where he had first discovered the first one. [11] Recalling his condition at the time of the discovery of a comet, Hyakutake wrote:

Honestly, I was a little confused. My reaction was somewhat difficult to understand, since initially I intended to go [to my usual place] to take a picture of the first comet. I found the second comet in the same place as the first, near the constellations of Libra and Hydra .

Original Text (Eng.)
Actually, I was feeling a bit confused. It was a reaction of some kind, since I came. I found the second comet, near the constellations of Libra and Hydra. [9]

With difficulty believing in his luck, Hyakutake reported the discovery at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan . [11] On the same day, the discovery was confirmed by independent observers. At the time of detection, the comet was at a distance of about 2 a. e. from the Sun [12] , having an apparent stellar magnitude of 11.0 m and an angular diameter of 2.5-3 minutes . After its discovery, the comet Hyakutake was found in a photograph taken on January 1, 1996 (that is, before it was discovered) when it was at a distance of 2.4 a. e. from the Earth and had a brilliance of 13.3 m . [7]

The first calculations of the orbit of a comet, made by the head of the Central Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams, Brian Marsden on February 3 [13] , showed that on March 25, 1996, the comet will pass approximately 0.1 a. e. [note 2] from the Earth. [14] For comets, this is a very small distance: in the past century, only four "tailed wanderers" passed closer: C / 1983 H1 (IRAS - Araki - Alcoka) , 7P / Pons - Winneke , 73P / Schwassmann - Wachmann and C / 1983 J1 (Sugano - Saygusy - Fujikawa) . [15] [16]

At the beginning of 1996, bright comets did not appear for almost 20 years: the last Big was Comet West (C / 1975 V1) . From mid- 1995, astronomers had been expecting the appearance of another comet, C / 1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) , which was predicted to disrupt this long “beskametny” period in 1997 . The discovery of comet Hyakutake has given grounds to assume that it will overtake Hale-Bopp and will be the next in a series of bright comets, if only its activity continues. [15]

Comets, which arrive for the first time in our system from the Oort cloud , often “flare up” brightly at first, but then their brilliance diminishes as soon as their upper layer of volatile matter evaporates. So, for example, it happened with the comet of Kogoutek in 1973 : initially it was thought that it would be very bright, but the comet did not justify the forecasts, having reached only moderate indicators. [2] Already from the very beginning, the orbit calculations showed that comet Hyakutake is not “new”, but long-term : the last time it was in the Solar System about 17,000 years ago, and it approached the Sun more than once. [7] These data indicated that the brightness of C / 1996 B2 will not undergo dramatic changes, and that the appearance of the comet will be very memorable.

Comet's Passage By Earth

 
Orbit of comet Hyakutake at its approach to the Earth.
 
A comet in the evening sky at its closest approach to the Earth on March 25, 1996 .

By mid-February, the comet had reached a brightness of 8.5 m , and it became possible to observe it with small binoculars, and by the end of February - to see it with the naked eye. Until mid-March, it was still not very noticeable, reaching only the 4th stellar magnitude and having a tail 5 ° long. However, the closer a comet approached Earth, the faster its brightness, coma diameter and tail length increased. So, if on March 13 the angular diameter of a coma C / 1996 B2 was estimated at 20 minutes, then on March 19 it exceeded 1 °, which is two times larger than the apparent diameter of the Moon . By March 24, the comet had become one of the brightest objects in the night sky, and its tail was already 35 °. The comet was a remarkable bluish-green color. [7] [8]

On March 25, comet Hyakutake approached Earth as close as possible (0.1018 AE = 15.2 million km). [16] The comet was moving so fast (about 50 km / s) that its movement could be seen in just a few minutes of observing the starry sky; in 30 minutes it covered a distance equal to the full diameter of the moon (0.5 °). Observers reported that its brightness is 0-th magnitude, and the tail length has grown to 80 ° (absolute record of the comet's visible tail size). Her coma , which at that moment was almost at its zenith for observers of middle northern latitudes , reached about 1.5–2 ° in diameter (that is, about 3-4 full moon diameters). Even with the naked eye it was easy to see that the comet's head is greenish in color (due to the strong emission of diatomic C 2 ).

During the passage of the comet near the Earth, the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere had the opportunity to observe it all night, because, due to its large inclination, the visible trajectory of comet Hyakutake ran along the circumpolar constellations . [17] Such observation conditions for comets are unusual: the brightest comets of the 20th century were observed at twilight time of day [18] , and most of the remaining comets open near the Sun in the so-called “Everhart zone” [19] .

Unlike other “Big” comets , in particular, the same comet Hale-Bopp , which appeared in the following 1997 , C / 1996 B2 became noticeable precisely because of its approach to Earth, and not because of its size [20] Because of this, it was bright for only a few days. In addition, in some European countries (in particular, England), due to adverse weather conditions in March 1996, her observation was very difficult. [7] [21]

Perihelion and the path after it

 
Orbit of a comet at its rapprochement with the Sun.

After a close approach to Earth, the brightness of the comet dropped to the 2nd magnitude, and kept near this value near the perihelion ( May 1, 1996 ), after which it continued to subside. In addition to the ion tail, which could be observed earlier, a comet has a dust tail. True, now its proximity to the Sun made it difficult to observe. The study of the comet during the passage of the perihelion was continued with the help of the SOHO satellite , which at the same time recorded a large emission of coronal masses . [22] The distance between the comet and the Sun at that time was 0.23 a. e. [note 3] [15]

After passing through the perihelion, the comet Hyakutake quickly lost its brightness, and by the end of May became inaccessible to the naked eye. Now the comet has moved to the southern hemisphere, but such extensive research, as before, has not been conducted. The last known observation was made on November 2, 1996 . [23]

Scientific Results

Orbit

Orbit Comet Hyakutake has a number of features. Apart from the fact that the comet's trajectory allowed it to come closer to the Earth, another unusual fact was discovered: the comet's orbit plane has an inclination of 125 ° [23] , that is, it is located almost perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. This fact, as well as the long period of the comet, indicates that it was formed in the Oort cloud , and not in the Kuiper belt . [24]

The initial period of the orbit of the comet around the Sun was estimated at 17,000 years, but in 1996, the gravity of the giant planets strongly influenced the comet's orbit, and now estimates for the comet's return range from 70,000 [7] to 110,000 [1] years. The point of maximum distance from the Sun ( aphelion ) is located at 4560 a. e. (or 0.072 St. ). [one]

The passage of the spacecraft through the tail of a comet

 
The Ulysses spacecraft, which crossed the comet's tail on May 1, 1996 .

On May 1, 1996, an event unforeseen by scientists occurred: the Ulysses research apparatus passed through the tail of comet Hyakutake. [25] [26] [27] At that moment he was at a distance of 3.73 a. is from the Sun, and the angle of inclination to the ecliptic was about 45 °. Meeting certificates were not found until 1998 . A group of astronomers studying archival data from Ulysses, drew attention to the sharp increase in the level of protons , as well as changes in the strength and direction of the magnetic field around the device during flight. [6] This meant that Ulysses crossed the trail of some object, it was assumed that the comet.

Finding out what this object was, two independent groups of scientists took up in 2000 . The magnetic measurement group was repelled by the fact that such changes in the magnetic field are similar to what is believed to occur in the comets' ionic tails. Not finding the registered comets near Ulysses, the group expanded the search. Soon she found out that on April 23, 1996, Hyakutake crossed the orbital plane of the device, being at a distance of 500 million km from it. Under the action of the solar wind at a speed of about 750 km / s, the tail shift to the point of encounter with the apparatus would take just 8 days. Based on the data of Ulysses, it was also established that the source of the trace was located in the plane of the orbit of comet Hyakutake. [28]

At the same time, another group, working on the data obtained from the Ulysses ion spectrometer, established a sharp jump in the level of ions. The relatively high content of chemical elements meant that the source was definitely a comet. [6] Thanks to a meeting with Ulysses, it was found that the tail length of this comet was at least 570 million km (3.8 a.e.). This is almost 2 times more than the previous record of 2 a. e. belonging to the tail of the Great Comet of 1843 . [28] [Note 4]

Composition

Observations from the Earth revealed the presence of various compounds of hydrocarbons , nitrogen and sulfur , in particular, cyanic (HCN) and isocyanous (HNC) hydrogen, H 13 CN, isocyanic acid (HNCO), carbon monoxide (CO), methyl alcohol (CH 3 OH ), formaldehyde (H 2 CO) [31] , carbon monosulfide (CS), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) [32] . For the first time, organic gases — ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and methane (CH 4 ) —were detected for comets. Chemical analysis showed that the relative content of the latter was approximately equal. This indicates that the comet was born in interstellar space far from the Sun, the radiation of which would evaporate these volatile compounds . The ice masses of comet Hyakutake must have formed at a temperature of 20 K or less. Most likely, the “native” environment for the comet was denser than the usual interstellar cloud . [five]

Spectroscopic methods were used to determine the content of deuterium comet in ices . [33] It was found that the ratio D / H (deuterium to hydrogen ) is approximately 3.0⋅10 −4 , while in the oceans on Earth it is only 1.6⋅10 −4 . There is a theory that comets [34] that fell on the planet became the main source of water on Earth, but such a higher D / H ratio found in the comets of Hyakutake, Hale - Bopp, and Halley gives grounds to doubt it. [35] [36]

X-rays

 
X-rays from comet Hyakutake, according to the ROSAT .

One of the biggest surprises Comet Hyakutake presented was very strong X-rays . It was recorded by the ROSAT device on March 27, 1996. [37] [38] This radiation from comets was observed for the first time, but soon astronomers were convinced that almost every comet has it. The strongest radiation came from the head of the comet from the "sunny" side.

It is assumed that the cause of this phenomenon is a combination of two processes. The interaction between charged particles of the solar wind and matter evaporating from the comet's nucleus plays a major role. [39] Although other space objects (for example, the Moon ) observed the reflection of solar X-rays, simple calculations show that, even with the highest reflectivity of a molecule or dust particle, it is impossible to explain such strong radiation, whereas “ Comet Hyakutake’s atmosphere is rather thin and sparse. Observations of comet C / 1999 S4 (LINEAR) with the help of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2000 made it possible to establish that the main cause of X-ray radiation was charge exchange during the collision of high-active ions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen in the solar wind with neutral molecules of water , oxygen and hydrogen. in coma. [40]

The nucleus of the comet and its activity

 
The area near the nucleus of comet Hyakutake, the Hubble telescope . Seen some fragments.

Radar observations at the Arecibo Observatory showed that the nucleus of Comet Hyakutake was about 2 km across and was surrounded by a “swarm” of pebble- sized particles ejected at a speed of several meters per second. These measurements were confirmed by conclusions made on the basis of infrared and radio observations . [41] [42]

The small size of the nucleus (for comparison, the nucleus of Halley’s comet is about 15 km across, the Hale – Bopp comet is about 40 km) with the comet itself having a large brightness means that the nucleus must be very active. Most comets emit substance only in certain areas of their surface, but it appears that comet Hyakutake had the entire (or almost all) surface layer active. In early March, the dust emission rate was equal to 2 t / s, and when the comet approached perihelion it increased 150 times. At the same time, the velocity of the emission itself increased from 50 m / s to 500 m / s. [43] [44]

Observations on the release of matter allowed astronomers to establish the speed of rotation of the comet's nucleus. It was noted that, passing by the Earth, the comet ejected a large mass of matter with a period of 6.23 hours. A similar, but smaller eruption, occurring at the same frequency, confirmed that this was the period of rotation of the comet's nucleus. [45]

Comet Legacy

 
Comet Hyakutake is a snapshot from the Neumünster Observatory.

After it became clear that Hyakutake was close to Earth, some tabloids reported that the comet would actually crash into the Earth. The Weekly World News publication called the open comet “Doomsday Comet”, confusing, however, almost all the details of its discovery. Nevertheless, the reaction of the masses to Hyakutake was still calmer than on the same Hale-Bopp a year later. [20]

Comet Hyakutake is mentioned in some feature films. The main heroine of the 2002 “ Walk to Remember ” melodrama (by A Walk to Remember ), shot by Adam Shenkman , was going to assemble a telescope to see this comet [46] , this desire is being fulfilled by a young man near the end of the film. [47] In one of the scenes of the film “Hurricane” by Leonardo Peraccioni, members of the Kvarini family are looking for a comet in the sky. [48]

The comet was not overlooked by astrologers . Thus, it is mentioned in the book “Teaching of the Ancient Aryans” by Pavel Globa , where the chapter entitled “The Comet of the Savior” is dedicated to her. [49] [note 5]

In 1997, Cyanogen Productions shot a documentary film , Comet Odyssey: Comet Hyakutake Brought to Life with Time, on the Hyakutake comet. [50]

Notes

  1. Аст The name of the astronomer and the name of the comet are often mistakenly transliterated from English writing as Hyyakutake, Hyakutake, and even Hayekuake. See. System Polivanov .
  2. ↑ 0.1 a. e. = 15 million km or 40 distances from the Earth to the Moon .
  3. ↑ for comparison, the radius of the orbit of Mercury is 0.39 a. e.
  4. ↑ estimates of the length of the comet's tail in 1843 vary [28] [29] [30] , but do not exceed 2.2 a. e. [27]
  5. ↑ in the text of the book some facts about the comet are incorrect; in particular, it says that the period of the comet is 2000 years.

Sources:

  1. 2 1 2 3 JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) (Unc.) . Nasa The appeal date is February 4, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  2. ↑ 1 2 Bortle JE The Bright-Comet Chronicles (English) . WR Brooks Observatory (1998). The appeal date is April 4, 2012. Archived April 28, 2012.
  3. ↑ Yeomans DK Great Comets in History (English) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology (April 2007). The date of circulation is January 24, 2013. Archived April 28, 2012.
  4. Bingham R., Dawson JM, Shapiro VD, Mendis DA, Kellett BJ Generation of X-rays from Comet C / Hyakutake 1996 B2 // Science. - 1997. - Vol. 275. - p. 49-51. - DOI : 10.1126 / science.275.5296.49 .
  5. ↑ 1 2 Mumma MJ, DiSanti MA, Dello Russo N., Fomenkova M., Magee-Sauer K., Kaminski CD, Xie DX Detecting Ethane and Methane, Along with Carbon Monoxide and Water, in Comet C / 1996 B2 Hyakutake : Evidence for Interstellar Origin (eng.) // Science. - 1996. - Vol. 272. - P. 1310-1314. - DOI : 10.1126 / science.272.5266.1310 . - .
  6. 2 1 2 3 Gloeckler G., Geiss J., Schwadron NA, Fisk LA, Zurbuchen TH, Ipavich FM, von Steiger R., Balsiger H., Wilken B. Hyakutake's tail at a distance of 500 million kilometers / / Nature. - 2000. - Vol. 404. - p. 576-578. - ISSN 0028-0836 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 35007015 . - . - PMID 10766234 .
  7. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 James ND Comet C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake): The Great Comet of 1996 (Eng.) // Journal of the British Astronomical Association. - Vol. 108. — P. 157-171. — .
  8. ↑ 1 2 Kronk GW C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) (неопр.) . Cometography.com. Дата обращения 24 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Hyakutake Y. How Comet Hyakutake B2 Was Discovered: Press Statement by Mr. Yuji Hyakutake Discoverer of Comet Hyakutake (неопр.) . NASA (26 марта 1996). Дата обращения 29 января 2013. Архивировано 2 февраля 2013 года.
  10. ↑ Yuji Hyakutake (1950—2002) | Sky & Telescope
  11. ↑ 1 2 Hyakutake Y. How Comet Hyakutake B2 Was Discovered (неопр.) . NASA (апрель 1996). Дата обращения 24 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  12. ↑ Green DWE Press Information Sheet: Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) (неопр.) . Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics/IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (20 ноября 1996). Дата обращения 29 января 2013. Архивировано 2 февраля 2013 года.
  13. ↑ Marsden BG IAUC 6303: C/1996 B2 (англ.) . Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics/IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (3 February 1996). Дата обращения 29 января 2013. Архивировано 2 февраля 2013 года.
  14. ↑ Minter AH, Langston G. 8.35 and 14.35 GHz Continuum Observations of Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 // Astrophysical Journal Letter. — 1996. — Vol. 467. — P. L37–L40. — DOI : 10.1086/310192 . — .
  15. ↑ 1 2 3 Astronomers Prepare for a Rare Event: Comet Hyakutake to Approach the Earth in Late March 1996 (англ.) (недоступная ссылка) . European Southern Observatory (16 February 1996). Дата обращения 26 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  16. ↑ 1 2 Closest Approaches to the Earth by Comets (англ.) . IAU Minor Planet Center. Дата обращения 26 января 2013. Архивировано 2 февраля 2013 года.
  17. ↑ Comet Hyakutake (неопр.) . Imperial College London (6 апреля 2000). Дата обращения 1 февраля 2013. Архивировано 7 февраля 2013 года.
  18. ↑ Bishop R. Seven Bright Comets // Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. — 1997. — Vol. 91. — P. 159-160. — .
  19. ↑ Чурюмов К. И. Поиски и открытия комет // Кометы и их наблюдение. — М. : Наука, 1980. — С. 122. — 160 с. — (Библиотека любителя астрономии). - 75 000 copies
  20. ↑ 1 2 Kronk GW Comet Hysteria and the Millennium: A Commentary (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Cometography.com. Дата обращения 1 февраля 2013. Архивировано 7 февраля 2013 года.
  21. ↑ Powell MJ Hale-Bopp: The Great Comet of 1997 (англ.) . Aenigmatis (October 2001). Дата обращения 2 февраля 2013. Архивировано 7 февраля 2013 года.
  22. ↑ Немиров Р., Боннелл Дж. Комета Хиякутаке и солнечная вспышка (неопр.) . Астронет/NASA (17 мая 1996). Дата обращения 29 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  23. ↑ 1 2 Nakano S. OAA computing section circular NK 838 (неопр.) (6 мая 2002). Дата обращения 26 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  24. ↑ Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake (англ.) . Doomsday Asteroid . PBS/WGBH Science Unit (1997). Дата обращения 1 февраля 2013. Архивировано 7 февраля 2013 года.
  25. ↑ Рекордный хвост: Три встречи под Солнцем (неопр.) . Популярная механика (25 октября 2007). Дата обращения 26 января 2013. Архивировано 19 августа 2011 года.
  26. ↑ Comet Hyakutake makes a mark on Ulysses (неопр.) . PhysicsWorld (6 апреля 2000). Дата обращения 29 января 2013. Архивировано 2 февраля 2013 года.
  27. ↑ 1 2 Ulysses's Hyakutake Encounter (eng.) . The Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College, London. The appeal date is February 5, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  28. 2 1 2 3 Jones GH, Balogh A., Horbury TS . - 2000. - Vol. 404. - p. 574-576. - DOI : 10.1038 / 35007011 . - . - PMID 10766233 .
  29. ↑ Meech K. 1997 Apparition of Comet Hale-Bopp. Historical Comet Observations (English) (inaccessible link) . Solar System Exploration . NASA (February 21, 2011). The appeal date is February 5, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  30. ↑ Kronk GW The Comet Primer (English) . Cometography.com (5 November 1995). The appeal date is February 5, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  31. DC Lis DC, Keene J., Young K., Phillips TG, Bockelée-Morvan D., Crovisier J., Schilke P., Goldsmith PF, Bergin EA Spectroscopic Observations of Comet C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory // Icarus. - 1997. - Vol. 130. - P. 355–372. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.1997.5833 .
  32. ↑ Biver N., Bockelée-Morvan D., Crovisier J., Davies JK, Matthews HE, Wink JE, Rauer H., Colom P., Dent WRF, Despois D., Moreno R., Paubert G., Jewitt D. , Senay M. Spectroscopic Monitoring of Comet C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) with the JCMT and IRAM Radio Telescopes // The Astronomical Journal. - 1999. - Vol. 118. - P. 1850-1872. - DOI : 10.1086 / 301033 .
  33. ↑ Bockelee-Morvan D., Gautier D., Lis DC, Young K., Keene J., Phillips T., Owen T., Crovisier J., Goldsmith PF, Bergin EA, Despois D., Wootten A. Deuterated Water in Comet C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and Its Implications for the Origin of Comets // Icarus. - 1998. - Vol. 133. - P. 147-162. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.1998.5916 . - .
  34. ↑ Delsemme AH 1999 Kuiper Prize Lecture: The Cometary of the Biosphere // Icarus. - 2000. - Vol. 146. - p. 313-325. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.2000.6404 . - .
  35. ↑ Laufer D., Notesco G., Bar-Nuna A., Owen T. From the Interstellar Medium to Earth's Oceans through Comets — An Isotopic Study of HDO / H 2 O. - 1999. - Vol. 140. - p. 446-450. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.1999.6140 . - .
  36. Co Notesco G., Bar-Nun A., Owen T. Gas trapping // Icarus. - Vol. 162. - p. 183-189. - DOI : 10.1016 / S0019-1035 (02) 00059-3 . - .
  37. ↑ Nemirov R., Bonnell J. Unexpected X-rays from comet Hyakutake (Unidentified) . Astronomy Picture of the Day . Astronet / NASA (April 11, 1996). The date of circulation is January 29, 2013. Archived August 19, 2011.
  38. Glanz J. Comet Hyakutake Blazes in X-rays // Science. - 1996. - Vol. 272. - P. 194. - DOI : 10.1126 / science.272.5259.194 . - .
  39. ↑ Lisse CM, Dennerl K., Englhauser J., Harden M., Marshall FE, Mumma MJ, Petre R., Pye JP, Ricketts MJ, Schmitt J., Trümper J., West RG Discovery of X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Comet C / Hyakutake 1996 B2 // Science. - 1996. - Vol. 274. - P. 205-209. - DOI : 10.1126 / science.274.5285.205 .
  40. ↑ Nemirov R., Bonnell J. X-ray radiation of comet LINEAR (Neopr.) . Astronet / NASA (August 1, 2000). The date of circulation is January 29, 2013. Archived August 19, 2011.
  41. ↑ Sarmecanic J., Fomenkova M., Jones B., Lavezzi T. Constraints on the Mid-Infrared Imaging of Comet Hyakutake // Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 1997. - Vol. 483. - P. L69. - DOI : 10.1086 / 310726 . - .
  42. ↑ Lisse CM, Fernández YR, Kundu A., A'Hearn MF, Dayal A., Deutsch LK, Fazio GG, Hora JL, Hoffmann WF The Nucleus of Comet Hyakutake (C / 1996 B2) // Icarus. - 1999. - Vol. 140. - p. 189-204. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.1999.6131 . - .
  43. ↑ Fulle M., Mikuz H., Bosio S. Dust environment of Comet Hyakutake 1996B2 (Eng.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 1997. - Vol. 324. - P. 1197-1205. - .
  44. It Jewitt DC, Matthews HE Submillimeter Continuum Observations of Comet Hyakutake (1996 B2) // Astronomical Journal. - 1997. - Vol. 113. - P. 1145-1151. - DOI : 10.1086 / 118333 . - .
  45. Le Schleicher DG, Millis RL, Osip DJ, Lederer SM (1996 B2) // Icarus. - 1998. - Vol. 131. - P. 233-244. - DOI : 10.1006 / icar.1997.5881 . - .
  46. ↑ A Walk to Remember - Quotes (unavailable link) . Subzin. The appeal date is February 1, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  47. ↑ An excerpt from the movie "A Walk to Remember" (Unreferenced) (not available link) FlickClip. The appeal date is February 1, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  48. ↑ Il ciclone ( Unsolved ) . Astrocultura, UAI (2003). The appeal date is February 1, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.
  49. ↑ Globa P. Comet savior // Teaching of the Ancient Aryans. - M .: Eksmo, 2007. - p. 613-620. - 753 s. - ISBN 978-5-699-22713-6 .
  50. ↑ Susick G. Comet Odyssey Video (English) (inaccessible link) . AstroNotes . Ottawa Center, RASC (April 1997). The appeal date is February 1, 2013. Archived on February 7, 2013.

Links

  • Publications on the subject of comet Hyakutake (Neopr.) . Astronet. The appeal date is May 12, 2008.
  • C / 1996 B2 (Hyakutake) (Neopr.) . Cometography.com. The appeal date is May 12, 2008. Archived August 19, 2011.
  • Comet Hyakutake: Big Comet 1996 (Neopr.) . JPL / NASA. The appeal date is May 12, 2008. Archived August 19, 2011.
  • 1020 photographs of the comet Hyakutake (Neopr.) . JPL / NASA. The appeal date is May 12, 2008. Archived August 19, 2011.
  • Orbit of the comet Hyakutake (Neopr.) . The appeal date is May 12, 2008. Archived August 19, 2011.
  • The light curve of comet C / 1996 B2 (Neopr.) . The appeal date is May 12, 2008. Archived August 19, 2011.
  • Comet Hyakutake The Movie (English) . YouTube (July 29, 2011). - An excerpt from the movie "Comet Odyssey". The appeal date is February 1, 2013.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/1996_B2_( ( Hyakutak)) & old = 99374456


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