Kievite (newspaper)

Ground

The founder of the newspaper and the first chief editor was a professor at Kiev University of St. Vladimir , historian V. Ya. Shulgin . The choice fell on him, because, thanks to his teaching and social activities, his figure was very famous in Kiev. His public lectures were attended by influential dignitaries of Kiev, including the Governor-General of Kiev , Podolsk and Volyn Governorate N. N. Annenkov , who suggested that V. Ya. Shulgin take up the publication of a newspaper that would be funded by the government and express the government line. V. Ya. Shulgin agreed only after his program was approved ^[1] .

In the first issue of "Kievlyanina", which was published on July 1, 1864, Vitaly Shulgin solemnly announced, referring to the Southwestern Territory: "This land is Russian, Russian, Russian" ^[3] , taking this epigraph from the newspaper Den ^[4] , and wrote ^[1] :

... the foundation of the “Kyivan” was laid by the material means given by the government, to a certain extent, it can be considered a local authority, ... but the “Kiev” will cease to be an administrative body, as soon as this administration becomes an expression of not the interests of Russian society, but whatever party.

- Kіevlyanin. 1. VII. 1864

Early Years

After some time, the “Kievite” passed into the hands of V. Ya. Shulgin. Count S. Yu. Witte believed that, thanks to his journalistic talent, V. Ya. Shulgin managed to make the “Kyivan” so popular that it allowed the newspaper to completely abandon government subsidies and become a private newspaper ^[1] .

Due to its status and support from the administration, the “Kyivan”, oriented to respectable readers, was issued thoroughly and on good paper ^[5] . The newspaper fought against Ukrainian separatism, was the most widely read in the South-Western Territory and was widely distributed not only in conservative and bureaucratic, but also in moderately liberal circles. Despite its official status, the newspaper often criticized the administration and informed readers about the facts of abuse of officialdom ^[1] .

V. Ya. Shulgin died at his post of chief editor of "Kievlyanin", having managed to issue the last issue of the newspaper in 1878, but having failed to see his proofread due to illness, as he had the habit of doing this for many years ^[1] .

Since 1879, the successor of V. Ya. Shulgin was a professor of law at the University of St. Vladimir D.I. Pikhno . Having married the widow of V. Ya. Shulgin - Maria Konstantinovna, he became the publisher of the newspaper. Under his leadership, "Kievlyanin" became a daily newspaper. Under the new editor-publisher, the newspaper staff was notable for its rare corporate cohesion. The typesetters worked for 20-30 years. At the expense of the publisher, the workers of the printing house were invited to spend one summer month a year on vacation in the personal estate of D. I. Pikhno ^[6] .

Late 19th Century

In the 1890s, “Kievlyanin” became one of the largest newspapers in Russia , its circulation ranged from 2 to 5 thousand copies ^[7] .

In addition to political materials and news from the South-Western Territory and Russia as a whole, “Kievlyanin” regularly published literary essays and essays, polemical notes, proposals for the reorganization of economic and social life of a reform nature.

In 1898 , in the "Kievite" was first published the story of Alexander Kuprin "Olesya" ^[8] . From the 1880s to 1903, theatrical critic I.V. Aleksandrovsky ( pseudonym Iz. Alsky ) was a constant theater columnist for the newspaper ^[9] .

Early 20th Century

According to the writer Mark Kasvinov, “Kyivan” was among the few newspapers that “mainly” was read by Nicholas II ^[1] .

The reaction to the 1905 Revolution was a sharp “correction” of “Kievite”. In the autumn of the same year, the son of V. Ya. Shulgin and stepson D. I. Pikhno V. V. Shulgin , who later, after the death of D. I. Pikhno, became the editor-in-chief of the Kiev citizen, began to appear in Kievans ^[1] . The newspaper was not the organ of any organization, but its leadership and leading employees were part of the Kiev Club of Russian Nationalists and the Kiev branch of the All-Russian National Union ; the newspaper actually became the mouthpiece of these organizations. At the same time, she grouped around herself the members of the Kiev department of the Union of Russian People . The independence of the newspaper was confirmed by the characteristics given to it by the Provisional Kiev Press Committee in 1908 and 1910. - “does not completely adhere to any of the existing monarchist organizations”, “an independent organ of the national monarchist trend, closest to the program of the club of Russian nationalists” ^[1] .

Contrary to popular belief that the newspaper regularly published anti-Semitic materials, D. I. Pikhno not only condemned the pogroms and the trial against Dreyfus in France , but also published in 1912 the first article (the dismissed investigator N. Krasovsky), exposing the falsifications in “ Beilis case . ” The newspaper followed the consistent line of defense of Beilis during the trial (October 1913), when it was already headed by V.V. Shulgin. In this case, the number fromOn September 27, 1913, with his editorial, accusing the prosecutor of the Kiev Court of Justice of pressure on the investigation, he was confiscated . Correspondents of the capital's newspapers handed over the editor-in-chief of the Kyivan in their editorial offices by telegraph , but in the capitals did not dare to print it ^[10] . Shulgin himself for this article in January 1914 was put on trial ^[11] .

After 1913, the newspaper became noticeably influenced by the ideas of A. I. Savenko and the renewed Kiev club of progressive Russian nationalists. As Kiev lawyer A. A. Goldenweiser “Kievlyanin” recalled this period of the newspaper’s existence ^[1] :

... existed only thanks to the journalistic talent of his new editor ... His articles during the Beilis case, as well as during the war , were read by all, right and left ... <unfortunately> ... uncontrollable anti-Semitism and an implacable position in all national issues made the newspaper a representative of only the extreme right wings of the Kiev population, <which however> ... it was in Kiev that it always amounted to a rather large amount.

- Goldenweiser A. A. From Kiev's Memoirs. Archive of the Russian revolution. T. 6.P. 173-174.

Newspaper as a Shulgin family enterprise

When VV Shulgin was the chief editor, all daily editorial work was performed by members of the Shulgin family. The main daily work lay on the sister of V.V. Shulgin - Pavel Vitalievna. She was engaged in all economic activity and part of literary work. VV Shulgin himself led an editorial policy and wrote editorials. His wife - Ekaterina Grigorievna (nee Gradovskaya) - wrote articles on political topics and led the column “Impressions”. Her sister, Sofya Grigoryevna, was a proofreader and editorial secretary. Her husband, Konstantin Ivanovich Smakovsky, led the popular rubric Sunday Talks. The son of Pavel Vitalievna - Philip of Mogilevsky - conducted various headings and wrote articles. Mother-in-law V.V. Shulgina - Evgenia Grigorievna Gradovskaya - was in charge of the newspaper's expedition (sale and subscription). As VV Shulgin later recalled ^[12] :

In 1917, the “Kievite” stayed on my frontlines and on the energy of Lina (Pavla) and my wife Ekaterina Grigoryevna. Political articles of the latter were successful, they were easier than mine, and more sensible. Ekaterina Grigoryevna signed “A. Yezhov. " Why? I do not know…

1917 Revolution

With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution , the Kievite opposed the revolution and Ukrainian separatism. The Kievite became the mouthpiece of the “Non-Party Bloc of Russian Voters”, which showed its influence in the elections to the Kiev City Duma, to the All-Russian and Ukrainian Constituent Meetings . Then there were demands for the closure of the newspaper and requisition of the printing house in favor of other persons. The first such demand was reported by the Ukrainian-language newspaper Nova Rada, which described the rally of workers at the Southwestern Railways on July 31, 1917, who ordered the newspaper to be closed for "inciting one part of the population to another," arresting the editor, and requisitioning the printing house in benefit of the Central Committee of this road ^[1] .

The publication of the newspaper was suspended for the first time in its history from August 30 to September 2, 1917 by decision of the Kiev Committee for the Protection of the Revolution, and its editor was arrested in connection with a speech by L. G. Kornilov . Later, the premises of the printing house and editorial office were temporarily seized by the Ukrainian authorities, then by the Bolsheviks ^[1] .

During the mentioned election campaigns, the newspaper’s publishers, fighting for votes for the “Block of Russian Voters”, refused, despite inflation , to raise its price. The number of newspaper subscribers has grown significantly, but a debt of one hundred thousand rubles has also formed. The debt of the newspaper was paid off by the people of Kiev who sympathized with her views. It should be noted that the “Block of Russian Voters” has achieved undoubted success in all elections - so, in the elections to the Kiev City Duma, the candidates from the “Bloc” took third place, losing only to “Ukrainians” and the Bolsheviks, and in the elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly “Bloc” "Was able to hold the only deputy from the city of Kiev - he became the editor of" Kievite "V.V. Shulgin ^[1] .

From November 1 to November 18, 1917 the newspaper did not come out, since V.V. Shulgin, fearing that as a result of the separatist Central Council coming to power in Kiev, the newspaper would be closed, went to Don , where he tried to organize the publication of the newspaper. This initiative, however, did not find support among the Don leaders and General M. V. Alekseev , who feared that the too categorical slogans of the “Kievite” would not be accepted by the Cossacks, and Shulgin returned to Kiev ^[1] .

During the Civil War in Russia

Under the government of the UPR

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities between Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian People’s Republic, Kiev was captured by Soviet troops. From January 18 to January 22, 1918, during the siege of Kiev, the newspaper did not appear. On January 23 and 24, numbers 14 and 15, respectively, were published, each of them on a single sheet, after which the newspaper did not appear for a month ^[13] . With the entry of Soviet troops into the city, the editor-in-chief was arrested ^[1] .

During the German occupation

A month later, the troops of the Central Powers occupied almost the entire South of Russia , ranked as Ukraine. In the editorial of the Kyivlianin emergency issue, No. 16, dated February 25, 1918, V.V. Shulgin announced that the newspaper had stopped issuing in protest against the German occupation and would not resume its work until the war between the Central Powers and the Entente continued (allies of the former Russian Empire in the war). Moreover, speaking of the German order as the antipode of the Russian revolution, Shulgin wrote:

So congratulations to you, gentlemen, revolutionaries! The Germans brought this order on their bayonets ... and, first of all, by activating the railways, they ordered our unfortunate Kiev railway station to be washed and cleaned up, this emblem of modern culture, which you have dirty for so long for the glory of democratic principles. Cleanliness and neatness! Is there a beginning that is more hostile to the dirt of the crowned Russian revolution? ^[14]

It is significant that in the memoirs of contemporaries, the entry of German troops into Kiev and the article in the Kyivan merged into a single event, although in reality the emergency issue came out nine days after the Germans occupied the city ^[1] .

This position of the “Kievite” attracted increased attention to the newspaper. The German occupation administration, through third parties, appealed to the newspaper’s leadership with a request to resume issuing the newspaper, with a warning “... let it write what it wants, but let it write” - the silence of the “Kyivan” was more unpleasant for the German administration than even his critical articles . But Shulgin remained adamant. During the German occupation, the “Kievite” did not go out ^[1] .

The entire editorial staff of the Kyivan’s editorial staff (with the exception of the chief editor) moved to the new newspaper Golos Kiev, which began to appear on April 1, 1918, so we can say that the Kyivan was revived in this edition. VV Shulgin himself was “tacitly” replaced by the sister P.V. Mogilevskaya. The wife of V.V. Shulgin, Ekaterina Grigoryevna, who was also a publicist and publisher of the Kyivan, also worked in the Voice of Kiev. The newspaper opposed Bolshevism and Ukrainian separatism, but ignored the issue of the Volunteer Army ^[1] .

Under the authority of the All Union

In August - December 1919, while the Armed Forces of the South of Russia were in Kiev, VV Shulgin restored the newspaper ^[2] . It was not an official organ of the Volunteer Army, but the command trusted the editorial policy so much that the newspaper was freed from censorship ^[1] .

The first issue of the newspaper, which was published on August 21 ( September 3 ), 1919, published an editorial written by Shulgin, “They Returned,” in which he wrote: “Yes, this land is Russian. We will not give it up - neither to Ukrainian traitors, nor to Jewish executioners who drenched him with blood ”, and “ Appeal of A. I. Denikin to the Little Russian People ” , which was also authored by the editor-in-chief of“ Kievlyanina ”, according to his own statement ^{[15] [16 ] ]} (although Denikin himself claimed that the appeal was drawn up “with the close participation of Prof. Novgorodtsev,” and Shulgin was not mentioned as its author or even co-author ^[17] ). This newspaper number could only be "obtained after a long line in the queue." In the same issue of the newspaper, another article by Shulgin was published - "Vengeance and I will repay me", in which it was written: "the trial of the villains must be severe and will be such, but unprincipled unacceptable." Objectively, this was a warning against the Jewish pogroms . However, on the days that followed the “quiet pogrom” in Kiev, carried out by uncontrolled volunteers at night, on October 8, 1919, published in the Kievite, the notorious article “Torture by Fear” ^[18] , which became a manifest of ideological anti-Semitism, blaming the pogroms on the Jews themselves , and in which it was written that the author understands the motives and feelings of the pogromists, since the Jews, in his opinion, formed the basis of the Bolshevik power ^[19] . This contributed to the growth of pogrom moods ^{[20] [19]} . However, after some time, the “Kievite” began to publish articles condemning the Jewish pogroms, which he considered destructive for the White Cause ^[21] .

The newspaper constantly condemned the robberies and explained the usefulness for society, as opposed to Bolshevik propaganda, of the " sackers " and " speculators " who, in free trade, provided the city with food and other goods ^[1] .

“Kyivanin” was the only newspaper published in Kiev in the last days of the FYUR government. Until the last moment, the newspaper was convincing the people of Kiev that Kiev could be kept if only “really” wanted to do it. The last (83rd) issue of the newspaper came out already when the white parts left the city. At that moment, the circulation of "Kievlyanina" reached 70 thousand copies. As his editor-in-chief recalled this:

This was a kind of consolation: if tomorrow he was to shut up “for centuries”, then all the same, in the form of an epitaph, one could say: “He died in the prime of his popularity.”

- Shulgin V.V.

In total, the newspaper was published from August 21 ( September 3 ) to December 3 (16), 1919 . During this period, the “Kievite” was one of the few Kiev newspapers, firmly standing on the monarchist and Russian national positions and was the spokesman for the aspirations of that part of society that rejected Bolshevism and Ukrainian separatism and dreamed of restoring “ Great and Indivisible Russia ” - “irreconcilable”, as I. G. Ehrenburg called them ^[1] .

Emigration revitalization plans

Around 1925, V.V. Shulgin planned to launch the publication of the Kyivan abroad. Drafts of the contents of the first seven issues of the newspaper have been preserved. VV Shulgin intended to publish in it his own articles, as well as chapters from his previous eve and in the process of writing memoirs. The intention was not realized. It must be assumed that due to the lack of a publisher ^[1] .

• 1864-1878 - editor-publisher prof. the stories of V. Ya. Shulgin (until his death).
• 1878-1879 - Editor B. N. Storozhevsky .
• 1879-1883 - the wife of V. Ya. Shulgin, and after his death - the wife of D. I. Pikhno - M.K. Pikhno (Shulgin) (until his death in 1883)
• 1879-1907 - editor-publisher prof. political economy D.I. Pikhno .
• 1907-1910 - Editor M. M. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko , publishers - “The heirs of M. K. Pikhno.”
• 1911-1913 - Editor K. I. Smakovsky ^[1] , publishers - “The heirs of M. K. Pikhno”.
• September 28 ( October 11 ) 1913 - January 7 ( 20 ), 1917 - editor V.V. Shulgin
• January 8 (21) - June 4 ( 17 ) 1917 - editor K.I. Smakovsky, publishers V.V. Shulgin and his sister P.V. Mogilevskaya
• June 6 (19) - July 8 ( 21 ), 1917 - editor P.V. Mogilevskaya, publishers V.V. Shulgin and P.V. Mogilevskaya
• July 9 ( 22 ), 1917 - February 25 ( March 10 ), 1918 - editor V.V. Shulgin, publishers V.V. Shulgin and P.V. Mogilevskaya
• August 21 ( September 3 ) - December 3 ( 16 ), 1919 - editor V.V. Shulgin, publishers V.V. Shulgin and P.V. Mogilevskaya

The printing house and newspaper editorial office were located in a three-story building on the corner of Karavaevskaya and Kuznechnaya streets. The Shulgin family lived in the neighboring "one-story mansion." In Soviet times, the complex of buildings was destroyed and a different structure was built in its place ^[22] .

The publication of the newspaper was resumed in Kiev in the late 1990s, as well as the Kiev Telegraph, but in 2005, after the Orange Revolution , it was again discontinued.

• Kiev thought
• Kiev Provincial Gazette
• Kiev word
• Bulletin of the Kiev Council of Workers' Deputies
• Kiev telegraph (newspaper)

• A reference book about the press of all of Russia. Part two. - St. Petersburg, 1911 .-- S. 532.
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• Holy Russia. Encyclopedia of the Russian People. Russian patriotism / Ch. ed., comp. Platonov O.A., comp. Stepanov A. D .. - M .: Encyclopedia of Russian civilization, 2003. - P. 928. - ISBN 5-091364-08-2 . Archived March 4, 2016 on Wayback Machine
• Omelyanchuk I.V. Black Hundred Movement on the Territory of Ukraine (1904-14). Kiev, 2000.

• Electronic copies of "Kievlyanin" in the guide of the National Library of Russia "Newspapers on and off the net"
• Kievite (neopr.) . Chronos . Date of treatment August 10, 2010. Archived March 2, 2012.
• Bibliography of periodicals of Russia, 1901-1916.
• The Kievite: literary and political newspaper of the South-Western Territory (1898-1919) / Digital library of historical and cultural recession // National Library of Ukraine imeni V. І. Vernadsky