Pueblo (from the Spanish pueblo - 1) “people”, 2) “settlement”) - a group of Indian peoples of the Southwestern United States . The number is 32 thousand people (1987). They live in the states of Arizona and New Mexico , between the rivers Rio Grande and Colorado . Belong to the Americanoid race . Religion is Protestantism and Catholicism with traditional cults, although even in the XVIII century pueblo with extreme fury opposed the introduction of Christianity - in particular, they destroyed the fortified settlement of Avatovi , where their fellow tribesmen who converted to Christianity lived, killing all the men who were there.
| Pueblo | |
|---|---|
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: 32,000 (1987) | |
 Arizona  New Mexico | |
| Language | Keres languages , English |
| Religion | Christianity , animism |
Songlike, pueblo, 1899
Content
Ancient Pueblo
The ancestors of pueblo are semi-settled tribes of hunters and gatherers who gradually mastered the primitive forms of slash-and-burn agriculture. Representatives of archaeological cultures Anasazi , Mogollon , Patayan , Salado and Hohokam for a long time peacefully coexisted with each other and acquired common features. In the 13th – 15th centuries, as a result of the Great Drought, representatives of these cultures migrated to the Rio Grande River Valley and the now deserted plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico , and Apaches and Navajos inhabited their former habitats.
Languages and Ethnicity
Pueblo speak different languages: Shoshone , Hopi , Tano , Zuni (Zuni, Sunni), which belong to the Aztec-Tanoan macrofamily, and an isolated language or group of languages Keres .
Household and life
The main occupation is manual farming : dry land - for Hopi and Zuni, irrigation - for tano. They grow corn , beans , pumpkin , sunflower , capsicum . Hunting and fishing are of secondary importance.
Crafts - patterned weaving on vertical looms, painted stucco ceramics , copper processing, silver jewelry making (borrowed from the Spaniards).
Clothing - a leather apron, a cloak made of cloth or rabbit skins, leggings , moccasins , for women - a cloak to the knees, held on the right shoulder.
Architecture
Dwelling - a fortress settlement (pueblo, hence the name of the people), up to 4000 people, a closed structure around a courtyard or square with blank external walls. They are built of sandstone or raw brick. The living quarters are located on ledges of 5-6 floors. The roof of the lower floor is the yard for the upper.
On the stairs through the openings in the roof you can penetrate into the “kivas”, well-shaped round rooms where councils of clans and tribes gathered, religious ceremonies were held.
Navajo, which occupied part of the land of pueblo, under their influence in the XVII-XVIII centuries built pueblito fortresses .
Many pueblo still live in old mud houses. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is Taos Pueblo , a settlement almost 1,000 years old with ancient high-rise buildings, presumably created by the Anasazi culture and still inhabited. The much more magnificent rock dwellings of ancient pueblo, many of which are attributed to the national monuments of the USA ( Bandelier , Mesa Verde , Navajo Park , Tuzigut , Hila , Hovenuip , Chaco Canyon and several others), were abandoned during the Great Drought around 1300 year n e.
Appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, the modern style of pueblo imitate the appearance of traditional adobe houses of Indians and remains very popular in Santa Fe and New Mexico .
Social Relationships
The western pueblo have a matrilineal genus, the matrilocal families, the eastern ones have a patrilineal family, patrilocal families are large. Crow type kinship system. Early class relations were formed, while the eastern ones were governed by elected military leaders.
Culture and Beliefs
Traditional religious cults are cults of the forces of nature, the sun, trade, totemism , the cult of Kachin. Kachina - a painted and dressed up figure, serves as an attribute of different ceremonies. One example of a kachina is a figure of a man who has three plates behind his head, up and to the sides. In general, the shape of the cross. It is painted with three or four colors.
Famous Modern Pueblo Monuments
- Avatovi
- Paintid Desert Inn
- Sikyatki
- Taos Pueblo
Literature
- Peoples and religions of the world / ed. V.A. Tishkova. - M. , 1998.
- White L. Pueblo Santa Ana, New Mexico // Favorites: Science of Culture / Transl. from English - M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” ( ROSSPEN ), 2004. - 960 p. - S. 464-950. - (Series "Cultural Studies. XX Century"). - ISBN 5-8243-0480-7
- White L. Pueblo Sia, New Mexico // Favorites: The Evolution of Culture / Transl. from English - M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2004. - 1064 p. - S. 641-1047. - (Series "Cultural Studies. XX Century"). - ISBN 5-8243-0483-1
- Schulz, D.U., Son of the Navajo tribe // Eagle Trapper and Other Tales / Transl. from English - M.: Thought, 1991 .-- 748 p. - S. 298-378. - ISBN 5-244-00364-X
- Languages and dialects of the world / ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M. , 1982.
- Dozier ER The Pueblo Indiens of North America? - NY, 1970.
- Tyler HA Pueblo gods and myths. - Norman, 1964.