Ilimsk

Irkutsk did not exist in the plans, when in 1630 a Russian settlement appeared on the right bank of the Ilim, founded as the first winterhouse in these places by the Yenisei ataman I. Galkin.

After the founding of the Yakutsk prison in 1632, the importance of the Ilimskiy winterhouse increased, in 1640 a small prison was put in its place. In 1649 the prison became the center of the independent voivodship of Ilimsk.

For more than a hundred years, the Ilim Voivodeship has been holding in its hands all the threads of management and economy on lands stretching from the mouth of Ilim in the north to the upper reaches of the Lena in the south, from Kirensk in the east to Tulun in the west. Ilimsk, Lensky port, Ust-Kut for a century maintained the position of the port and center of a huge area from the Angara sills to Lake Baikal.

Even when another exit to the Lena was found through Irkutsk and Kachug, when Irkutsk became the center of the Baikal region and the Angara-Lensk Territory, Ilimsk continued to serve as a gateway to northeast Siberia, the base of equipment for many detachments of researchers and travelers.

“ A handful of the northern Russian peasantry, transferred by the will of fate to Ilim, showed an amazing example of the ability in the difficult conditions of the mountain taiga region to quickly and permanently establish Russian statehood. For some 60-80 years, almost all the villages that exist and are now being established, a sustainable agriculture, water-fiber roads open, down the Lena the barges and cloisters filled with Ilim bread are sent, own salt production and wine are being smoked. A coordinated economic process is being set up in the land still unknown. Ilim and the province. "(" Ilim arable land ", Sherstoboev VN)

According to the census of 1723

In the Ilim Voivodeship, there were 7871 male “souls” (except worshipers, prisoners of war and natives). Residents were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and other crafts. One of the first farmers in the valley of Ilim and Upper Lena was Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov (1610-1671). This is evidenced by his petition in the name of the king, written around 1639, in which he reported on the establishment of salt fields and arable land along the banks of the Lena. Under his leadership, salt was brewed. A mill was built in the region. Three years later, Erofei Khabarov sold up to 1,000 pounds of grain and up to 3,000 pounds of salt to the treasury. Russian arable land gradually appeared throughout the Baikal region. By the end of the XVII century. there were already 300 villages and villages. Peasants plowed more than 15 thousand acres of land. At the beginning of the XVIII century. up to 25 thousand poods of marketable grain were exported from the Ilim Voivodeship. From 1652 to 1722, the number of peasant farms increased from 136 to 924.

The expeditions of the Laptev brothers (Laptev Sea), S. Dezhnev (Northern Sea Route), the boyar’s son in the Ilim Voivodeship Erofei Khabarov (Khabarovsk) passed through Ilimsk. The seriously ill emperor Peter I personally wrote "The Order" for the expedition, which went down in history under the name of Great Kamchatka. The base, the transit point of the expedition was the Ilimsk prison. Bering and his team stayed in Ilimsk until the end of spring 1726. In Ilimsk, ships were trained and provisions and money were procured for movement to Yakutsk and further east. During this First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1730), Vitus Bering completed the discovery of the north-east coast of Asia. Three years later, he was instructed to lead the Second Kamchatka Expedition, during which Bering and Chirikov were to cross Siberia and head from Kamchatka to North America to explore its coast. In total, together with the preparation, the expedition took 8 years (1734-1742). This expedition was equipped again in Ilimsk. The movement of a huge expedition (approximately 2,000 people) began with Captain Spanberh and his team. V. Bering joined her a little later, and before that he was carrying out preparatory work on the new expedition. The issue of food delivery was the most important issue of the Great Northern Expedition and absorbed almost the main share of energy and attention of Bering himself and his companions. Bering’s genuine, recently published for the first time, evidence of this is clear. Annually, the expedition required provisions of at least 16 thousand pounds. And it was the Ilim arable land that played a crucial role in supplying food to the expedition of V. Bering. During her, after many difficult trials and dangerous adventures, Bering reached America. Alas, Bering did not have time to describe the expedition - for him this was done by his surviving assistant Sven Waxel. But subsequently all European cartographers used the maps of two Russian expeditions. The first seafarer, who confirmed the accuracy of Bering’s research, the famous James Cook, paying tribute to the Russian commander, proposed that the strait between Chukotka and Alaska be named after Bering - which was done.

From 1679 to 1683 the governor was the famous Prince Gagarin, a relative of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, to whom the Prince imitated literally everything. Therefore, his governor’s court in the Ilimsk prison was in miniature reminiscent of the king’s palace in Kolomenskoye.

From September 10, 1691 to September 15, 1694, the Ilim Voivodeship, which was comparable in area to the territory of modern Italy, was controlled by G.F. Griboedov, ancestor of the writer A.S. Griboedov.

In 1735, N.V. Gogol's great-grandfather, Colonel V. Tansky, a former close associate of Hetman Skoropadsky, was sent to Ilimsk.

The adjutant general of the Swedish king Charles XII O. Kanifer was exiled to Ilimsk, captured by Russian Cossacks in August 1708 during the Great Northern War and whom Peter I personally interrogated. According to contemporaries, Charles XII greatly appreciated his adjutant. Martin Kanifer, being a very educated person for his time, had a fairly wide circle of acquaintances among the residents of Priilimye, playing not the last role in the life of the city, where he was engaged in the production and distribution of alcohol.

The report of the customs head of Andrei Kalashnikov and the casket Fedor Serebrenikov, written in October 1719, contains a report on the consumption of yeast and hops for distillation. Kalashnikov asks the governor to pay for this raw material taken from various persons; among the transfers it reads: “ Yes, to Shvetsky, full of otutant General Kanifer’s wine mash of hmelin and drozhey 22 tubs (5 buckets each) ”. The governor ordered to pay two altyns per bucket. So the general of the brilliant Swedish army turned out to be connected with the tavern case somewhere at the end of the world, in the unknown Ilim Voivodeship.

The writer Alexander Radishchev was serving a link in Ilimsk from 1792 to 1796 . In Ilimsk, Elizaveta Vasilievna Rubanovskaya, the sister of his deceased wife, came to Radishchev with his youngest children, and later they got married here. In April 1792, they had a daughter, in January 1795 - another daughter, and on September 3, 1796 - a son ^[1] .

During the construction of the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations, the prison was in the area of ​​flooding of the Ust-Ilim reservoir. Part of the buildings was demolished by residents, most of them were burned. Before the flooding, from 1967 to 1975, archaeological excavations were carried out in the village. The Spasskaya Passing Tower (built in 1667) and the Kazan Gate Church (built in 1679) were transferred from the prison to the Irkutsk Architectural and Ethnographic Museum Taltsy , located 47 km from Irkutsk . Currently, the southern wall of the Ilimsk prison has been reconstructed in the museum ^[2] .

• Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky

• Gazenwinkel K. B. XVII. Ilimsk Ostrog // A systematic list of governor, clerks, written heads and scribes with an attribution in Siberian cities and major ostrogs from their foundation until the beginning of the 18th century. To the history of Siberia of the 17th century . - 1st ed. - Tobolsk: Type. Lip. Board, 1892. - S. 40-41. - 58 p.

• Ilimsk prison
• The census (sentinel) book of the Ilimsk prison of fortress 1676 (184)