Storozh - “guarding guard, set for the protection, the guardian of something” [1] . A person who has undergone the necessary training and has acquired special knowledge and skills to ensure the safety and physical security of the room or object . Primary working profession in the Russian Federation [2] , for example, in the FSUE “Protection” of the Rosgvardia [3] .
In professional activities, the word “watchman” (from German Wächter ) is also used, which previously had the meaning of “senior watchman” [4] , or meant a servant of the lower quartermaster rank responsible for the safety of the warehouse [5] . In the 30s - 40s of the 20th century, the watchman was the main post in the armed guard (watchman) guard, which was part of a number of people's commissariats [6] .
Storozhami called organized groups of people, usually authorized by the state, city, or society, to curb criminal activity and ensure law and order, as well as traditionally perform services for public safety, fire control, crime prevention, crime detection, search for stolen things.
Since the inception of human society, the existence of various dangers has forced groups of people ( communities ) to take measures to detect and prevent them, combat them and reduce their consequences. Since ancient times, the protection of tribesmen, homes , domestic animals, crops and other property from fires , theft , natural disasters, attacks of strangers, animals and birds, mainly entrusted to healthy, strong and enduring men who could provide physical resistance or warn others about the threat. The service of maintaining order (guardians, guards, watchmen, etc.) existed in different guises all over the world, which eventually led to the appearance of officially organized professional fire , police and security activities. Accordingly, the protection, including the guard, can be considered a universal, ancient practical activity within human communities, aimed primarily at ensuring the survival of people.
Content
Armament, equipment and guard equipment
I hit a heavy rail at the gatehouse,
All night long blured, and here -
Again on the thawed window
Frost increases the ice [7] .
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The drawing of the guardhouse for railway guards, 1872 |
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Drawings of railway watch signs 1878 |
- The typical watchman’s equipment was: artificial light sources ( torch , torch , kerosene lamp , etc.) and devices for sound signaling ( horn [8] or horn , ratchet [9] [10] , whistle ). In Russia, when walking around protected areas at night, a watchdog was used to create sound — a wooden device for tapping [11] . To attack thieves and wild animals, the watchman, whenever possible, armed himself with cold ( halberds , clubs , spears , axes , berdshys , spears , sabers , walking sticks , etc.) or firearms ( hunting rifles , etc.) [12] [13] . Domestic dogs were used, including trained ones.
- Stationary patrol equipment included:
- for sound alarm: bell [14] , guard board ( beat ) - a metal object (for example, from cast iron [15] ) with a hammer, signal ( alarm ) bell .
- special structures ( towers , towers ) or bulk [16] or natural elevations that allow the watchman to survey the surrounding area / territory and, if necessary, to send or transmit signals and messages .
- devices for blocking streets, barriers [17] : slingshots [18] [19] , barriers [20] .
- In some cases, the guards lived in small houses - guards, sentries, or whiled away the time in special buildings - kennels [21] [22] .
- In a number of countries, cities were given uniforms to the guards, indicating their special powers.
- The distinctive signs of the guards were: badges attached to the headgear [14] [23] [24] , chest badges (signs) [25] [26] , sleeve insignia [27] .
For a detour of territories of the watchman used horses, bicycles and other vehicles.
In Western Europe, a watchman’s chair was created and used from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century — a wooden construction with a seat tilted forward so that the servant of the order could not easily fall asleep without sliding down. Currently, this piece of antique furniture can be seen in museums in private collections.
Creating a guard in cities and other villages
It was natural for the population to seek protection outside the walls; under the primitive conditions of military art, the most elementary fortifications were enough to save the local population from danger. At the same time, the joint residence of people within the erected fortifications, cities and other villages required regulation and the creation of an internal service to maintain order. For example, in Germany, every enclosed space — consequently, the fortified city, the burg — used special peace according to customary law, that is, every crime committed within its boundaries was punished more severely than committed elsewhere. The idea of a special urban world is the source of urban criminal law [28] .
In the castles and cities mandatory internal guard was created, which consisted of tower, gate and night, including street watchmen.
Tower Guard
The main task of the tower watchman, located on the highest tower or bell tower of the city or castle, was to warn of danger. The watchman’s duties were to blow the horn at sunrise and sunset, when the castle owner was sent to hunt and return from it, when the guests arrived, when an enemy appeared, at a fire, etc. [29] . It was believed that the guard on the tower was the hardest of duties: the watchman had to experience cold and bad weather, it was necessary with constant attention to watch from his high post everything that happened both in the castle (city) and in its vicinity. Quite often the watchman lived in the tower. Another duty of the watchman could also be an hourly strike at the bell at a certain time.
Today the watchmen are mainly engaged in servicing tourists.
Night (street) watchman
In the first cities, the night watchman profession ( German Nachtwächter , English Watchman (law enforcement) arose. The night watchman’s task was to walk the streets and alleys of the city at night and maintain order and calm. He protected and warned sleeping citizens from fires, enemies and thieves. He observed how the doors and gates of the city were properly closed, and the servant of the order had the right to stop and interrogate suspects, vagrants, and, if necessary, arrest [30] .
Despite the performance of important activities in the city, the craft of a night watchman was considered to be unprecedented (dishonest), along with the grave-diggers and shepherds [31]
The widespread introduction of street lighting at the turn of the 20th century, the creation of a professional police was accompanied by the cessation of the activities of most street night watchmen. For example, the New York Police Department , created in 1845 , leads its history from the first group of eight night watchmen, created back in 1625 .
The night watchmen of modern times are mainly employees of public and private security organizations .
Gatekeeper
Traditionally, city gates were built to provide a point of controlled entry and exit of people, vehicles, goods, and animals from the walled city. In addition, these gates have a number of other functions. Depending on the situations and historical context, the city gates could have defensive, defensive, commercial or other functions. To enter when the main gate was closed, there was a gate located on the side of the gate.
At the gates of the castle, the city or another fortified village there were special watchmen - pilferers [32] , who unlocked and locked the gate and kept the keys from them [33] .
Guard in the Russian Empire
In Russian, the semantic content of the concept “guard service”, “guard guard”, “guard”, changed over time. So, in the regulatory acts of the Russian state of the XIV-XVII centuries [34] side (other Russian, sometimes the Watchman) - equestrian posts in front of the guard line , carrying an observant service in mind raids of nomads from the Crimea; detachment of the border guards [35] .
In the Russian Imperial Army , a guard order for the protection of property was introduced, which differed from the guard . At the guard post without firearms guarded the shooting ramparts, minor warehouses of military property [36] .
Forest Watchman
It is known about the villages (as a rule of the single courtyards) of the forest watchmen of the Russian principalities and the Russian kingdom of the 15th - 16th centuries that they were placed on the order of the palace administration "for the sovereign forests of the coast." The forest watchmen living in them, although related to the volost (the parish considers their land as its own), but occupy a special position in it - they do not pay a rent, i.e. they do not participate in the volost “rosette” of the tax [37] .
Guard during the Soviet period (departmental and private)
Departmental guard (watchman) guard
During the Soviet period, various government departments (economic councils, executive committees of workers' councils, ministries, enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc.) had the right to create departmental guard guards, that is, to have civilian employees (watchmen, watchmakers) to protect property from unlawful attacks. , including armed with firearms. The guards were mainly guarded by objects that do not have important state importance ( warehouses , pumping stations , administrative buildings, etc.) that are not subject to protection by the units of the paramilitary guards , the police and other state structures.
RSFSR
In 1918, for the purpose of protecting property , the Soviet departments created their own, including armed units that were not part of the Red Army (the shipping guard of the Main Directorate for Water Transport, the Guard of Glavsakhara, the Guard of Centrotextile, the military guard of the NKPS RSFSR , etc.), staffed by civilian security guards, watchmen and watchmen [38] [39] . On August 19, 1918, SNK adopted a decree on the unification of all the armed forces of the republic and transferring them to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs [40] .
On March 3, 1920, a department of industrial police was formed within the General Directorate of Militia of the RSFSR, and similar departments in the provincial departments. The industrial police had a special task - protecting the economic wealth of the Republic: factories, warehouses, institutions, forests, state farms, mining, etc. In December 1921, in connection with the transition to the NEP and a significant reduction in staff, the industrial militia was disbanded. However, many industrial and commercial enterprises, not wanting to remain defenseless, retained the material base and the team of security guards by organizing a guard in their staff. At the same time, a significant mass of warehouses belonging to various departments actually remained without round-the-clock protection, since the low wages of watchmen did not contribute to the influx of people willing to join the service, which naturally adversely affected the quality of protection [41] .
On May 24, 1922, the Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR enacted the Regulations on the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR [42] , which entrusted the workers and peasant militia with the task of protecting most civilian institutions and structures of national exceptional importance and other objects.
The Regulations determined that:
Institutions and warehouses of no national importance may be guarded by armed or unarmed watchmen. Determining the degree of importance of an institution or warehouse of local importance regarding the necessity of hiding the police, as well as cases of inability to impose it on the latter, is carried out by a commission chaired by the appropriate police chief or his representative and, as part of the membership, the representative of the People’s Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants Inspectorate departments.
The resolution of the aforementioned commission serves as the basis for the agencies concerned to protect and reclaim the relevant loans by civilian armed or unarmed watchmen.
USSR
Ministries, departments, enterprises, organizations and institutions for the protection of objects had guards in their states, whose work was coordinated, for example, the guards of the guard at the executive committees of the Soviets of Deputies of Workers or the units of paramilitary protection. The guards were guarded bases, warehouses, shops, retail outlets, canteens and other facilities. In order to organize the guard, the departments developed regulations and instructions that governed the rights and duties of guards and / or watchmen, as well as the administration of protected objects, including actions in case of fire and the use of firearms [43] .
From November 1, 1929 in Moscow , in order to strengthen the protection of the territories, additional security consisting of armed and unarmed night watchmen was exhibited to the existing police posts (163 posts in the Bauman District ). The police inspected the guard of the factories and plants [44] .
In the 1930s and 1940s, an armed guard (guard) guard operated in the structure of a number of people's commissariats. The main position in the divisions was called “watchman” [45] [46] .
In the postwar years, business leaders did not always pay attention to the organizational and technical strengthening of the guard. Therefore, by the early 1950s. There was an acute question of a radical improvement in the protection of state and public property, the need to create a body that would free economic entities from security functions, giving them the opportunity to focus resources on economic activities. As a result, the duties of protecting part of the objects were assigned to the police [47] .
Guard units as part of private police security
In 1952, a departmental external guard guard (VNSO) was created under the organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The guard brigades guarding the trade and economic objects were transferred to the subordination of the internal affairs bodies [48] [49] .
In 1959, only two types of guards were installed: militarized and guard [50] . Provisions on private and departmental security were adopted, defining the main activities, their rights and obligations, as well as relations with the owners.
In 1965, for the first time , the Soviet government obliged to transfer all facilities located in cities, workers' settlements and district centers for private security. The only exceptions were the facilities of certain ministries and departments, where it was allowed, if necessary, to maintain departmental security [51] .
On February 18, 1966, by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers, the Model Provision on Extra-departmental Security with Police Bodies was approved, which determined that private security with police bodies was organized for the security of enterprises, construction sites, institutions and organizations located in cities, industrial settlements and regional centers, and consisted of from the militarized divisions intended for protection of especially important and regime objects, and the guard divisions intended for protection of other objects. Private security under the police was under the jurisdiction of the ministries of public order of the Union republics. The guard units consisted of brigades [52] .
Guard in post-Soviet countries
Russian Federation
In Russia, the profession “watchman (watchman)” refers to industry-wide occupations of workers. In 1992, the following tariff-qualifying characteristic of the profession was approved (1st and 2nd grade).
Characteristics of the work. Checking the integrity of the protected object (locks and other locking devices; the presence of seals, fire fighting equipment; alarm, telephones, lighting) together with a representative of the administration or the watchman. When faults are detected (doors that have been broken down, windows, locks, lack of seals and seals, etc.) that do not allow the object to be taken under protection, it reports the person to whom it is subordinate to the administration representative and the person on duty at the police station and guards the traces of the crime before arrival. police representatives. In the event of a fire at the facility raises the alarm, notifies the fire brigade and the officer on duty at the police station, takes measures to eliminate the fire. Duty at the entrance of the enterprise, institution, organization: the admission of workers, visitors, vehicles to the territory of the enterprise institutions, organizations and back upon presentation of the relevant documents. Verification of the relevant documents with the actual availability of the goods; opening and closing gates. Reception and delivery of duty with the corresponding entry in the journal. The maintenance of the passage room in proper sanitary condition [2] .
In Russia, most of the objects that were subject to guard guarding during the Soviet period are protected on a contractual basis by private security organizations or divisions of the FSUE “Guard” of the Russian Guard or departmental security due to changes in legislation and privatization .
Famous people who worked as a watchman
Maxim Gorky - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright, worked for 1889-1890 as an expert at the cash desk and watchman of a tarpaulin and sack warehouse at the Borisoglebsk railway station. Gorky wrote a story about his work, The Watchman, first published in the journal Krasnaya Nov, 1923, number 5, August — September.
Velimir Khlebnikov (Viktor Vladimirovich Khlebnikov) is a Russian poet and prose writer , one of the greatest figures of the Russian avant-garde . He was one of the founders of Russian futurism . The poet spent 3 months in Pyatigorsk , working as a night watchman.
Sergey Shnurov is a Russian rock musician , leader of the Leningrad and Ruble groups, worked as a watchman in kindergarten.
Benedict Erofeev - Russian Soviet writer, worked as a watchman in the Orekhovo-Zuyevo dehumidifier .
Mikhail Naumenko - Soviet rock musician, guitarist, songwriter. Founder and leader of the group " Zoo ".
Otar Kushanashvili - Georgian and Russian journalist, broadcaster, columnist.
Valery Kipelov - Soviet and Russian rock musician , singer , composer and songwriter. Known as one of the founders and first vocalist of the rock group " Aria ".
Nikas Stepanovich Safronov - Soviet and Russian artist. Honored Artist of the Russian Federation .
Pavel Pavlovich Globa - Soviet and Russian astrologer , broadcaster , radio host and writer .
Mikhail Vladimirovich Leontyev is a Russian journalist and broadcaster, publicist.
Oleg Semenovich Kvasha - Soviet and Russian musician and composer, author of popular songs (5 years worked as a guard at the club).
Reflection in culture and art
In mythology and religion
- Aminon ( Osset. Aminon) - in the Ossetian Nart epic a feminine creature, a formidable guard guarding the gates leading to the realm of the dead.
- Heimdal Geimdal (Heimdal) - the great and holy Az of northern mythology, usually called "White Az". The watchman of the gods and dwells on the heavenly mountains, at the very end of the sky, where he protects the heavenly bridge from the mountain giants. Owns a horn, the sound of which is heard throughout the world, and a sword, which is called "head."
Fine Art
“The Woodland” - a picture of the Russian artist Ivan Kramskoy (1837–1887), written in 1874 and depicting a forest watchman.
Literature
The poem "The Village Watchman" [53] author Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev, 1840
Bell watchman Ole by Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), trans. Anna Vasilievna Ganzen (1869–1942)
The Story “The Watchman” by M. Gorky
Hot Stone is a philosophical tale of the Soviet writer Arkady Gaidar.
Vigilance - the satirical story of the Soviet writer Viktor Ardov
Movies
- Mirrors (Mirrors) (2008) - horror movie
- Hot stone (cartoon)
- The guy from our graveyard
- Operation S and Other Adventures of Shurik
Sculpture
On the square in Stuttgart ( Germany ) stands the monument “Night Watchman” (1620): in his right hand a servant of the order holds a lantern, and in his left hand is a halberd , next to him is a dog.
In Prague, next to the Sternberg Palace stands the sculpture "Night Watchman", created by F. Ф.prki for the birthday of the first president.
See also
- Beffroy
- Watch tower
- Paramilitary Security
- Departmental security
- Watchmen (Russian state)
- Private security organization
- Straw hut
Notes
- ↑ Watch out // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Author.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
- ↑ 1 2 Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of 10.11.1992 No. 31 “On Approval of Tariff and Qualification Characteristics for General Industry Occupations of Workers”
- ↑ Rosgvardi Order dated 08.16.2017 No. 285 “On approving the lists of types, types and models of combat handguns, service and civilian weapons, ammunition and ammunition, special means and standards for providing them with employees of paramilitary and sentry units of the federal state unitary enterprise“ Protection “Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation”
- ↑ The article “Watchman” (inaccessible link from 14-06-2016 [1129 days]) in the Ushakov dictionary.
- ↑ Watchman // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ USSR. People's com. heavy industry. Air Defense Directorate. Tehminimum for watchmen armed (watchman) guard of industrial enterprises of NKTP USSR: Memo of watchman (watchman) in questions and answers / Ex. P. V. O. and the Military Specialized Parts of NKTP. - Moscow: United Scientific and Technical. publishing house Department of departmental and correspondence literature, 1935. - 20 p .; 18 cm
- ↑ “I hit the rail hard at the gatehouse ...” Viktor Slipenchuk . The light of time (collection)
- ↑ Novels: I — IV. - St. Petersburg: type. I. Fisher, 1851-1852. - 4 tons; 17. - (Complete Works of Russian Authors / Works of Nestor Kukolnik). Alf and Aldona: (Ch. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). - 1852. - 602 s.
- ↑ Being of my heart, or Poems of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgorukago. : In four parts. - Moscow: In the University Printing House, 1817-1818. - 8 ° (21 cm).
- ↑ Materials for complete and comparative statistics of Moscow: Part 1- / M. Gastev. - St. Petersburg: Univ. type., 1841. - 22.
- ↑ The beater watchdog, XIX century. from the exposition of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture "The State Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. N. Ostrovsky" Shchelykovo "
- ↑ Provisional Rules for the use of weapons by the traveling guardians of the Middle-Siberian Railway in the performance of official duties No. 17213 of 1892. Laws and regulations. The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Third meeting: 33 tons. - St. Petersburg: State. typ., 1885-1916. - 32 cm. T. 19, separation 2: 1899. Separation 2: Appendices. - 1902. - 2, 624, 64, 77 p., 79 l. silt
- ↑ Historical essay on fire in Russia / Alexander Chekhov. - St. Petersburg: ed. Prince A.D. Lvov, 1892. - 8, 196 p., 2 p. tabl .; 23.
- 2 1 2 Collection of obligatory for residents of Moscow and part for other cities of resolutions on the preservation of public order, peace and security, as well as on the part: construction, fire, consumer goods, medical, commercial and other items of urban improvement, indicating articles of the law, which are subject to recovery for violation of the aforementioned decisions / Comp. sec Mosk. mountains administrations M. A. Luchinsky. - Moscow: print by S. P. Yakovlev, 1879. - 2, 2, V, 76 p .; sixteen.
- ↑ Mamin-Sibiryak, Dmitry Narkisovich (1852–1912). Overnight [Electronic resource . - Moscow: RSL, 2012.]
- ↑ Cucumbers // Bible Encyclopaedia of Archimandrite Nikifor . - M. , 1891-1892.
- ↑ Barrier // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Pylyaev, Mikhail Ivanovich (1842-1899). Old Moscow: Stories from the past life capital / Op. M.I. Pylyaev. - St. Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin, 1891. - 4, 576, 22, 2, VII p., 30 l. Il., grav. tit l : or; 27.
- The complete collection of the laws of the Russian Empire: Collection 1 st. From 1649 to 12 Dec. 1825. T. 1-. - St. Petersburg: type. 2 FIRST OWNERS e. and. at. Office, 1830-1851. - 30. V. 6: 1720-1722: No. 3480-4136. - 1830. - 1, 818
- ↑ From the past of the Russian land / S. Knyazkov. - St. Petersburg: Children's holiday , 1903. - 17 cm. 4: 4: explanatory text for the 4th edition of the atlas of paintings on Russian history. - 1906. - 239, 1 p. : il.
- ↑ Collection of mandatory decrees of the Moscow Governor-General, the Moscow City Duma, Moscow Metropolitan and the provincial on factory affairs presence, ed. Moscow Chief Police Officer in agreement with the manager of excise duties, the Moscow provincial assembly and orders for the Moscow city police / Comp. A. N. Bukunovsky. - 2nd ed., Corr. and add. - Moscow: Prince. Shop IK Golubeva, p. / F. "Jurisprudence", 1905. - 2, VI, 356, XVI p .; 24
- ↑ Sentry : Sentry // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Author.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
- ↑ Collection of laws and explanations to them on the civil construction part and the road part, which is under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and Collection of general laws relating to these parts: (In 4 tons) / Comp. tsp Tech-building. com M-VA ext. Affairs, clerical. Komis. according to the revision of the rules of the Charter builds., engineer. Z.V. Zosimovskiy. T. 1-4. - St. Petersburg: type. M-VA ext. Affairs, 1901. - 4 tons; 24
- ↑ Pocket guide of the policeman / Ukrainian SSR, NKVD; comp .: E.V. Vladimirov and E.M. Mulenson. - Odessa: Ed. Odessa env. adm. Otdel., 1927. - 288 pp .; 17 cm
- ↑ Instructions for managing the living yard. - St. Petersburg, 1868. - 40 p.
- ↑ Field Watchman // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 2. - St. Petersburg: in Type. 2 FIRST OWNERS e. and. at. Chancellery, 1830–1885. - 31 cm
- ↑ Urban fortifications in the Middle Ages // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ History of chivalry: From the collection of Bibliothèque de la jeunesse chrétienne / Op. Roy; Per. with fr. 7th ed. G. V. - St. Petersburg: type. L. Demis, 1858. - 4, IV, 178, II p., 6 p. or; 21.
- ↑ Prevention and suppression of crimes // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Structure and management of Russian cities / Op. I. I. Dityanin. T. 1-2. - St. Petersburg: type. P.P. Merkuliev, 1875–1877. - 2 tons; 21.
- ↑ Gates // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Author.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
- ↑ Collars, watchmen // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Moscow State Acts. Volume I. Discharge Order. Moscow table. 1571–1634
- ↑ Watchmen // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Watchdog protection of property. Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron on Wikisource
- ↑ Alekseev Yu. G. Agrarian and social history of North-Eastern Russia. XV-XVI centuries. Pereyaslav district . - M.L.: Science, 1966.
- Collection of decrees and resolutions of the Soviet government on the national economy: Moscow: Supreme Economic Council, 1918-1921. - 26 cm. Vol. 1: (October 25, 1917 - October 15, 1918). - 1918. - XXXIX, 7, 1055 s.
- ↑ Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (published March 26, 1918) “On centralization of management, protection of roads and increasing their capacity” (paragraphs 9 and 10)
- ↑ Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 19, 1918 No. 668 “On the unification of all the armed forces of the Republic under the authority of the People’s Commissariat for Military Affairs”
- ↑ D. A. Erin. The role of the police in the organization of the armed guard of industrial objects and government institutions in the RSFSR (1922—24).
- ↑ Regulations on the NKVD of the RSFSR of 24/05/1922
- ↑ Trading Encyclopedia: right. and a guide to the organization, practice, and technique of commerce. - Moscow: Tsentrosoyuz, 1925. - 25 cm. T. 4: Warehousing, transport and commodity research / comp. I. D. Mikhailov and others; by ed. Ya. Ya. Nikitinsky and D. N. Buchinsky. - 1924. - IX, 385 p. : il.
- ↑ Fulfillment of voter offers to the order of the MK VKP (b) 1929 in the Baumansky district. - Moscow., 1929.
- ↑ RSFSR. People's com. local industry. Provision on the armed guard (watchman) protection and access system at industrial enterprises and facilities of the NKMP RSFSR. - Ivanovo: type. Publishing house Ivanov. Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), 1936. - Obl., 29 p .; 20x14 cm
- ↑ Regulations on the clothing allowance of personnel of air defense, armed vachtera and fire protection enterprises of the People's Commissariat of the USSR oil industry. - Moscow; Leningrad: Gostoptekhizdat, 1942 (Moscow). - 16 p .; 17 cm
- ↑ S.G. Lugovsky, Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor at the Department of Constitutional and International Law of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. Organizational and legal foundations of the formation and development of units of the protection of internal affairs
- ↑ Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 29, 1952 No. 4633-1835 "On the use in industry, construction and other sectors of the national economy of workers released from departmental security, to improve the organization of the protection of economic objects of ministries and departments"
- ↑ Order of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 00965 dated October 10, 1952 “On the organization in the main police departments of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR departments of private outside guard guard and the introduction of posts of heads of departments in the militia of the Union republics”
- Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 24, 1959 No. 93-42 “On streamlining the protection of enterprises, organizations and institutions”
- Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of February 8, 1965 No. 76-30 “On improving the organization of security of enterprises, institutions and organizations”
- ↑ Manual on the service of paramilitary private security units of the police in 1968
- ↑ Village Watchman (Ogaryov) - Wikisource