Zhuge Liang ( Chinese trad. 諸葛亮 , ex. 诸葛亮 , pinyin : Zhūgě Liàng ; 181 - 234 ), adult name Kunming ( Chinese , pinyin : Kǒngmíng ) - Chinese commander and statesman of the era of the Three Kingdoms ( Sango ). His son, Zhuge Zhan, also became a prominent military and statesman.
Zhuge Liang | |
---|---|
Birth | Yandu , Han Empire |
Death | |
Burial place | |
Father | |
Spouse | |
Children | , and |
Content
Biography
He was born in 181 in Yandu (in the territory of the modern county of Inan , Shandong Province ), orphaned early and brought up by his uncle Zhuge Xuan. Together with his uncle, he moved to Jingzhou Province, which was then ruled by Governor Liu Biao . After the death of his uncle, he and his brothers settled in Ulungan (in the territory of the modern urban district of Nanyang in the province of Henan ), and he lived a simple peasant life for about ten years.
When Liu Bei fled from Cao Cao and settled with Liu Biao in Xinjiang , the hermit Sima Hui told him about Zhuge Liang. In 207, Liu Bei personally visited Zhuge Liang, and he outlined to him the long-term plan he had developed for him to gain dominance in the Middle Kingdom. From that time, Zhuge Liang became a close associate of Liu Bei, and Liu Bei said: “After finding Kunming, I became like a fish that found water.”
In 208, Liu Biao passed away. His son, Liu Cong, who succeeded him, conquered Cao Cao without first informing Liu Bei. When Liu Bei heard about Liu Cong’s surrender, Cao Cao’s army was already approaching Wancheng. Liu Bei left Fancheng at the head of his troops and followers and moved south. At this time, Liu Bei from Sun Quan arrived as ambassador Lu Su , proposing to conclude an alliance against Cao Cao between Liu Bei and Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang went to Sun Quan as ambassador Liu Bei, and the alliance was concluded. In the Battle of Red Rock, the combined forces defeated the army of Cao Cao, and he was forced to retreat to the north.
In 211, Liu Zhang , who ruled the province of Yizhou (occupied the Sichuan Basin ) , learned that Cao Cao was going to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong , and made an alliance with Liu Bei to capture Hanzhong before Cao Cao did. Leaving Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu , Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun in Jingzhou, Liu Bei went with the expeditionary force to Yizhou. There, Liu Bei, instead of attacking Zhang Lu, stopped, and began to gain a foothold in these lands, preparing to seize Yizhou. In 212, Liu Zhang found out about Liu Bei’s plans, and war broke out between them. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led the detachments to help Liu Beiu, and in 214 Liu Zhang capitulated.
Liu Bei made Zhuge Liang a “military advisor general” (軍師). When Liu Bei went on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained to defend Chengdu and ensured the supply of food and military supplies to the active army. Meanwhile, in 220, Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pei deposed the emperor Xian-di and proclaimed the formation of the new kingdom Wei . After news of the transfer of the throne to Cao Pei (and false rumors about the execution of emperor Xian-di) reached Liu Bei in Yizhou, he also declared himself emperor in 221 and founded the kingdom of Shu ; Zhuge Liang became chengxiang .
In 222, Liu Bei was defeated at the battle of Xiaotin , and he had to flee to Baidi-khen , where he died in 223. On his deathbed, he appointed Zhuge Liang and Li Yan , as regents for his son, Liu Shan ; He ordered Liu Shan to obey Zhuge Liang as his own father. Liu Shan, having ascended to the throne, granted Zhuge Liang the title of Ulyansky hou (武 鄉侯), and soon made him governor of the province of Yizhou and entrusted all state affairs to him.
Zhuge Liang put the restoration of the Han dynasty as his main goal (Liu Bei considered himself the successor of the Han dynasty, being a distant descendant of her imperial family, and the Cao clan, who proclaimed the Wei kingdom, was thus a usurper). To do this, the first step was to consolidate one's position in Shu. He made an alliance with East U, and set out in 225 to march against the southern tribes so that the local clans could not organize an uprising with their support. Zhuge Liang seven times defeated their leader Meng Ho , which ensured the security of Shu's southern borders and made it possible to start a war against the northern kingdom of Wei.
In 227-234, Zhuge Liang made five northern campaigns , but all of them (with the exception of one) ended in failure. In 234, during the next campaign against the realm of Wei, Zhuge Liang became seriously ill. Learning about this, Liu Shan sent his secretary Li Fu to Zhuge Liang to write down Zhuge Liang's advice on major government affairs. Among other things, Zhuge Liang advised Jiang Wan to succeed him, and Jiang Wang ’s successor would be Fei I. He was asked about who should be the successor of Fei Yi, and refused to answer Zhue Liang. Shortly thereafter, Zhuge Liang passed away; Following the instructions of Zhuge Liang, Liu Shan appointed new regent Jiang Wang.
In Chinese culture
- For cunning and luck, Zhuge Liang received the nickname “The Invisible Dragon” (other possible translations: “Sleeping Dragon” ( Chinese trad. 伏龍 , pinyin : fú lóng ), “Rolled Dragon” ( Chinese trad. 臥龍 , pinyin : wò lóng )) [4] .
- Zhuge Liang is one of the characters in the Chinese classic novel " Three Kingdoms " ( XIV century ), where he acts as the personification of wisdom , experience, military tricks and ingenuity. His real military victories are embellished and romanticized, since the author of the novel used not only historical, but also folklore - legendary sources.
- Various legends attributed Zhuge Liang to the invention of a mine , a wheelbarrow , a Cho-Ko-nu speed -breaker , a signal lamp (in fact, an early form of an unmanned balloon ), as well as the original “Mantou” dish.
Notes
- B BNF ID : Open Data Platform - 2011.
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Project Gutenberg - 1971.
- ↑ [1] Zhuge Liang (Kong Ming) The Original Hidden Dragon