Korsakov (city)

Korsakov on Sakhalin Island

Korsakov port in the fall

Geographical position

The city is located on the shores of Aniva Bay , 42 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk . Railway station of the Sakhalin region of the Far Eastern Railway ^[2] . To the north of it lies the Korsakov plateau . In the city flows the river Korsakovka .

Climate

The city of Korsakov is equated to the regions of the Far North .

Korsakov is located in the temperate monsoon climate zone . Summer is usually rainy, and winters are cold and clear. The warmest month is August, with an average daily temperature of +20.5 ° C. The coldest month is January, with an average night temperature of −11.9 ° C. The annual rainfall is 700-800 mm. Most precipitation falls from July to October. During this period, the city is regularly exposed to typhoons . The strongest of them on Sakhalin in the 20th century was called “ Phyllis ” (in August 1981 ) ^[3] . Powerful cyclones that caused floods in the city were also noted at the beginning of September 1954 ^[4] and at the end of July 2010 ^[5] .

There are also flooding of coastal territories as a result of exposure to surge waves that occur during strong winds from the sea during cyclones ^{[6] [7]} . The natural disaster at the end of August 1920 had catastrophic consequences: according to the Reuters news agency, 200 people died then, 370 houses were damaged and 500 people lost their homes. ^[8]

Twin Cities

• Mombetsu (Japan) - since April 8, 1991
• Wakkanai (Japan) - from July 2, 1991
• Samchok (Republic of Korea) - from August 31, 2010 ^[9]

As of January 1, 2019, in terms of population, the city was at 460 place out of 1,115 ^[29] cities of the Russian Federation ^[30] .

Korsakov is one of the first two ^[31] Russian settlements on Sakhalin and in the region as a whole, established by Russian navigators in 1853 ^[32] as military posts.

Period Before 1853

Initially, the Ainu villages were located on the site of the future city, the first documentary evidence of which dates back to the 17th century :

• In July 1643, the Dutch navigator De Vries, on the Kastrikum vessel, was the first among Europeans to explore the coast of Sakhalin and gave, among other things, a name to Aniva Bay . July 16, 1643, he landed near the village within the borders of the present Korsakov and fixed its local name as Aniva-Tamari ( Dutch. Aniwa-Tamary ) ^[33] . Then the adjacent bay and the cape received a similar name (later the “Tomari-Aniva” variant was fixed) ^{[34] [35]} .
• In 1679, from Hokkaido, to the Ainu settlement called Kusyunkotan ( Kusyun-kotan or Kusunkotan , 久 春 古 丹 ) ^[36] Japanese samurai from the Matsumae clan arrived on several ships and established a post there, which lasted until the early 1680s ^[37] .

Later studies showed that the toponyms Tomari-Aniva and Kusyunkotan are synonymous ^[34] . Of the other villages on the territory of the city in the 19th century , Hakka-Tomari ( Akkatuvari ; Hahka-Tomari ; Jap. ハ ツ コ ト マ リ; ハ ツ コ 泊 ) and Poro-en-Tomari ( Jap. ポ ロ ア ン 泊; 大 泊 ) are mentioned ^[35] .

In 1790, the principality of Matsumae sent contractor Murayama Dembei ( Jap. 村 山 伝 兵衛 ) to the island, who built trading depots in Kusyunkotan ( Jap. シ ラ ヌ シ; 白 主 ) - organized the Ainu village near Cape Krillon - organized factorium ^[38] .

In May 1805, I.F. Kruzenshtern during the first Russian round-the-world expedition visited the south of Sakhalin, including Tomari-Aniva, while mentioning two Ainu villages. According to him, one of them, the larger one, discovered by Captain Lieutenant M. I. Ratmanov, "is probably the main place of Japanese trade they produce in Aniva Bay. He saw in it 100 houses of Anino and more than 300 people involved in cleaning and drying fish, five small masted vessels and one large one ” ^[39] .

On October 6, 1806, during the first of the raids (in historiography known under the general name “ Khvostov and Davydov incident ” ^[40] ), they were undertaken with the aim of forcing the Japanese authorities to establish diplomatic and trade relations with Russia after the unsuccessful mission of Nikolai Ryazanov to Nagasaki , brig The Juno , commanded by Lieutenant Nikolai Khvostov , dropped anchor in Aniva Bay. The next day, Khvostov with a team of 18 people landed ashore ^[41] and visited one of the Ainu villages “on the eastern side of Aniva Bay” ^[42] near Kusunkotan. On October 8, 1806, Khvostov, without official authority ^[43] and in violation of the secret regulations given to him by Rezanov, proclaimed the island to be the possession of the Russian Empire ^[44] , raising military and “merchant” flags on the shore ^[41] . On October 9, having moved to Kusyunkotan, which at that time was already the most important fishing industry for the Japanese in Sakhalin, the sailors ravaged all the Japanese shops and trading posts they found on the shore, and also captured four of the seven Matsumae clan guards who remained there to winter ^[45] . The goods in the warehouses were partially seized (in total, up to 1000 pounds of rice, up to 100 pounds of salt, as well as seines, dishes, and other items) were loaded onto the Juno, partially looted by the Ainu at the suggestion of Khvostov ^[46] . Then all Japanese buildings and stocks of timber were burned. On October 16, Juno left the bay ^[44] and returned there after 8 months with the Avos tender under the command of Davydov . On May 3, 1807, they walked along the coast and burned warehouses and houses in Kusyunkotan ^[45] .

Admiral N.V. In the book “The Feats of Russian Naval Officers in the Far East of Russia ” (published posthumously in 1878 ), Nevelskaya wrote that in 1806, Khvostov and Davydov, having arrived in Aniva Bay, as a result of Rezanov’s secret orders, “ left him there to declare Russian occupation Sakhalin, 5 sailors. These sailors subsequently crossed to the Tym River, where they lived settled, and the last of them, Vasily, died at the end of 1847 ” ^[47] . Nevelskaya also claimed that Lieutenant Bosnyak, who had returned from Sakhalin in March 1852, reported to him that he bought 4 leaves from a chapel left from the Russians who lived there many years ago from the village of Chkhar ^[48] . The inscription “ We, Ivan, Danila, Peter, Sergey and Vasily, were planted in the Ayan village of Tamari-Aniva Khvostov on August 17, 1805; crossed the Tym River in 1810, at the time when the Japanese came to Tamari ” ^[47] . Trusting the authority of the famous traveler, A.P. also refers to this information . Chekhov in his book Sakhalin Island , and other authors ^[49] , including contemporary Russian journalists ^[50] . However, the Soviet historian B.P. Polevaya , having examined the leaflet that was preserved in the archives, found out that the inscription on it had never been there ^[51] - all this was Nevelsky’s fiction, possibly undertaken to justify at any cost Russia's primordial rights to Sakhalin ^[52] . According to the memoirs of N.K. Boshniak himself (published in 1858 ), the leaflet presented to him was sold to him for a small amount of tobacco “a rather old woman already, ” brought from Amguni in his youth. This was part of the watch book given to her by the Russians who came to Amgun, and the traveler does not mention any inscriptions ^[53] . Further B.P. Polevoy , having directly studied the documents of Khvostov’s voyage in 1806-1807, proved that he did not leave anyone in Aniva Bay. Thus, the legend of the five sailors showed their failure and was completely refuted ^[51] . However, on one of the decorative stones installed on the central square after its reconstruction to the 160th anniversary of the city in 2013 , she again found her official approval and embodiment ^[54] .

In March 1807, the Japanese government decided to withdraw the lands of Ezo (including southern Sakhalin and the South Kuril Islands) from the jurisdiction of the Principality of Matsumae under its direct control ^[55] due to the latter's inability to cope with the protection of the territories. Karafuto’s defense was entrusted to the clans of Nambu and Tsugaru from the north of Honshu (later the Aizu and Sendai clans were engaged in this) ^[45] , and a Japanese garrison was stationed in Kusyunkotan, which became the administrative center (initially from spring to autumn, and from 1818 the clan Sendai served year-round) ^[56] . From the same period, annually, for the Ainu, they began to conduct an omsuya vassal ceremony ( オ ム シ ャ ), during which certain decisions of the Japanese administration were read. In December 1821, the island returned to its former jurisdiction ^[57] . Since then, every spring at the end of May, the Principality of Matsumae sent to Kusunkotan the next duty shift of the clan's samurai, whose duties included monitoring the fishing sites, as well as conducting an omyu ceremony. During it, the Ainu “welcomed” the representatives of the prince and received goods in return ^[58] . A month later, in early July, the garrison departed for Shiranusi (and from there returned to Ezo at the end of August) ^[56] .

Muravyovsky post (1853-1854)

September 22 ( October 4 ), 1853 ^{[59] the} Russian navigator G. I. Nevelskaya established a military guard post Muravyovsky (named after the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov ). Major N.V. Busse was appointed chief. However, on May 30, 1854, the post was evacuated in connection with the beginning of the Crimean War .

Korsakov Post (1869-1905)

On July 31, 1869, the post was recreated under a different name - Korsakovsky (in honor of another East Siberian governor general - M. S. Korsakov ) ^[60] . In the same year, by order of the latter, a 10-bed infirmary was opened here ^[61] ). With the establishment of penal servitude on the island, the post becomes the center of the Korsakov district.

On April 25 ( May 7 ), 1875, the St. Petersburg Treaty was signed, according to which Japan officially refused territorial claims to Sakhalin in exchange for the Kuril Islands . According to article 6, Japanese courts were granted the right to visit the port of Korsakov (Kusun-Kotan) “without paying any port and customs duties for a ten-year period”, after which the Russian emperor depended on “to save or cancel this exemption”. The Japanese government was also given the right to appoint a consul or consular agent to Korsakov ^[62] . The main function of the Japanese consulate, which was soon established, was to ensure the rights of Japanese fishery producers who fish on the coasts of Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In addition, agents of the Ministry of Finance and the military department were under him, who monitored the state of trade on Sakhalin ^[63] .

Anton Chekhov arrived here on May 12 (24), 1890, about which he wrote in his book Sakhalin Island (he lived here for a month):

The post has a decent view from the sea of ​​a town, not a Siberian one, but of some special type, which I cannot presume to name; it was founded almost 40 years ago, when Japanese houses and sheds were scattered here and there on the southern coast, and it is very possible that this close neighborhood of Japanese buildings could not do without affecting its appearance and should give it special features. The year of foundation of Korsakovsky is considered to be 1869, but this is true only in relation to him as a point of exile colony; in fact, the first Russian post on the shore of Salmon Bay was founded in 1853-54. He lies in the valley, which now bears the Japanese name Hahka Tomari, and only one main street is visible from the sea, and it seems from a distance that the pavement and two rows of houses abruptly descend down the coast; but this is only in perspective, in fact, the climb is not so steep.

- 1894 ^{Full text of the work}

In 1897, the journalist Vlas Doroshevich visited Korsakovsky’s post, who described his impressions later in the book of essays “Sakhalin” (1903) ^[64] .

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Japanese Period (1905-1945)

In 1905, following the results of the Russo-Japanese War, the territory of southern Sakhalin went to Japan. The post was renamed Otomari ( 大 泊, Ōtomari, Oodomari ) and until October 1908 the administrative center of the newly formed Karafuto governorate was located here (then moved to Toyohara village). Until the end of the 1920s, it remained the most populated village of both Karafuto and the island as a whole (at the end of 1912, 10,861 people lived here, and already in 1925 - 24,767) ^[65] and then the administrative center surpassed it in this indicator Toyohara.

In 1907, the construction of the port began in Otomari and the coastal railway line ^{[66] was} put into operation, and in 1914 Oji Paper opened the first pulp and paper mill on the island ^[67] . In 1917, the agar-agar plant was launched ^[66] . In 1920-1928, a pier for ships with a reinforced concrete platform bridge 257 m long was built in the port (it functions to this day) ^[68] . In 1923, a ferry service was opened with the city of Wakkanai on the island of Hokkaido . On August 24, 1945, the last Otomari – Wakkanai flight was completed by the cargo and passenger icebreaker Soyamaru "(Worked on the line from December 5, 1932).

During the South Sakhalin operation of the Soviet-Japanese war, on the morning of August 25, ships of the North Pacific Flotilla arrived in Otomari. After 2 hours, parts of the 113th Infantry Brigade approached the port from the north. The enemy garrison and the personnel of the naval base (3400 people) laid down their arms without resistance and capitulated at 10:00 in the morning ^[69] . Even before the outbreak of hostilities and during their course, the Japanese command and civilian authorities of the Otomari used the entire most suitable and powerful self-propelled fleet to partially evacuate the population and export valuables to Hokkaido ^[70] .

Post-war period (1945-1949)

• 1945 year . On September 24, by order of the commander of the 2nd Far Eastern Front, M. A. Purkayev, in the south of Sakhalin, 11 district and 15 city civil affairs departments were established, including in Otomari ^[71] . The draft order was approved by GKO member Anastas Mikoyan , who visited southern Sakhalin (including Otomari) in September. For the reception of immigrants from the mainland, a reception and resettlement point was opened in the port of the city (a similar one was in Maoka ) ^[70] .

By order of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR No. 339 dated December 17, 1945, customs was established in Otomari, which became the center of the customs service on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (in the early 1950s, Sakhalin was declared a border zone and until the 1970s a customs post in Korsakov remained the only one in the region) ^[72] .

In December, on the basis of Japanese fishing enterprises, the Otomarinsky State Fish Plant was organized as part of the Otomar Fish Department (in 1946 it was renamed the Korsakov Fish Plant with subordination to the East Sakhalin State Fish Fishery; it included fish factories: Merey, Yuzhny and Saniosawa, a cannery and a fish factory ^{[73 and ]} .

• 1946 year . By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 2, 1946, the South Sakhalin Region was formed as part of the Khabarovsk Territory of the RSFSR. At the same time, SNK adopted a resolution “On the issue of temporary certificates and registration of the Japanese population in South Sakhalin”, according to which in March-April all the living Japanese and Koreans were documentation, and the direct issuance of certificates and registration began in May ^[74] . By Order No. 72 of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Regional Department of Civil Affairs of February 22, 1946 “On the Administrative Division of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Region”, Otomari, along with five other settlements, was allocated to the city of regional subordination ^[71] .

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of June 5, 1946, Otomari was renamed Korsakov and its status as a city of regional subordination was fixed ^[75] . It was officially stated that the name was given in honor of V.A. Rimsky-Korsakov , a navigator and hydrograph, captain of the Vostok jewel ^{[76] [77] [2]} .

In the summer of 1946, there were many handicraft enterprises in Korsakov, as well as a sawmill and a cannery, a rope and rope factory, 2 soap factories, rice-cleaning and soybean plants ^[77] . During the transition period, the Japanese population continued to work actively in the city’s industry (including the nationalized fish industry), since there were still very few workers among the immigrants from the mainland (by March 20, 1946, there were only 580 people throughout South Sakhalin) ^[70] .

On February 23, an alcohol-vodka factory No. 2 was created on the basis of nationalized enterprises (in 1953 it was transformed into the Korsakovsky distillery; until liquidation on June 1, 1957, the enterprise was located at 25 Krutaya St.) ^[78] .

Since March, the activity of the city bakery began (the simplest roaster was originally built with a capacity of 1 ton of bread per day). On September 1, a bakery was put into operation, which with the transition to the Glavkhleb system since 1948 was called a bakery ^[79] . In February 1950, a new mechanized bakery with a capacity of 30 tons of bread per day was commissioned ^[80] .

On August 30, the Korsakov City Court was formed at the head of the people's judge I.G. Tikhonova ^[81]

In September, the cinema "Sailor" with 400 seats and "Surf" with 600 seats ^{[82] [83]}

In late November, after an overhaul, the agar plant resumed operation, the raw materials for which - red algae anfelcia - were prepared by the Nagakham plant ^[84] .

• 1947 year . On March 1, the Executive Committee of the Korsakov City Council of Workers' Deputies began its activities (based on the decision of the Sakhalin Oblast Executive Committee of 02/26/1947). V.S. Volkov was appointed Chairman of the Executive Committee, and on December 21 of the same year, the Korsakov City Council of Workers' Deputies consisting of 72 deputies was elected ^[66] .

On April 7, the Korsakov Forestry was organized, and on June 14, a decision was made to create a tractor transport office. On October 29, the first kindergarten in the city was opened, known as the Tale, and 10 years later ^[66] moved to a two-story stone building on ul. Krasnoflotskaya (now under No. 29) ^[85] .

On August 30, the central city library was opened (in a wooden building on Krasnoflotskaya St., on the site of which the Soyuz cinema was built in 1972; since 1963, in house 18 on Sovetskaya St., in a building specially provided for by the project), the book fund of which totaled 4991 copies ^[86] .

On September 1, a working youth school began to work, and at the end of the year, elementary schools No. 2, 3, 4 were opened ^[66] .

• 1948 year . On March 23, the city newspaper “ Pobeda ” began to appear (created by a resolution of the bureau of the Sakhalin Regional Committee; in November 1951, the regional newspaper “The Banner of Communism ” was formed on its basis, and on May 1, 1965 it is published under the current name “ Sunrise ”) ^[87] .

On April 1, at the site of the former Japanese, a fire department of the city of Korsakov was formed ^[88] .

The clinic was transferred to a capitally repaired building, a maternity hospital (in a closed church building at the end of Krasnoflotskaya St.) was converted, an infectious diseases hospital with 50 beds was opened. The construction of a city hospital with steam heating has begun. A new two-story wooden building was constructed on Sverdlov Street for an elementary school, which received No. 5 ^[89] .

• 1949 year . At the beginning of the year, a hotel with 85 beds was put into operation (later a restaurant was also opened). The construction of a brick factory has begun. An on-site grocery store and a grocery store in the city center are open. В августе ^[86] открыта детская библиотека (изначально в бывшем японском здании по ул.Корсаковской, на месте которого в 1960-е был построен жилой дом №10; после смены ряда адресов с 1981 года обосновалась в доме №38 по ул.Советской) ^[86] .

В течение года в начале улицы Советской для офицеров и их семей построено 4 двухэтажных каменных дома.

Основным торговым предприятием города в тот период являлся Сахалинторг, располагавший в 1949 году 15 магазинами, 8 ларьками, киосками и 4 лотками ^[86] .

1950-ые годы

• 1950 год . Образован Корсаковский мясокомбинат Сахмясомолтреста (с 1966 — пищекомбинат; в 2000 году после смены ряда форм собственности предприятие ликвидировано) ^[90] .
• 1952 год . 3 января принято решение присвоить официальное наименование — Комсомольская — центральной площади ^[66] (ранее комсомольцы города вышли на субботник и высадили в этом месте, в обустроенном сквере саженцы лиственных деревьев) ^[91] . Однако ещё несколько лет в народе она продолжала называться Горелой, так как её территория образовалась после расчистки массовых пожаров 1945—1946 года, уничтоживших всю японскую застройку 4 кварталов бывшего торгового района Одомари ^[92] . Комсомольская площадь оставалась центральной вплоть до начала 1970-х, когда её функции постепенно перешли к нынешней площади имени В. И. Ленина (название присвоено в 1987 году ) ^[91] .

26 февраля принято решение об открытии вечерней студии начинающих художников, а 23 октября — детской музыкальной школы; 1 октября начал свою деятельность Дом пионеров и школьников (ныне Дом детства и юношества)

• 1954 год . 22 октября ^[93] город посетили первый секретарь ЦК КПСС Н.С. Хрущёв , министр торговли СССР А.И. Микоян и министр обороны СССР Н.А. Булганин ^[94] . Закончено строительство Дома отдыха моряков (в 1959 передано под Мореходное училище) ^[95] .
• 1957 год . 25 июля введено в эксплуатацию здания Ателье мод по ул. Октябрьской 5, а 10 октября принято решение о переименовании улиц: Ворошилова — в Дзержинского; Микояна — в Калинина; Стаханова — в адмирала Макарова; переулок Будённого — в переулок Котовского ^[66] .

1960-ые годы

• 1962 год . 30 декабря введено в эксплуатацию здание ныне действующей школы №1 по ул. Краснофлотской ^[66] .
• 1964 год . На улице Краснофлотской открылся детский сад «Золотая рыбка» ^[96]
• 1965 год . 5 июня Корсаков и предприятия города посетил космонавт №4 П.Р. Попович , приезжавший в область на 40-летие Сахалинского комсомола ^[97]
• 1967 год . 10 января введено в эксплуатацию здание ныне действующей школы школы № 4, а 11 января — кафе «Чудесница» по улице Советской (сейчас кафе «Бархат»). 15 января город посетил председатель Совета Министров СССР А. Н. Косыгин ^[66] .

5 октября в городе создан санаторный детский сад компенсирующего вида для тубинфицированных детей (№28, по ул.Первомайской 40А; с 1 сентября 2006 года перепрофилирован в детский сад общеразвивающего вида) ^[98] .

• 1968 год . В октябре в Комсомольском сквере состоялось открытие стелы в честь 50-летия ВЛКСМ ^[91] .
• 1969 год . 1 сентября начал работу детский сад «Аленький цветочек» ^[99] .

1970—1980-ые годы

• 1971 год . В ноябре открылся Дом культуры Океан » (возглавила Л.М.Шевченко) ^[100] .
• 1972 год . 18 августа введён в эксплуатацию широкоформатный кинотеатр «Союз» (первых зрителей принял 30 сентября), а 29 декабря — здание Комбината бытового обслуживания (Дом быта) по ул. Советской ^[66] .
• 1975 год . On the street Нагорной открыт детский сад «Ромашка» ^[101]
• 1976 год . В 1-м микрорайоне (сейчас Приморский бульвар) открыт детский сад «Кораблик» ^[102]
• 1977 год . 1 сентября открылась детская школа искусств, а на следующий день введёно в эксплуатацию здание ныне действующей средней школы № 2 ^[66] .
• 1982 год . 26 февраля после капитального ремонта введено в эксплуатацию здания родильного отделения Центральной районной больницы ^[66] .
• 1987 год . 2 марта введены в эксплуатацию центральная котельная (по ул.Толстого, 76) ^[66] , а 30 сентября – здание детского сада №8 по Весёлому переулку (сейчас — д. 5/1 по ул.Зеленой) ^[103]
• 1989 год . В феврале начато строительство нового здания типографии и редакции по ул.Флотской, завершить которое планировалось в 1992 году (из проблем с финансированием осталось незавершённым) ^[104] .

1990-ые годы

19 июня 1991 года зарегистрирован Корсаковский приход Покрова Божьей Матери в составе Южно-Сахалинской и Курилькой православной епархии ^[105]

В феврале 1992 года на улице Окружной открыт детский сад «Золотой петушок» ^[106]

In October 1993, on the day of celebrating the 140th anniversary of the city, a bronze bust of the Governor-General of East Siberia Mikhail Korsakov (author - Chebotaryov VN ) was installed in Komsomolsky Square ^{[107] [91]} .

On April 1, 1999, the Holy Pokrovsky Monastery was founded by transforming the parish of the same name. For him were allocated the premises of a former sailor club, built in 1959 ^[108] .

On December 29, 1999, a new five-story building of the central district hospital was opened on Fedko Street 2, the construction of which was planned in 1989 and started in 1995 (it was repeatedly interrupted due to lack of funding) ^[109] .

Since 2000

On September 16, 2001, in honor of the decade of twinning between the cities of Korsakov and Wakkanai, the part of the Komsomolsky square adjacent to Gvardeiskaya St. was called the Wakkanai square and a memorial sign was erected there ^[91] .

February 27, 2002 by the decision of the district Assembly of the municipality "Korsakovsky district" approved the coat of arms of the city of Korsakov ^[91] .

In 2003, construction began on the Prigorodnoye production complex, which includes a liquefied natural gas plant and an oil shipment terminal. In 2009, it was put into operation and reached its design capacity ^[110] .

December 30, 2008 in a new three-story building, built over 2 years on Krasnoflotskaya St., a regional clinic was opened, designed for 200 visits per shift ^{[111] [112]}

On March 26, 2009, a new three-story building of the customs post of Korsakov was opened (it was built since 1993) ^[113] .

On August 31, 2010, an agreement was signed on friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation between the cities of Korsakov and the South Korean city of Samchok (Samchek) ^[9] .

In September 2012, reconstruction of the central square of the city began. Over the course of the year, it was tiled with colored tiles, with the ornament of the vector diagram “Wind rose” and a fountain in the center; a monument to V. I. Lenin ^{[114] [115] was} moved from the city hall to the passage opposite the Okean Palace of Culture; flowerbeds were broken and four decorative stones were installed with tablets "reflecting significant events in the history of the port city" ^{[54] [116]} . The work completed according to the plan was presented on September 15, 2013 - on the day of the celebration of the 160th anniversary of Korsakov ^[54] .

On March 6, 2013, kindergarten No. 12 “Teremok” was opened on Mirny Lane ^[117]

The official opening of the military commissariat took place on December 6, 2017 (before that, it worked on 58 Okrugnoye, in rooms that decades later became emergency) ^[118] into a converted two-story building at the new address - Portovaya, 2, where the linear police department for transport was previously located, and earlier in the Soviet period - the cafe "Birch" and the restaurant "Spring" ^{[119] [120]} .

In Korsakov there are several fish and seafood processing plants (Corsakovsky Cannery CJSC, Perseus LLC, Iris-1 CJSC ^[121] , Lenbok LLC, etc.), fishing enterprises, a sea ​​trading port , and a production plant agar-agar (built in 1953, mothballed in 2009 ^[122] ), the Severnaya Zvezda beer and beverage factory (launched in 1997 at the food factory ^[123] ). Previously, the Ocean Fisheries Base operated (initially, since 1967, the Korsakov Ocean Fisheries Administration was transformed into the Base since 1977, the company was liquidated in 2000 ^[124] ) and the corrugated packaging factory (liquidated in 2003 ^[125] ).

A large natural gas liquefaction plant with a berthing complex operates near the city (the first in Russia; it was commissioned on February 18, 2009 as part of the Sakhalin-2 energy project) ^[126] . The opening ceremony was attended by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev , Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso , Duke of York Prince Andrew , Dutch Minister of Economics Maria van der Hoeven and representatives of the business community (about 400 people in total) ^[127] .

The first educational institution in the Korsakovsky post - a children's school for peasant and soldier children - was opened on September 7, 1875 at the initiative of the officer meeting of the 4th East Siberian Line Battalion. It received the name Alekseevskaya in honor of the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich ^[128] . Major Fedor Ivanovich Ryabikov, head of the South Sakhalin District, was appointed trustee of the school, Olympina Petrovna Radkovskaya, trustee, and priest Korsakov Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Simeon Kazan and second lieutenant Mikhail Kostevich. In the first year, 20 children attended school: 9 boys and 11 girls from among the children of soldiers, peasants, and deportees ^[128] .

In the spring of 1912, the first classes in the Japanese male gymnasium (located in the area of ​​the current Zelenaya Street) began in Otomari, and from 1918 to 1939 the Primary School Teacher Training Center worked with her. In August 1925, Prince Regent Hirohito , the future emperor of Japan , visited the school. As of April 1945, there were 3 secondary schools (male and female gymnasiums, as well as a commercial school) and 5 “national” schools in Otomari ^[129] . In the first decades after the return of South Sakhalin to Russia, Korsakov schools were located in the buildings of former Japanese schools (by the mid-1980s, none of them had survived) and were gradually transferred to new buildings.

Primary and secondary education

• Secondary school No. 1 was opened in 1946 ^[130] in a two-story building of the former male gymnasium ^{[131] [132]} . The current school building No. 1 on Krasnoflotskaya St. was put into operation on December 30, 1963 ^[133] . The gymnasium building was demolished in 1972.
• Secondary school number 2 . It was opened as the initial one in December 1947 ^[66] in an adapted one-story wooden building along Solnechnaya Street ^[134] . In 1954, a separate two-story building on ul. Eastern ^[135] , and the current three-story on the street. Marine was put into operation in 1977 ^[136] . The former was used as a residential building (demolished in the mid-2010s).
• Secondary school number 3 . It was opened as primary in December 1947 ^[66] in the building of a Japanese elementary school on Okruzhnaya Street ^[137] . From 1958 (when it was then transformed into an incomplete secondary) ^[136] to 2016, it was located in a building built in 1953 not far from its former place ^[138] . In 2018, the construction of a new ^[132] started on the territory of the demolished school building No. 3, which was planned to be opened by September 1, 2019 ^[139] , but due to design errors, the deadlines were postponed ^[140] .
• Secondary school number 4 . It was opened as the initial one in December 1947 ^[66] in a one-story building of a Japanese school (in the area of ​​the current kindergarten No. 7 on Parkova St.) ^[141] . A few years later it was transformed into an incomplete secondary (seven-year), and in 1956 it was transferred to the former Japanese female gymnasium on Uchitelskaya St. (now Nevelskaya) ^[142] . In the current building, built nearby, school number 4 has been operating since 1967 ^[66] . The former was demolished in the late 1960s (fragments of the foundation were preserved in the school square). In February 2018, the overhaul of the facade was completed ^[143] .
• Primary school number 5 . Opened in 1991 in a building built in 1968 for a boarding school ^{[144] [145]} .
• Secondary school number 6 . It was originally opened as a primary, working in the same building (a former male gymnasium) with secondary school No. 1, but on the second shift. In 1956, it was transferred to the building on Parkova Street, where before that there was school number 4. In 1962 it was transformed into an incomplete secondary ^[66] . In the current building on Podgornaya St., which became a secondary school, moved in 1971 ^[146] .
• Primary school No. 7 (reprofiled). Opened in 1994 in a new building on Parkova St., in 2008 recognized as the best school in the city ^[147] . At the beginning of 2009, it was decided to convert the school into a kindergarten ^[148] , which opened on April 4, 2011 ^[149] .
• Evening school . It was opened in September 1947 as a school for working youth ^[66] . Since 1971, it was located in the building of the former eight-year school No. 6 on Parkova Street (demolished in the mid 1980s), then transferred to the adapted one-story building on Vostochnaya Street, and in 2015 it was reorganized by joining secondary school No. 2 ^[150] .

Vocational education

• Naval College (closed). He began his studies in 1959 in the building erected for the Sailors' Rest House on Dachnaya Street in 1954 in the style of Soviet Classicism ^[95] . In the early 1990s, it was planned to create a maritime university in Korsakov and the construction of a large building on the hill at the end of Vokzalnaya Street was started, but the plans changed, the construction was stopped, and in 1996 the school itself was closed.
• Vocational school number 8 (closed). It was located at 118-b on Okruzhnaya Street, and after the seafaring school was closed, it moved to its building on Dachnaya Street. It was liquidated in 2008 . In March 2016, the building was demolished ^[151] .
• Training course plant (liquidated). It was opened in December 1951 in a new building built for the management of the East Sakhalin State Gosrybtrest (at the intersection of Guards and Komsomolskaya Streets). In October 1953, the educational institution became known as the School for Advanced Training of Crews and Crews and Fisheries Specialists, and in 1965 it was again reorganized into the Korsakov Training and Training Center, on the basis of which specialists for the fishery industry were trained: mechanics, boatmasters, minders, radio operators, technologists, sailors, masters of fish processing, refrigeration drivers, boatswain, cooks, laundresses. In 1989, in connection with the reorganization of the training system for the rank and file crew, the plant was liquidated, and the training of the rank and crew was transferred to Korsakov SPTU No. 8. Now the Uchkombinat shopping center is located in the building ^[152] .
• From 1997 to 2011 ^[153] in the city there was a private agricultural school “ Singwang ” (Non-governmental educational institution of primary vocational education “Singwang”), created by the religious organization Christian Presbyterian Church “Living Faith” (founder and director - Kim Yong Won) and located in the building of the former kindergarten No. 7 on Pervomaiskaya St. 57-a ^[154] .

Continuing Education

• House of childhood and youth (since 1999, originally - the House of Pioneers and Schoolchildren). Opened October 16, 1952 ^[155] years on the street. Soviet in a wooden two-story building built in 1915, where until 1928 the municipality of Odomari was located ^[156] . After the demolition of the dilapidated building, the institution was located in various areas of the city until, in 1991 , being reorganized into the House of Children and Youth Creativity, it settled in the building of the former CPSU City Committee in 16, ul. Korsakovskaya ^[157] .
• Children's art school. It was opened on September 1, 1977 in a new building (at Sovetskaya 14), built on the site of the demolished in the 1960s the aforementioned former building of the Japanese City Hall [2] .
• Social and rehabilitation center for minors "Rainbow". Opened in 1995 on the street Ovrazhnoy. It was liquidated in early 2019 after the building was declared unsuitable for children to stay around the clock ^[158] .

• Cultural and leisure center " Ocean ". It is housed in a two-story building, built specifically for the house of culture in 1971 . The name was assigned on July 9 of the same year following the results of the competition, and for visitors it was first opened in November ^{[159] [100]} [3] .
• Korsakovsky Museum of History and Local Lore. Opened on October 4, 1983, to the 130th anniversary of the city as a department of the Okean district cultural center ^[160] , and in 1993 moved to a separate building on Krasnoflotskaya Street ^[161] [4]
• Vodnik Stadium was built on a land plot allocated in 1954 by the sea ​​trading port and named after the local football team, whose home arena is still. By the 1960s, it was also becoming the venue for mass urban events. Since 1993, it has become the property of the city, and in 2014 it was reopened after four years of reconstruction (25-meter lighting poles, stands for 600 seats, a crumb rubber field, treadmills with a new coating and a tennis court appeared) ^[162] .
• Sports and fitness complex " Flagman ". Built on the site of an open stadium near secondary school No. 4 ^[163] and opened on December 29, 2014 ^{[164] [165]}

In the Soviet period, the following cinemas operated at different times:

• " Sailor " (originally opened in 1946 in a wooden Japanese building on Rechnaya St., burned down in the early 1960s; a new stone one was built in 1964 on Oktyabrskaya St., closed in the early 1990s, demolished in 2016)
• " Surf" (opened in September 1946 in a wooden Japanese building, burned down in the mid-1960s, now at this place is house number 5 on Krasnoflotskaya) ^[83]
• " Mir " (located in a former Japanese temple on Okruzhnaya St., closed in 1972 ^[66] )
• Soyuz (on Krasnoflotskaya St., 27; opened in 1972, stopped cinema screenings in the early 2000s, premises were rented as shops until the company was liquidated in 2011 ^[166] ). It was demolished in May 2019 ^[167] . In its place they plan to build a new cultural and leisure center ^[168]

Film screenings were also made in the House of Officers (burned down in 1965) ^[92] , clubs (FGT, sailor's club, etc.) and DC Ocean.

In the 1990s, film director Vladimir Plotnikov (born in Sakhalin Oblast, in Kholmsk ) shot several episodes for his feature films “ Charged with Death ” (1991), “ Detachment D” (1993) and “ Your Will, Lord!” "(Both 1993). The material that was not included in them was used in the television series Transit for the Devil (1999).

Since 2014, at the end of August, on the territory of the former military airfield “Fluffy” , located on the eastern outskirts of the city, the Wings of Sakhalin festival, which has already become traditional, has been held traditionally ^[169] . In addition to Sakhalin bands, Russian rock musicians with the name (2014 - “ Alisa ” ^[170] , 2015 - “ Mill ” ^[171] , 2016 - Nike Borzov ^[172] , 2017 - “ Chayf ” participate in it as “headliners”) ^[173] , 2018 - “ Crematorium ” and “ Today 's Night ” ^[174] ), 2019 - “ Uma2rman ” ^[175] .

• Of the architecture of the Karafuto period, the most famous is the building of the former branch of Hokkaido Takusyoku Bank ( Japanese 北海道 拓殖 銀行 ), built in 1929 at the intersection of Sakaemati streets ( Japanese 栄 町 通 り , now Soviet) and Ginza ( Japanese 銀座 通 り , now October) . In Soviet times, it also housed banking institutions ^[176] , then during the 1990s-2010s it was in an abandoned state, gradually collapsing (although in 1999 it received the status of an architectural monument of regional significance ^[177] ). In 2016, it was decided to reconstruct it, it is planned to place a branch of the Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore in the building ^{[178] [179]} .
• from other Japanese buildings preserved:
  • two school pavilions " Hoanden "( 奉安 殿 殿 ): one on the street. Ushakova not far from school number 3, and another in the area of ​​Zelenoy Street (where the Japanese were located, respectively, the building of an elementary school and male gymnasium) ^[180] .
  • brick storage for documents " bunsyoko " ( Japanese 文 書庫 ), built at the beginning of the 20th century (stands on the territory of secondary school No. 1 on Krasnoflotskaya street, 1) ^[181]
  • red brick storage facilities (in the area of ​​Oktyabrskaya and Admiralteyskaya streets), as well as separate wooden residential buildings in different areas of the city
  • military pillboxes with underground tunnels along Putinnaya Street and in the area of ​​the abandoned construction site of the Maritime College ^[182]
• The monument to the fallen for the liberation of Korsakov from the Japanese militarists , originally erected in 1949 on Shkolnaya Street (now Memorial Square) ^[91] . In 1956, reconstruction was made, and in 1969 - a complete replacement ^[183] . Based on the decision of the regional executive committee of the Sakhalin Region dated 9.03.1971 No. 98, the monument was registered as an architectural monument of regional significance ^[184] . The opening of the updated monument (the obelisk was lined with black polished plates) took place in early December 2007 ^[185] .
• mosaic panels of the Soviet period on the building of the Children's Art School (Sovetskaya St. 14) - 1977 (author unknown) ^[186]
• the longest thematic panel on the island (about 40 m) ^[187] , erected on the fence of the northern region of the port (Vokzalnaya St.) on the 110th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin , consists of three parts and reflects the main milestones of the formation of the USSR - 1980 (author unknown) ^[188]
• Monument to the inhabitants of Otomari, who died in 1945 . It is a tetrahedral pyramid with a three-stage base and metal plates with texts in Japanese and Russian: “Let us pray for the peace of the souls of those here, for peace and friendship between nations” ^[189] . It was established in 1993 with the assistance of the Japanese side, which took over the financing. It is dedicated, among others, to those who were buried in a nearby Japanese cemetery and whose graves were subsequently lost. Based on the resolution of the administration of the Sakhalin region dated 12.03.1999 No. 80, the monument was assigned to the historical and cultural monuments of the Sakhalin region ^[190] .
• Monument to Admiral Gennady Nevelsky (opened July 20, 2013) ^[191] in Komsomolsky Square.
• Memorial to the Sakhalin Koreans, victims of Japanese militarism . Located on Seaside Boulevard, on the so-called Mount of Sadness ( cor. 망향 의 ). Opened November 3, 2007 ^{[192] [193]} . The author of the stele is Professor of Seoul University Choi Ying Su ( cor. 최인수 ) ^[194]
• an observation deck with views of the city, the bay and the sea. It was originally equipped by the Japanese in the 1910s as part of the Kaguragaoka Park ( 神 楽 岡 ).

• Aranovsky, Konstantin Viktorovich (b. 1964, Korsakov) - judge of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
• Romankov, Alexander Anatolyevich (b. 1953, Korsakov) - Olympic champion 1988, winner of the Games 1976 and 1980, 10-time world champion in rapier fencing
• Melnichuk, Andrei Fedorovich (b. 1954, Korsakov) - archaeologist, researcher of the history of the Urals
• Wakayama, Genzoo (b. 1932, Otomari] - Japanese dubbing and dubbing actor
• Fayzrakhmanov, Mikhail Raisovich (b. 1964, Korsakov) - architect, designer, author of the coat of arms of the city of Korsakov (approved February 27, 2002 ^[91] )
• Elnikova, Olga (born 1984, Korsakov) - a model who, after winning the Cosmopolitan 1999 beauty contest, worked with Paris modeling agencies ^{[195] [196]}

Executive Committee Chairpersons ^[197] :

Heads of the city and district administration: ^[198]

• Savenko, Yuri Alekseevich (b. 1961) - from 9/12/1991 to September 1993
• Osadchiy, Valery Nikolaevich - from September 21, 1993 to 2004 (he resigned ahead of schedule at the beginning of the year, Alexander Mikhailovich Svoyakov performed his duties)
• Zlivko, Gennady Anatolyevich (b. 1957) - from October 2004 to 2008 (in December 2005 he was charged under part 3 of article 286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ^[199] , and on March 12, 2008 with the entry into force of a court verdict (in in the form of conditional imprisonment) went on vacation and his duties were performed by the deputy - Lada Mudrova) ^[200]
• Mudrova, Lada Borisovna (b. 1970) - from June 14, 2008 to July 20, 2015 (removed from office due to loss of confidence) ^[201] )
• Rudakov, Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1961) - from July 24, 2015 (acting, on the position from January 30, 2016) to September 3, 2017 (suspended in connection with a criminal case ^{[202] [203]}
• Maginsky, Timur Vladimirovich (b. 1978) - interim since September 20, 2017 ^[204] , in a position since May 10, 2018 ^[205]

In the Soviet period, when the Communist Party had a leading role, the party organization of the city was headed by the following first secretaries of the CPSU city committee :

Городские газеты

• «Восход» (общественно-политическая газета), издаётся с 1948 года (изначально как «Победа»; с ноября 1951 года — «Знамя коммунизма»; под нынешним названием с 1 мая 1965 года) [5]
• «Сахалинский вектор» (рекламно-информационный еженедельник), с 2003 года [6]
• «Корсаковское телевидение», с 2008 года ^[208]

Since 1906, after the transfer of South Sakhalin to Japanese rule in Otomari, the following Japanese-language newspapers were published in Karafuto as the administrative center of Karafuto, Karafuto Shinho, Karafuto Nippo, and since 1908, Karafuto Jiji ^{[209 ]} .

Radio stations

• Autoradio (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) - 531 kHz (NE)
• Radio ASTV - 102.0 MHz (FM) ^[210]
• Europe Plus - 104.1 MHz (FM)
• Radio of Russia - 107.6 MHz (FM), 72.29 (VHF)

Also, stations from Japan and the Khabarovsk Territory are received in the CB band ^[211]

Sources Used

(in chronological order)

Recommended

• Busse N.V. Sakhalin Island and the expedition of 1852. // " Bulletin of Europe ", 1871, No. 10-12.
• Busse N.V. Sakhalin Island and expedition 1853-54. A diary. August 25, 1853 - May 19, 1854 - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin Book Publishing House, 2007. - 216 p. - ISBN 978-5-88453-198-2 .
• Novopashin S. Album found on Sakhalin (Album of an unknown family from Oodomari) // Japan today: magazine. - 2007. - No. 1 .
• Tarasov A.V. Korsakov: Here is my pier (photo album) . - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: IP Tarasov, 2008. - 80 p. - ISBN 978-5-903699-03-2 .
• City. Sea. Energy: 165 years Korsakov. 15 years to the Prigorodnoye production complex . - Krasnoyarsk: LLC Polikor Publishing House, 2018. - 124 p. - ISBN 978-5-6041798-0-2 .

• The official website of the municipality "Korsakov city district".
• Town!
• Korsakov is a city in the Sakhalin Oblast.
• Korsakovsky district of the Sakhalin region.
• Sights of Korsakov
• The history of Japanese buildings in Korsakov at karafuto.jimdo.com
• Old Sakhalin: Korsakov
• Korsakov's news on sakhalin.info portal (since 1999)
• Korsakov's news on the skr.su portal (Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands) (since 2009)
• Former website of the Voskhod newspaper (archive of news publications 2008-2011)