Bulbulos or Short Thrushes [1] ( Latin Pycnonotidae ) is a family of passerine squad . According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) , 21 families are members of the family; according to other data, the number of births can reach 27 [2] .
Bulbulevye | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yellow lung bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pycnonotidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulbuleva - small tree and shrub birds the size of a starling [3] . Most species are found in Africa , some in Asia . They live both in tropical forests and in more open spaces.
On the territory of Russia, the only species of the family is found - the short-fingered bulbul ( Microscelis amaurotis ), registered in the Primorsky Territory and in the southern Kuril Islands [4] .
Content
Etymology
The name of the family Pycnonotidae is derived from the word Pycnonotus , which in turn is derived from two Greek words: puknos - thick, notos - coating [5] . This name is given to the bird due to the fact that all over the body there are thin hair-like feathers.
The Russian name Bulbul can be derived from Arabic (بلل), Persian (بلل) or Turkish (bülbül). In the poetry of these countries, the bulbul often appears as a songbird (although the word بلبل (bülbül) is usually translated into Russian as “ nightingale ”).
Description
Appearance
The length of the body ranges from 13 cm (in the slender brown bulbul Phyllastrephus debilis ) to 29 cm (in the yellow-capped true bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus ). Females and males are painted in the same way, in green, yellow and brown tones, often with white, black or brown spots or longitudinal shading from light stripes. The plumage is soft, with a large number of long hair-like feathers, which are especially abundant at the nape and neck. Many species have crest. Beak slightly elongated and slightly hooked on the end. Legs are relatively short [6] . The species of the family do not have sexual dimorphism , but the females are slightly smaller than the males.
Voice
Silent whistle [3] . One author described the song of the red bullet Bulbul as the most unattractive of all birds.
Power
Most species of the family are herbivorous, and their diet includes berries, seeds and nectar. Some species prefer animal feed and feed mainly on insects and other arthropods [6] .
Reproduction
Birds make a nest in the form of a cup, placing it in the branches of trees or shrubs, low above the ground [6] . Purple-pink eggs lie in an open nest. In laying them from 2 to 5 pieces. The incubation period usually lasts 11-14 days, only the female incubates the eggs.
Behavior
Bulbul are very mobile birds and are habits reminiscent of tits, warblers and thrushes [6] . Most species are monogamous. An exception is the yellow-throated green bulbul Andropadus latirostris .
Spread
Bulbul inhabit Africa, Madagascar, Asia, and some Pacific islands. They settle in tropical and subtropical forests, as well as in sparse stands and on forest edges [6] .
Bulbul and Man
Pycnonotus jocosus and Pycnonotus cafer were caught in large quantities for trade in animals, and now these species have become more widespread, now found in tropical and subtropical areas in southern Florida, India, Indonesia, Australia and Hawaii. Some species are considered pests of crops and are most harmful in gardens. Bulbuleva quite resistant to environmental pollution and easily take root to changes in the range. But 13 species are endangered due to human activity: deforestation, reduction of their range.
Classification
The family consists of the following genera [2] [7] :
A
- Genus Acritillas ( , 1905)
- Genus Alophoixus ( , 1889)
- Genus Andropadus - Green Bulbul ( Swainson , 1832)
- Genus Arizelocichla ( , 1905)
- Genus Atimastillas ( , 1905)
B
- The genus Baeopogon - Bulbuli-medokazchiki (Heine, 1860)
- Genus Bleda - Bristles ( Bonaparte , 1857)
C
- Genus Calyptocichla - Golden Bulbul ( , 1905)
- Genus Cerasophila (Bingham, 1900)
- Genus Chlorocichla - Forest Bulbulas ( Sharpe , 1881)
- Genus Criniger - Manish Bulbul ( Temminck , 1820)
E
- The genus Eurillas ( , 1899) is separated from the genus Green bulbul into a separate [7]
H
- Genus Hemixos ( Blyth , 1845)
- Genus Hypsipetes - Oriental Bulbuli ( Vigors , 1831)
I
- Genus Iole ( Blyth , 1844)
- Genus Ixonotus - Spotted bulbuli ( J. Verreaux et E. Verreaux, 1851)
- Genus Ixos ( Temminck , 1825)
M
- The genus Malia ( Schlegel , 1880)
N
- Genus Neolestes - Collars bulbuli ( Cabanis , 1875)
P
- Genus Pycnonotus - Real Bulbul , or Short-Throated Thrushes ( Boie , 1826)
- Genus Pyrrhurus ( Cassin , 1859)
S
- Genus Setornis - Hooks Bulbul ( Lesson , 1839)
- Genus Spizixos - Finch Bulbul ( Blyth , 1845)
- Genus Stelgidillas ( , 1899)
T
- Genus Thapsinillas ( , 1905)
- Genus Thescelocichla - Marsh bulbul ( , 1905)
- Genus Tricholestes ( Salvadori , 1874)
Previously, the family included: the Nicator genus Nicator (which is now separated into the independent Nicatoridae family), the Xanthomixis genus and the Bernieria genus (both are now in the Bernieridae family).
The genus Malia has been transferred to the Bulbul family of the Thiemeli family.
The genus Microscelis was isolated from the genus Eastern Bulbul Hypsipetes , and the genus Pyrrhurus was derived from the genus Brown Bulbul Phyllastrephus (in some sources, these two genera are not separated into separate ones).
Notes
- ↑ Boehme RL , Flint V. Ye. The five-language dictionary of animal names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Under total. ed. Acad. V.E. Sokolova . - M .: Rus. lang, "RUSSO", 1994. - p. 280. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) | Hbw alive
- ↑ 1 2 Boehme R. L., Dinets V. L, Flint V. E., Cherenkov A. E. Birds. Encyclopedia of the nature of Russia (under the general editorship of V.E. Flint). - M .: ABF, 1998. - p. 294. - 432 p. - ISBN 5-87484-045-1 .
- ↑ Arlott N., Brave V. Birds of Russia: Reference guide. - SPb. : Amfora, 2009. - p. 293. - 446 p. - ISBN 978-5-367-01026-8 .
- ↑ James A. Jobling. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. - London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd, 2010. - p. 325. - 432 p. - ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Galushin V. M., Drozdov N. N., Ilyichev V. D., Konstantinov V. M., Kurochkin E. N., Polovov S. A., Potapov R. L., Flint V. E., Fomin V.E. Fauna of the world. Birds. Directory. - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1991. - p. 229. - 311 p. - ISBN 5-10-001229-3 .
- ↑ 1 2 Bulbul (Pycnonotidae) on ITIS
Literature
- Beresford, P .; Barker, FK; Ryan, PG & Crowe, TM (2005): African endemics spanning tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272 (1565): 849-858. DOI : 10.1098 / rspb.2004.2997 PDF fulltext Electronic appendix (inaccessible link)
- Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): Malagasy transcription data sequence. Evolution 55 (6): 1198-1206. DOI : 10.1554 / 0014-3820 (2001) 055 [1198: AEROMS] 2.0.CO; 2 PDF fulltext
- Delacour, J. (1943): A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls). Zoologica 28 (1): 17-28.
- Fishpool L. & Tobias J. (2005) "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes . Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
- Moyle, Robert G. & Marks, Ben D. (2006): Atyrau: Pycnonotidae-based bulletins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (3): Pages 687–695. DOI : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.04.015 (HTML abstract)
- Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas & Cibois, Alice (2001): Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger , and a phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae). Zoosystema 23 (4): 857–863. PDF fulltext