Double standard or double morality [1] is a widespread but officially denied practice of discriminatory approaches to assessing the actions and rights of population groups, countries, races [2] . Double standards are characterized by different application of principles, laws, rules, assessments to the same actions of various entities (one of which may be the evaluator himself), depending on the degree of loyalty of these entities or other considerations of benefit for the evaluator. The term is widely used to negatively describe phenomena in modern political science , journalism , economics , social studies and other humanities .
Content
- 1 Origin of the term
- 2 Terminology of double standards
- 3 Double Standards Policy
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 References
The origin of the term
English term double standard appeared in modern meaning in English in the middle of the 19th century, originally to denote unequal moral requirements for men and women [3] . The term was used earlier to denote two different measurement methods, for example, for bimetallism , as well as in theological discussions of good and evil [4] .
The term entered the Russian language in the 1950s and was used in the USSR to denote racial and class inequality in capitalist countries [5] .
Unlike the term, the phenomenon has ancient roots, and modern scholars freely use the term in an application, for example, to Roman law [6] or to biblical texts [7] .
Double Standards Terminology
One of the common manifestations of double standards is the naming of the same or very close objects, actions, phenomena with different terms that have different emotional connotations: “they have war, we have the struggle for peace; they have invaders, we have internationalist warriors; ours are scouts, their spies ” [8] .
Double standards also include " Hottentot morality." This statement attributed to the African aborigine: “Evil - when a neighbor attacks me, takes away cattle, wife ...” - “And good?” - “And good - when I take away from his neighbor his cattle and wife” [9] .
Double Standards Policy
The policy of double standards is called the situation in which the assessment of the same phenomenon, process or event taking place in international relations depends on the nature of the relations of the evaluating parties with the objects of evaluation. With the same essential content, the actions of some countries receive support and justification, while others are condemned and punished.
A classic example of a policy of double standards was the phrase: “for whom a terrorist, and for whom a fighter for freedom” ( eng. One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter ) [10] , introduced by the British writer Gerald Seymour in his artwork “Harry's Game” ( Eng. Harry's game ) in 1975 [11] .
See also
- System bias
- Moral equality
- Bradley Effect
- Propaganda
- Doublethink
- Newspeak
- Hypocrisy
- Pharisees
- Reverse discrimination
Notes
- ↑ Double Morality // Mokienko V.M. , Nikitina T.G. Large Dictionary of Russian Sayings. - M: Olma Media Group , 2007.
- ↑ Double standard (unavailable link) // Dictionary of Social Sciences (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1181 days])
- ↑ The Draytons and the Davenants . 1866.S. 181.
- ↑ Richard Hooker, Izaak Walton, John Keble, Walter Travers. The works of that learned and judicious divine, Mr. Richard Hooker . University Press, 1845.S. 225.
- ↑ Geevsky I.A. Racist policy of the American imperialists . - M .: State. publishing house watered. Liters , 1952.- S. 135.
- ↑ Bruce W. Frier, Thomas AJ McGinn, Thomas A. McGinn. A casebook on Roman family law . - Oxford University Press , 2004 .-- P. 120.
- ↑ Andrew Davies. Double standards in Isaiah: re-evaluating prophetic ethics and divine justice . - BRILL , 2000.
- ↑ Maslova V.A. Introduction to cognitive linguistics . - M .: Flint , 2004.
- ↑ Hottentot morality . Arguments of the Week . Date of treatment October 12, 2014.
- ↑ Satish Chandra Pandey. International Terrorism and the Contemporary World . Sarup & Sons, 2006.S. 17.
- ↑ Who said one man's terrorist is another man's revolutionary?
Links
- Mezhuev B. “Double standards” and “the struggle of civilizations” . Russian magazine . Date of treatment May 15, 2011. Archived on August 26, 2011.
- Nikolai Svanidze , Victor Erofeev . Double standards of national history . Echo of Moscow (July 19, 2009). Date of treatment May 15, 2011. Archived on August 26, 2011.