Counting word ( Chinese trad. 量詞 , Ex . , Pinyin : liàngcí , pall .: Lians ) is a special service word in Chinese that comes from units of measurement. In the linguistic literature on Sinology, countable words can also be called qualifiers or enumerations.
Counting words also exist in Japanese ( Japanese Counting Suffixes ), Korean .
Counting words are divided into nominal (物 量词 wùliàngcí) and verb (动量 dòngliàngcí).
Content
Native Counting Words
In each language there is a need to designate discrete items in connection with the indication of their number . In Chinese, special counting words are used for this. Countable words derive from nouns, each of which is used by a more or less defined circle of words, therefore they are also called classifiers, meaning that they form corresponding classes of words.
Noun counting words are placed before nouns and indicate to which class the noun belongs. The class itself is determined depending on the characteristic of the object that the given noun stands for.
Noun counting words are used only when nouns are used with numerals or pronouns.
In total, in Chinese there are more than one hundred noun words.
Name countable words can be divided into the following categories:
- dimensional (ex .: 寸 cùn)
- unspecified account (ex .: 些 xiē)
- complex, consisting of several simple counting words (eg: 架次 jiàcì)
- universal (ex .: 个 gè)
- metonymic (eg: 碗 wǎn)
- collective multiplicity (ex .: 对 duì)
Why did classifiers appear?
In the ancient state in Chinese, there were no countable words. There are several different explanations for the reasons for their appearance, in particular, the need to give a certain categorization of a noun, although this is not the primary basis of their appearance. Most likely, the main reason for their appearance is as follows:
- Under the conditions of underdevelopment of the category of number, the counting words play the role of expressions of singularity or singularity of objects. In modern Chinese, structures consisting of a noun with the numeral and classifier referring to it have the same order of components. In the first place is the numeral, followed by the classifier and the noun. For example: 两条鱼 (liǎng tiáo yú) - two fish .
- In addition to pointing out the complexity and singularity, classifiers play an important substantive role (they allow other parts of speech to become nouns). It is known that in the ancient Chinese language, numerals could be used pro-substantively. Then they lost this ability and it is possible that the classifiers began to give them a substantive character, which facilitated their connection with nouns.
- Having a substantive role, countable words provide the referential relation of a numeral (or demonstrative pronoun) to a specific noun, regardless of whether the noun itself is named or not.
In the absence of a numeral, a classifier that is used with a noun makes it easier to recognize in the language. This is what distinguishes the special function of Chinese classifiers, which act as a kind of indicators of nouns. If we turn to the materials of the ancient Chinese language, it is considered that then the counting words could be used with nouns without numerals. Therefore, in addition to transferring the value of individuality and complexity, classifiers play a distinguishing role, which resembles the role of articles in English.
The combination of a numeral and countable word in Chinese is called a countable complex and none of its elements can be used independently, as a function of an individual member of a sentence. In other words, a countable complex in the syntactic sense is an inseparable construction.
Famous Chinese linguist Wang Li presented his classification of countable words, calling them countable nouns. He divides words into natural ones, which are used for the usual piece-counting of objects (eg斤 jīn), as well as team nouns (班 bān, 群 qún).
Counting words of nouns in classifier functions
The choice of a countable word cannot be arbitrary and does not depend on the speaker’s desire, but on which semantic group the noun belongs to, as well as on the specific features of the object (volume, shape, condition, and the like, including living and non-living objects), indicated specific noun. Now let's look at what categories are nouns that are not units of measure, but are served by them. In terms of meaning and grammatically, they also do not constitute a single whole, but fall into two categories:
- discharge "substance"
- 水 shuǐ - water
- 肉 ròu - meat
- 纸 zhǐ - paper
- discharge "not substance"
- 人 rén - person
- 山 shān - mountain
- 希望 xīwàng - hope
- 问题 wèntí - question
"Substances" do not allow the possibility of individual calculation, "not substances" - allow. The first ones are served by measure units, the second ones are served either by counting words, if we are talking about a set of objects, or with classifier suffixes, if we are talking about counting individual objects.
Nouns that are included in the category of "non-substance", that is, those that allow for the sub-calculation, are in turn distributed into special lexical-grammatical categories, the so-called "classes."
The basis of this classification is the distribution of objects of the external world according to a particular sensory sign, one or another external form of the object, or according to a certain connection between objects.
The grammatical distribution of nouns by classes is manifested, as is well known, in that when counting objects or when pointing to them, the numeral (or demonstrative pronoun ) is formed by a definite suffix-classifier specific to a certain semantic category of nouns.
Classifiers used in the calculation of nouns denoting people:
- 名 míng - name ,
- 位 wèi - personality, position ,
- 个 gè - a piece .
The choice of one or another classifier depends on the subjective emotional-evaluative attitude to the person being discussed. Compare the following examples:
- 看 自己 好像 看 一位 神 人。 tā kàn zìjĭ hǎo xiàng kàn yí wèi shénrén - He looked upon himself as a saint.
- 老师 教 我们 汉语。 zhè wèi lǎoshī jiāo wǒmen hànyǔ - This teacher teaches us Chinese .
The classifier 位 wèi - personality - together with the noun 老师 lǎoshī - the teacher (or in another example with the noun 神 人 shénrén - holy, wise ) expresses the respect of the person speaking to this person:
- 有 两个 朋友。 wǒ yòu liǎng gè péngyǒu - I have two friends.
Classifier 个 gè - piece - with a noun 朋友 péngyǒu - a friend expresses a neutral attitude:
- 一名 外国人 到 我们 的 城市 来 了。 yìmíng wàiguórén dào wǒmen de chéngshì láile - A foreigner arrived in our city.
The counting word 名 míng - the name - with a noun 外国人 wàiguórén - a foreigner - gives the message a touch of formality. Pointing to two people, you can use the combined counting word 对 duì - a pair :
- 是 对 姓杨 的 小 夫妇。 línjū shì duìxìng yángde xiǎofūfù - Our neighbors were spouses by the name of Jan.
Characteristics of frequently used classifiers
The subgroup of flat objects is used with the classifier 张 zhāng, the etymological meaning of which is the list :
- 三张 桌子 sānzhāng zhuōzi - three tables ,
- 一张 戏 票 yìzhāng xìpiào - one theater ticket ,
- 一张 空 盘 yìzhāng kōngpán - one empty plate ,
- 一张 方 脸 yìzhāng fāngliǎn - one square face .
The subgroup of elongated objects is used with classifiers 条 tiáo - strip , 支 zhī - branch :
- 四 支 钢笔 sìzhī gāngbǐ - four pens ,
- 两条 河 liǎngtiáo hé - two rivers ,
- 五条 鱼 wǔtiáo yú - five fish ,
- 一条 绳子 - yìtiáo shéngzi one rope ,
- 一条 腿 yìtiáo tuǐ - one leg ,
- 一条 命 yìtiáo mìng - one life .
A subgroup of nouns with a handle or back is used with the classifier 把 bǎ - the handle, the handle :
- 把刀 把刀 liǎngbǎ dāo - two knives ,
- 四 把 椅子 sìbǎ yǐzi - four chairs ,
- 三 把 尺子 sānbǎ chǐzi - three lines ,
- 一把 锁 yìbǎ suǒ - one lock ,
- 两把 扇子 liǎngbǎ shànzi - two fans ,
- 三 把 茶壶 sānbǎ cháhū - three teapots.
A subgroup of nouns with weaving or binding is used with the classifier 本 běn - root :
- 三 本书 sānběn shū - three books ,
- 两 本 杂志 liǎngběn zázhì - two magazines.
A subgroup of nouns that do not have the correct form is served by the classifier 块 kuài - a piece :
- 肉 肉 liǎngkuài ròu - two pieces of meat ,
- 一块 手表 yíkuài shǒubiǎo - one wrist watch.
The listed classifiers are the most frequent. In addition to them, with nouns that denote objects, many special counting words are used, for example: with nouns with a collective meaning - 双 shuāng - a pair , tào - a set :
- 双鞋 双鞋 liǎngshuāng xié - two pairs of shoes ,
- 一套 制服 yītào zhìfú - one uniform suit ,
- 一套 新 住宅 yítào xīn zhùzhái - one new apartment ;
with animal nouns - 只 zhī:
- 两只猫 - liǎngzhī māo two cats ,
- 一只 蝴蝶 yìzhī dié - one butterfly ;
for counting livestock - 匹 pǐ - head :
- 三 匹马 sānpǐ mǎ - three horses ,
- 六 匹 骆驼 liùpǐ luòtuo - six camels ;
to count different types of transport - 辆 liàng:
- 三辆 汽车 sānliàng qìchē - three cars ,
- 一辆 自行车 yíliàng zìxíngchē - one bike ;
Nouns denoting a written message are used with the classifier 封 fēng - envelope, seal :
- 两 封信 liǎngfēng xìn - two letters ;
to calculate the colors used classifier 朵 duǒ - inflorescence :
- 几朵 花 jǐduǒ huā - several flowers .
Qualifiers for nouns, which designate abstract concepts and natural phenomena, which can often neither be counted nor measured, are combined with numerals in Chinese. The classifiers for them are the morpheme 种 zhǒng - the type, variety, genus , as well as the words 顿 dùn - reception, rush or 阵 zhèn - rush :
- 一种 实话 yìzhǒng shíhuà lit. alone true
- 一 阵雨 yízhèn yǔ - one rain ,
- 一阵 心酸 yízhèn xīnsuān - one sadness ,
- 一顿 骂 yídùn mà - one stream of battle ,
- 一顿 打 yídùn dǎ - one stream of punches ,
- 吃 一 顿饭 chī yídùn fàn - eat (lit. - eat one meal).
However, it should be noted that quite often the same noun can be served by different classifiers. It all depends on what features you want to select in the subject, reflected by the noun . The same noun can belong to different classes, depending on what it means. So it says
- 一辆 车 yíliàng chē - one trolley ,
but using another noun for the same noun (把 bǎ - pen), we get a completely different translation:
- 一把 车 yìbǎ chē - one car ;
Another example of how a countable word can change the translation of the same noun is a modification of the word 手巾 first (piece):
- 一块 手巾 yíkuài shǒujīn - handkerchief ,
and then a modification of the same word with another counted word 条 (strip):
- 一条 手巾 yìtiáo shǒujīn - towel.
In other cases, the content of the noun remains unchanged, but the classification criteria change. Thus, the word 桥 qiáo - the bridge, which is considered as a means of connection - is brought under the category of long objects and receives the classifier 条 tiáo (branch)
- 一条 桥 yìtiáo qiáo - “one bridge” here is viewed from a geometrical point of view as a strip, in the manner of a strip of a river on a map of the area: 一条 河 yìtiáo hé is one river;
however, the same word 桥 qiáo - the bridge, which is considered as a structure - is brought under the category of immovable objects occupying a large area, and receives the classifier 座 zuò (place).
- 一座 桥 yízuò qiáo - “one bridge” is considered here as a kind of structure, in the manner of a factory: 一座 yízuò gōngchǎng - one factory.
In Chinese, there is a classifier with a generalized meaning: 个 gè - a piece that is used during the calculation of both people and objects, and natural phenomena. It can be substituted into the place of any countable word:
- 有 一个 大 缺点 yǒu yíge dàquēdiǎn - to have one big disadvantage ,
- 两个 学生 liǎngge xuésheng - two students ,
- 三个 杯子 sānge bēizi - three glasses .
There are other countable words with a generalized meaning, which, however, are not used as widely as the classifier 个 gè. These include, for example, the words 件 jiàn - a piece that is used when counting objects, clothes, and cases:
- 我 有 一 件事 wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì - I have one thing ,
- 他 买 了 三 件 东西 tā mǎile sānjiàn dōngxi - he bought three things
and 只 zhī, which is used when counting animals or body parts
- 两只 兔子 liǎngzhī tùzi - two hares ,
- 一只 耳朵 yìzhī ěrduo - one ear ,
- 三 只 眼睛 sānzhī yǎnjing - three eyes .
Use of some nouns without countable words
Among the nouns in the Chinese language, there are those to which the numerals are joined directly without countable words. These are basically nouns that denote units of measure (time, weight, volume, and the like).
Ǎ天 liǎng tiān - two days , (第二天 dì'èrtiān); 一年 yì nián - one year ； 一 课 yí kè - lesson ； 一页 yíyè - page ； 一行 yì xíng - one row ; 五里 wǔ lǐ - five li (2.5 kilometers) ； 二尺 èr chǐ - two centimeters一 对 yíduì - pair .
Some nouns admit a double connection with numerals — with and without a countable word, and a different meaning may be expressed. This discrepancy is particularly pronounced in cases where the same word is used in its main, objective function, then as a unit of measurement. For example, with a noun ительном niánjí (course), a numeral without a counting word conveys an ordinal value, with a counting word a quantitative value: 一个 年级 yíge niánjí - one course一 年级 yì niánjí - the first course .
Many nouns (units) are used as countable words for other nouns: 一斤 yì jīn - 500 grams , 一斤 yìjīn ròu - 500 grams of meat .
It is worth paying attention to the different grammatical function of some nouns - units of measurement and nouns that correlate with them in meaning - the names of objects: 一个 杯子 yìge bēizi one glass , 一杯 水 yìbēi shuǐ glass of water ； 两个 瓶子 liǎngge píngzi two bottles ,牛奶 liǎngpíng niúnǎi two bottles of milk ； 三个 盘子 sānge pánzi three plates , 三 盘 汤 sānpán tāng three plates of soup ; 一个 小时 yíge xiǎoshí one hour , 一 小时 时间 yìxiǎoshí shíjiān time period.
Verb countable words
In Chinese, not only nouns, but also verbs, can have on them countable words that (in conjunction with numerals) show how many times a certain action occurs, emphasize the intensity of one or another phenomenon. The number of special counting words of the verbs is small, mostly the most frequently used words are: 次 cì, 下 xià, 回 huí, 顿 dùn, 阵 zhèn, cháng, 趟 tàng, 遍 biàn, 番 fān ...
Special counting words are usually not just words that express an action or a change, but they also include broad lexical meanings, which are defined by the context.
Verb tally words are placed after the verbs and indicate the frequency of the action.
Verb countable words can be divided into two categories:
- denote multiplicity (ex .: 下 儿 xiàr)
- metonymic (eg: 眼 yǎn)
Classification of countable words of verbs and their meanings
Variants of the use of counting words of verbs.
次 cì - universal and most frequently used. It expresses the number of repetitive actions, usually used in repeated actions. For example:
- 这个 问题 我们 讨论 了 两次. zhège wèntí wǒmen tǎolùnle liǎngcì - We discussed this question twice.
下 xià expresses the frequency of repetition of an action that lasts a certain time. Used with short-term actions б dǎ “beat, knock”, qiāo “knock on the door”, 摇 yáo “shake”, xiǎng “think”, 玩 wán “play”, 讨论 tǎolùn “talk”:
- 他 摇 了 几 下头。 tā yáole jīxià tóu - He shook his head several times.
- 敲 了 门 一下。 tā qiāole mén yīxià - He knocked on the door.
回 huí as well as 次 cì expresses the repeatability of the action, but in comparison with it it has a deeper color: （看 kàn “to watch”, 送 sòng to “accompany”） -
- 你 的 家 我 去过 三 回。 nǐde jiā wǒ qùguò sānhuí - I went to your house three times. (I went to you three times) .
- 回 件事 他 问 过 我 两 回 我 没 没。。 h zhè jiànshì tā wènguò wǒ liǎnghuí, wǒ méigàosu tā - He twice (twice) asked me about it, but I did not tell him.
回 huí can also be the countable word of the noun 事情 shìqing:
- 是 怎么 一回事? zhè shì zěnme yīhuíshì - What is the matter?
顿 dùn is apparently etymologically derived from 屯 (bloating, tree buds) + 頁 (head, group of people) and denotes a bump on the head (obtained either as a result of low bows, or as a result of a fight). 顿 is used with words denoting food 吃饭 chīfàn “is” and with words somehow related to conflicts: 斥责 chìzé “blame”, 打骂 dǎmà “scold” and so on:
- 每天 吃 三 顿饭。 wǒ měitiān chī sāndùn fàn- I eat three times (three times) a day.
阵 zhèn expresses a short period of time, usually used with sudden relatively short events:
- 了 一 阵雨。 xiàle yīzhèn yǔ - Hit the rain.
- 一阵 刮风。 guāfēng - A breath of wind.
- 一阵 笑声 。— Attack of laughter.
- Ā 觉得 身上 一阵 冷, 一阵 热。 tā juéde shēnshang yīzhèn lěng, yīzhèn rè - He feels the whiff of cold, then the attack of heat.
场 chǎng points to actions that require space or a scene to perform. Used with words such as 电影 diànyǐng “movie”, 歌舞 gēwǔ “performance”, 戏剧 xìjù “presentation”, etc. (下 (雨) xiàyǔ “it is raining”, 打 (球) dǎqiú “playing ball”):
- 天 在 电影院 演出 一场 电影。 míngtiān zài diànyǐngyuàn yǎnchū yīchǎng diànyǐng - Tomorrow a movie will be shown at the cinema. (will show one (once) film) .
- 下午 我 打 了 一场 球 。- In the afternoon I played the ball.
趟 tàng is used with the verbs 去 qù, 来 lái - to go, to come, and together with the numeral it expresses the number of repetitions of this action:
- 我 去 欧洲 一趟。 qùnián wǒ qù uzhōu yītàng - Last year I once (once) traveled to Europe.
- 他 今 来 来 了 了 三 都 没有 看到 看到 你 ā tā jīntiān láile sāntàng déu méiyǒu kàn dào n сегодня- He came three times today and did not see you.
遍 biàn expresses an action that is performed from beginning to end: （看 kàn “read”, 说 shuō “speak”, 写 xiě “write”, 念 niàn “read”, 听 tīng “listen”, 翻译 fānyì “translate”）:
- 电影 我 看了 三遍。 zhège diànyǐng wǒ kànle sān biàn - I watched this film three times. (meaning that the film was completely revised from start to finish) .
- 把 课文 从头到尾 念 一遍。 nǐ bǎ kèwén cóngtóudàowěi niàn yībiàn - Read the text from beginning to end.
番 fān expresses an action that requires a waste of time and energy:
- 又 调查 了 一番. tā yòu diàochále yīfān He did the research again .
- 件事 你 得 好好 动 番 番 脑筋 才能 想出 想出 的 的 的。 h h j
Appendix (Table of nouns countable words)
| Counting word | Nouns |
| 把 bǎ handle | 刀子 dāozi knife, 尺 chǐ ruler, 牙刷 yáshuā toothbrush, 梳子 shūzi comb, 钥匙 yàoshi key, sǎn umbrella, 子 yǐzi chair |
| 班 bān scheduled events, flights, lessons | 火車 / 火车 flight of the train, 公交 flight of the bus, 地鐵 / 地铁 flight of the subway |
| 杯 bēi cup | 水 shuǐ water, 牛奶 niúnǎi milk, 咖啡 kāfēi coffee, chá tea, 酒 jiǔ wine |
| Ě běn root, any printed matter with a spine | Ū shū book, 杂志 zázhì magazine, 画报 huàbào illustrated magazine, cídiǎn dictionary, 小说 xiǎoshuō composition, dìtú map |
| 册 (冊) cè collection of books | Ū shū book |
| 层 céng layer floor | 楼 lóu building, 台阶 táijiē flight of stairs, 灰 huī gunpowder, 奶油 nǎiyóu oil, 皮 （儿） pír leather |
| 道 dào long curved things, gates, orders, dishes | 梁 liáng mountain range, 河 hé river, 闪电 shǎndiàn flash of lightning, 泪痕 lèihén stream of tears, cài dish, mìnglìng order |
| 滴 dī drop | 水 shuǐ water, 油 yóu oil, 酒 jiǔ wine, 眼泪 yǎnlèi tear |
| 点 diǎn point | 水 shuǐ, 酒 jiǔ, 东西 dōngxi thing, 事 shì deal |
| 顶 dǐng top | 帽子 màozi hat |
| 段 duàn cut | 路 lù road, 时间 shíjiān time, 文章 wénzhāng article, à huà speech |
| 堆 duī a bunch | 东西 dōngxi things, 粮食 liángshi grain, 草 cǎo grass, 木头 mùtou tree, 煤 méi coal |
| 对 duì pair of opposite objects | 夫妻 fūqī spouses, 戀人 lovers, 兄妹 brother and sister, пары体 pairs of chromosomes |
| 队 duì organized in rows, ranks, queues of a group of people | 战士 zhànshì warrior |
| 顿 dùn meal | 饭 fàn dish, 早饭 zǎofàn breakfast |
| 顿 dùn actions without repetition, conflicts | 打 一顿 (hit once) ， 骂 一顿 (curse once), 毒打 dúdǎ beating, 吵架 chǎojià altercation, 臭骂 chàomà swearing |
| 朵 duǒ a flower or anything that looks like it [1] | 花 huā flower, 云 yún cloud |
| 场 cháng precipitations | 雪 snow like rain, 雨 rain, 大水 flood, 大火 fire, tears; 争论 - conflict, 灾难 catastrophe, 风波 fēngbō excitement, 战争 zhànzhēng war |
| 场 chǎng field, square, stadium | 车站 Railway platform, 網球 tennis party |
| 场 chǎng public performances | 电影 film screening, 话剧 theater performance, 比赛 competition, 会 concert |
| 封 fēng | 信 xìn letter, 电报 diànbào telegram |
| 副 fù items naturally existing in pairs | 手套 shǒutào gloves, 眼镜 yǎnjìng glasses |
| 个 gè piece (universal, but stylistically reduced) | 人 rén person, 学生 xuésheng student, 朋友 péngyou friend, 同志 tóngzhì comrade, xuéxiào school, ī yīyuàn hospital, 国家 guójiā country, 面包 miànbāo bread, b子 bēizi cup, 汉字 hànzì ерог miànbāo bread, ерог hànzì figures, and ерог hà ú zi miànbāo Bread |
| 根 gēn root | Б子 zhúzi bamboo, 棍子 gùnzi branch, 针 zhēn needle |
| 管 guǎn tube (long empty cylindrical objects) [2] | |
| 架 jià scaffolding, frame, support, stand | 托架 tuōjià beam, 架桥 jiàqiáo to build a bridge, 机器 jīqì mechanism, 飞机 fēijī plane |
| 列 liè row, rails | 火车 huǒchē train |
| 间 jiān space | 屋子 wūzi room, 房子 fángzi house, 病房 bìngfáng chamber |
| 件 jiàn thing | 衣服 yīfu clothes, 衬衣 chènyī shirt, 大衣 dàyī coat, 行李 xíngli luggage, 事情 shìqing deal |
| 届 jiè regular scheduled events, meetings, meetings | 会 huì meeting, prom, 音乐 节 music festival |
| 克 kè | 糖 táng sugar, 水果 shuǐguǒ fruit, 点心 diǎnxin sweets, 金子 jīnzi gold, metal |
| 句 jù offer | À huà speech, 汉语 Hànyǔ Chinese, 英语 Yīngyǔ English |
| 棵 kē | 树 shù trees, 草 cǎo grass, 白菜 báicài Chinese cabbage |
| 颗 kē small sphere | 星 xīng star, 心 xīn heart, 子弹 zǐdàn core |
| 块 kuài piece | 钱 qián money, 糖 táng sugar, 面包 miànbāo bread, diǎnxin sweets, 手表 shǒubiǎo wrist watches, 手绢 shǒujuàn handkerchief, 肥皂 féizào soap, 黑板 hēibǎn blackboard |
| 类 lèi type | 人 rén man, 问题 wèntí question, 事情 shìqing case |
| 粒 lì seed | 米 mǐ rice, 粮食 liángshi wheat, 种子 zhǒngzi seed, 子弹 zdàn bullet, core |
| À liàng wheeled vehicle | Ē chē cart, ì qìchē machine, 自行车 zìxíngchē bike, 摩托车 mótuōchē motorcycle, tǎnkè tank |
| 名 míng official position | 学生 xuésheng student, 记者 jìzhě reporter |
| 排 pái turn | 树 shù trees, 房子 fángzi house |
| 批 pī bundle | 货 huò goods, 产品 chǎnpǐn products |
| 匹 pǐ pack animals | 马 mǎ horse, 布 bù fabric, 绸子 chóuzi silk |
| 篇 piān what looks like texture [1] | 文章 wénzhāng article (text of the article as texture), 论文 lùnwén scientific work |
| 片 piān piece of paper | 肉 ròu meat, 面包 miànbāo bread, 药 yào medicine, 草地 cǎodì meadow, shùlín forest |
| 瓶 píng bottle | 啤酒 píjiǔ beer, 香水 xiāngshuǐ perfume |
| 群 qún crowd | 孩子 háizi baby, 羊 yáng ram, 鸭 yā duck |
| 首 shǒu crown | 歌 gē song, 诗 shī verse |
| 双 shuāng objects naturally existing in pairs | 鞋 xié shoes, 袜子 wàzi socks, 筷子 kuàizi chopsticks , 手 shǒu hands |
| 所 suǒ buildings that are not used for commercial purposes | 学校 xuéxiào educational institution, 医院 yīyuàn hospital, 监狱 jiānyù prison |
| 台 tái massive electrical appliance | 机器 jīqì mechanism, 打字机 dǎzìjī typewriter , 电脑 diànnǎo computer, 电视机 diànshìjī TV, xiàngjī camera |
| À tào coating, full set | 衣服 yīfu clothes, 房子 fángzi house, 家具 jiājù furniture, 房间 fángjiān room |
| 条 tiáo long flexible, objects and animals | Ú yú fish, 狗 gǒu dog, 黄瓜 huángguā cucumber, 手巾 shǒujīn towel , 床单 chuángdān sheet , 船 chuán boat, 路 lù road, 袖子 xiùzi sleeve, 腿 tuǐ leg, 子 kzi pants |
| 头 tóu head, large domesticated animal, or ferocious beast [1] | 牛 niú cow, 骆驼 luòtuo camel, 老虎 tiger |
| 位 wèi dear | 老人 lǎorén old man, 先生 xiānsheng lord, 专家 zhuānjiā specialist, 英雄 yīngxióng hero, 朋友 péngyou friend, 客人 kèrén guest |
| 项 xiàng thing | 任务 rènwu task, 建议 jiànyì proposal, 工程 gōngchéng project |
| 张 zhāng sheet | 纸 zhǐ paper, 报 bào newspaper, 画 儿 huàr picture, 票 piào ticket, 邮票 yóupiào brand, 照片 zhàopiàn photo, 桌子 zhuōzi table, 床 chuáng bed, 嘴 zuǐ mouth, liǎn face |
| 支 zhī branch, long inflexible, inanimate objects | 笔 bǐ brush, 钢 оgāngbǐ pen-pen, 铅笔 qiānbǐ pencil, 粉笔 fěnbǐ chalk |
| 只 (隻) zhǐ bird, game | 鸟 niăo bird, 鸽子 gēzi pigeon, 鸡 chicken, yā duck, 鹅 é goose |
| 只 zhǐ small animal, insect with legs [3] | 猫 māo cat, 狼 láng wolf |
| 只 (雙) zhǐ one item of a pair | 眼睛 yǎnjing eye, 耳朵 ěrduo ear, 手 shǒu hand, 脚 jiǎo foot, 手套 shǒutào glove, 袜子 wàzi sock, xié boot |
| 只 zhǐ rectangular objects | 箱子 xiāngzi boxes, suitcases, 口袋 kǒudài pockets |
| 种 zhǒng view, type | 布 bù cloth, 水果 shuǐguǒ fruit, 蔬菜 shūcài vegetables, shìqing affair, 东西 dōngxi things, 人 rén person, yìjiàn offer |
| 座 zuò huge, immovable objects | Ā shān mountain, 楼 lóu building, 城市 chéngshì city, qiáo bridge, tǎ pagoda, bīnguǎn hotel, 宫殿 gōngdiàn palace |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Zhengming Du. The Chinese Language Demystified. - Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 1995. - p. 80. - ISBN 1443878375 . - ISBN 9781443878371 .
- ↑ Song Jiang. The Semantics of Chinese Classifiers and Linguistic Relativity.
- ↑ Chanyaporn Chawla. A SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE CLASSIFIERS 只 ZHĪ, 个 GÈAND 条 TIÁO IN MANDARIN AND THREE SOUTHERN CHINESE DIALECTS (Eng.) // MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities. - 2016. - January 19th.
Literature
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