Tupolev, Andrey Nikolaevich

Childhood

He was born on October 29 ( November 10 ), 1888 , in the village of Pustomazovo (now does not exist, was located between the villages of Abrosimovo and Simonovo in the Kimry District, Tver Region ) in the family of a provincial notary . Russian. According to the origin of the mother of the nobility. ^[2] . Mother - Anna Vasilyevna (1850–1928) (née Lisitsyna), was born in Torzhok in the family of a judicial investigator, graduated from the Mariinsky Women's High School in Tver.

His father, Nikolai Ivanovich Tupolev (1842–1911), was from Surgut , a native of Siberian Cossacks. He studied law at St. Petersburg University, sympathized with the revolutionary populists. Although he did not participate in the activities of the populist organizations, after the murder of Alexander II he was expelled from St. Petersburg. Tupolev's parents bought on Anna Vasilyevna's savings a small estate, Pustomazovo, where they were engaged in agriculture.

Higher education

During his studies at the Tver gymnasium, he showed great interest in exact sciences and technology. In 1908 he entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School (later MVTU ). The school seriously became interested in aerodynamics . Since 1909 - Member of the Aeronautical Circle. Participated in the construction of a glider , which in 1910 independently made the first flight. In 1911, successful studies and active scientific activities were interrupted when, for participation in student unrest and for the distribution of illegal literature, he was arrested and administratively expelled from Moscow to his homeland under secret police surveillance. Only on the eve of World War I did he manage to return to the School in Moscow, which he graduated with honors in 1918 .

Professional activities

In 1916–1918, Tupolev participated in the work of the first Russian aviation bureau; designed the first wind tunnel in the school. Together with N. Ye. Zhukovsky, he was the organizer and one of the leaders of TsAGI , where the vocation of a young engineer was finally determined. In 1918-1936 he was a member of the board and deputy head of the institute for experienced all-metal aircraft construction. He empirically proved that chainmail (originally named after the Kolchuginsky plant in the Vladimir region, where duralumin was first made in Soviet Russia) is a worthy substitute for fragile wood for aircraft manufacturing, on the one hand, and heavy iron on the other.

In 1925, he created an all-metal twin-engine aircraft, the TB-1 , which was distinguished by high flight data and was considered one of the best bombers in the world. In 1932, the improved TB-3 (ANT-6) aircraft was designed, with the help of which an expedition was landed at the North Pole in 1937 . Also in 1932, under the leadership of Tupolev, the brigade P. O. Sukhoi designed the ANT-25 aircraft ^[3] . In 1934 the multi-engine ANT-20 ( Maxim Gorky ) appeared. It had eight engines, a usable area of ​​over 100 m² and a passenger capacity of up to 60 people.

On August 3, 1935, the attempt of a non-stop trans-arctic flight Moscow-North Pole- San Francisco on an ANT-25 plane with a crew composed of S. A. Levanevsky (commander), G. F. Baidukov (co-pilot), and V. A. Levchenko (navigator). Having overcome part of the way, Levanevsky decided to return due to a technical malfunction (oil began to flow into the pilot's cabin) and sat down at the airfield of the village of Krechevitsy near Novgorod. This flight was solemnly announced in advance, a postage stamp was issued in honor of it), and at a meeting with Stalin, Levanevsky in the presence of Tupolev made an official statement that Tupolev was a pest and deliberately makes bad airplanes ^[4]

On January 5, 1936, by the order of the NKOP, Tupolev (on the recommendation of the People's Commissar of NKTP, G. K. Ordzhonikidze ) was appointed first deputy and chief engineer of the GU NKOP. In the same year, a delegation of aviation industry workers was sent to the USA to purchase equipment and licenses. A. N. Tupolev (PSU) and N. M. Kharlamov (TsAGI) were appointed heads of the delegation.

The trip to the USA for Tupolev was the second in a row. The first time he visited Germany and the USA in 1930, when he was the head of the ASSC on the issue of airship construction. This time the delegation’s path passed through France, where the products of the French aircraft industry were inspected. Knowledge of French helped Tupolev to find common ground in the purchase of aircraft engines. While in the USA, Tupolev violated the accepted rule of placing orders through consulting trading company AMTORG . This company was established by the Soviet government in the early 20s to place orders at the factories of G. Ford , D. Christie and G. Curtiss . Tupolev, meeting with the American designer A. N. Seversky (Prokofiev-Seversky emigrated to the United States in 1917), placed orders at his discretion (the influence of Prokofiev). A scandal arose between Tupolev and the head of the OsTechBureau, the commander P. I. Grokhovsky ^[5] , which he managed to extinguish with difficulty. In addition, Tupolev was on a business trip with his wife, Yulia Nikolaevna, who had no relation to aviation. As a result of the trip, licenses for the manufacture of aircraft Valty V — IA, Consolidated PBY-1 (built in the USSR limited in number, were very difficult to manufacture) and the Seversky 2PA fighter, which did not meet the strength standards adopted by the Red Army Air Force, were purchased. Thanks to V. M. Petlyakov , who was also a member of the delegation, it was possible to acquire a license for the modern Douglas DC-3 aircraft of that time.

The creator of the Tu-2. In April 1939, the project received the internal designation "product 57" and the official - aircraft " PB " (diving bomber). There was also the official name of the car - " FB " (front bomber). The Tu-2 was the second most important Soviet twin-engine bomber developed by Andrei Tupolev after his arrest. On the basis of the Tu-2S produced reconnaissance Tu-2R, nothing but the presence of cameras in the fuselage, no different from the serial machines, which also could carry a full combat load.

Production was originally organized at the plant number 22 in Kazan , then the plant left the lead production, and the aircraft was mass-produced at the 23rd plant in Moscow and the 166th plant in Omsk . During the war, 800 aircraft were launched, of which about 750 cars hit the front.

The serial production of the Tu-2 lasted from 1942 to 1952 (in 1941, 1 prototype). In total, until 1951, domestic plants supplied 2,649 Tu-2s of various modifications, not counting the experienced ones, and re-equipped 176 bombers into UTB.

During the Great Patriotic War, he repeatedly visited the Kazan Aviation Institute . He supervised the blowing of models of his aircraft, the results of which created new combat aircraft and their modifications.

The creator of a strategic bomber Tu-4 .

Tupolev Design Bureau after World War II developed and launched a new model - the Tu-16 jet bomber. He was able to reach speeds of more than 1000 km / h. Also, the first domestic civil jet aircraft - the Tu-104 .

In 1957, the Tu-114 intercontinental passenger aircraft was developed. On December 31, 1968, for the first time, the world's first supersonic TU-144 passenger aircraft took off.

Arrest and Imprisonment

October 21, 1937 A.N. Tupolev was arrested on charges of sabotage , belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization. Along with him, many leading experts of TsAGI and OKB, the director of most aircraft factories, were arrested. May 28, 1940 was sentenced to the Supreme Military Council of the USSR to 15 years ITL . He was accused of creating a wrecking organization that transmitted blueprints of aircraft to foreign intelligence. According to the testimony of the Chief Marshal of Aviation A. E. Golovanov , in a conversation with him I. V. Stalin said that he did not believe in Tupolev’s guilt. The incriminating facts considered by the investigation did not have anything to do with the content of the sentence (the case was conducted by an employee of the 2nd investigative department of the NKVD Gabitov). While imprisoned, he worked in the closed NKVD Design Bureau - TsKB-29 (Tupolevskaya Sharaga). In July 1941, he was released from further serving his sentence with the removal of a criminal record. Tupolev was fully rehabilitated on April 9, 1955 ^[6] .

Member of the CEC of the USSR . Deputy of the USSR Supreme Council (1950-1972 years).

He died on December 23, 1972 . He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (station number 8) ^[7] .

• Wife - Tupolev (nee Zheltikova) Yulia Nikolaevna (1894-1962).
• Son - Tupolev, Alexey Andreevich (1925-2001) - a famous Soviet aircraft designer.
• Daughter - Tupolev, Yulia Andreevna (1920–2011) - Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation , was in charge of the therapeutic department of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev Moscow State Clinical Hospital named after SP Botkin .
• Son in law - Vul, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1920–2012) ^[8] - Lead Designer of the OKB Tupolev , Deputy General Designer.

Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev was not a member of the CPSU ^[9] . He was repeatedly elected a deputy of the Soviets of various levels.

Following the precepts of Zhukovsky, Tupolev developed aviation science and its experimental base; becoming the inspirer and founder of the Russian metal aircraft in the era of the dominance of wooden structures and thereby created a vector for the development of world aircraft, directing it to a promising path. Tupolev and his team in the 1920s. He created heavy bombers, who in their constructive and layout decisions for many years determined the development paths of heavy aircraft, both military and civil. On Tupolev planes, Soviet pilots first landed on the North Pole; Chkalov and Gromov’s crews made record flights from Moscow to the USA in his vehicles. On his initiative, the first domestic jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 was created, marking the beginning of the mass exploitation of passenger jet aircraft in the world. Under his leadership, first-class military and passenger aircraft for various purposes were created, largely determining the face of world aviation in the 20th century ^[10]

Thanks to the efforts of Tupolev, large-scale production of metal aircraft began in the country, and he also developed a technology that accelerated the assembly process of these machines. The designer supervised the production of reconnaissance aircraft, fighters, bombers, transport, passenger, sea planes, as well as torpedo boats, snowmobiles, gondolas, moto installations and the first Soviet airships. A great contribution to aviation construction was made by the Tupolev single Pravda, Maxim Gorky, and Rodina propaganda aircraft.

Thanks to Tupolev, more than 100 types of aircraft were designed, 70 of them were put into serial production. Aircraft designers are operated by airlines in dozens of countries ^[11] .

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  Tupolev's grave at Moscow's Novodevichy cemetery

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  The grave of Tupolev's wife at the Novodevichy cemetery

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  Bust of Academician A.N. Tupolev: Mayskaya Square, Kimry

• The name of A. N. Tupolev is carried on the streets in Moscow , St. Petersburg , Voronezh , Rostov-on-Don , Donetsk , Kiev , Prague , Bratislava , Omsk , Ulan-Ude , Ulyanovsk , Tver , Krivoy Rog , Zhukovsky , Kimry , Tyumen , Togliatti, city of Sokol, avenue in the Avomozhdok Domodedova , Amsterdam ^[12] .

In 1973, the Kazan Aviation Institute was named after Tupolev (from 1992 - Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev ), on June 4, 2014 in Kazan - a monument was opened in the square at the intersection of Dekabristov , Gagarin and Korolev streets . N. Tupolev .

• A bust of A. N. Tupolev (by sculptor Kh. B. Gevorkian) was installed in the city of Kimry on Mayskaya Square on September 7, 1979 .
• In 1988, the USSR postage stamp was issued, dedicated to Tupolev.
• In 1979, a film-biography was made, dedicated to the two great aircraft designers A. N. Tupolev and I. I. Sikorsky - “A Poem about Wings” .
• a memorial was erected at the place where the native village of Tupolev Pustomazovo was located. Nowadays, the territory of the Ustinovsky rural settlement of the Kimry District of the Tver Region ^[13] . The name Tupolev was also given to Ustinov secondary school, and a memorial plaque in memory of the hero was also installed on it. ^[one]
• Moscow machine-building plant "Experience" named after A. N. Tupolev.
• In 2018, Moscow's Vnukovo Airport received the name of A. N. Tupolev.

• three times Hero of Socialist Labor (09/16/1945; 12/07/1957; 09/22/1972)
• eight orders of Lenin (02/21/1933; 09/16/1945; 10/08/1946; 01/14/1949; 12/06/1949; 03/02/1953; 09/11/1958; 11/06/1968)
• Order of the October Revolution (04/26/1971)
• Order of Suvorov, II degree (08/19/1944)
• Order of the Patriotic War, I degree (06/10/1945)
• two orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927; 12/22/1933)
• Order of the Red Star (08/17/1933)
• Order of the Badge of Honor (August 13, 1936)
• Medal "For Military Merit" (11/05/1954)
• other medals
• Order "George Dimitrov" ( People's Republic of Bulgaria , 1964)
• Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (8.8.1947)
• Lenin Prize (1957) - for the creation of high-speed jet passenger aircraft Tu-104
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943) - for the creation of a new model of combat aircraft ( Tu-2 )
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1948) - for the creation of new combat aircraft
• Stalin Prize (?) Degree (1949)
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1952) - for work in the field of aircraft manufacturing
• State Prize of the USSR (1972) - for the creation of high-speed passenger aircraft Tu-134 and its modifications
• Prize named after N.Ye. Zhukovsky (1958)
• FAI Gold Aviation Medal (1958)
• Leonardo da Vinci Prize (1971) of the National Center for the Development of Means of Air Transport (Italy)
• Gold Medal of the Society of the founders of aviation in France (1971).
• Honorary member of the Royal Aviation Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (USA) (1971).
• Freeman of Paris (1964), New York and the city ​​of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region (1968).

• Kerber L. L. Tu - a man and a plane. - M .: Soviet Russia , 1973. - 288, [48] with. - ( People of Soviet Russia ). - 50 000 copies (in the lane)
• Bodrikhin N. G. Tupolev. - Young guard. - M. , 2011. - 456 p. - (zhzl). - ISBN 978-5-235-03439-6 .
• "WITH. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of Life and Creativity "- edited by V. A. Lopot, RSC" Energy "them. S. P. Korolev, 2014. ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3
• Adel Nurmukhametova. Andrey Tupolev. - M .: Komsomolskaya Pravda , 2016. - 96 p. - (Great minds of Russia). - ISBN 978-5-4470-0199-5 .
• Paul Duffy, Andrei Kandalov. A.N. Tupolev - the man and his aircraft. - M .: Moscow Worker , 1999. - 264 p. - ISBN 5-239-02089-2 .

• Tupolev, Andrei Nikolaevich (Rus.) . The site " Heroes of the country ."
• Tupolev Andrei Nikolaevich on the website of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
• Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev's profile on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Tupolev Andrei Nikolaevich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• A.N. Tupolev. Information on the official website of OJSC "Tupolev"
• A. N. Tupolev (about him) // TsAGI in faces
• Documentary film “Andrey Tupolev” by the studio “Wings of Russia”
• Documentary film "Andrei Tupolev" to the 120th anniversary of the designer, GTRK "Culture"
• The documentary film “The Man on the Runway”, dedicated to A. N. Tupolev
• The documentary film “Over the heights of heights” about the creative way of A. N. Tupolev and TsAGI
• Golovanov, Alexander Evgenevich “Long-Range Bomber…”
• Outstanding aircraft designer Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev and his grave