Cesare Beccaria Bonesana ( Italian: Cesare Beccaria Bonesana , March 15, 1738 , Milan - November 28, 1794 , ibid.) - Italian thinker, publicist, lawyer, economist and public figure, enlightenment activist.
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Content
Biography
Born in a wealthy family of Milanese patricians , by birthright he inherited the title of Marquis of Bonesan, studied at a Jesuit college in Parma , at the University of Pavia , where in 1758 he received a doctorate in law. He was fond of mathematics and economics. He lectured in economics and law. Since 1770 he held high posts in the Milan administration. He was influenced by Montesquieu and the French encyclopedists .
His grandson is the outstanding Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni .
He gained worldwide fame thanks to his main work - the treatise "On Crimes and Punishments" ( Italian: Dei delitti e delle pene ), the first edition of which was published in 1764. This small volume book was immediately translated into several European languages, and after forty years and into Russian ( 1803 ).
The bulk of Beccaria's economic writings are public service reports. In 1804, economic lectures not published during his lifetime were published under the title “The Beginnings of Social Economy” ( Italian: Elementi di economia pubblica ) [6] .
General Book
In his essay, Beccaria expressed, in a vivid, lively language, the humanistic views of the Enlightenment on the criminal justice system, sharply criticizing the feudal inquisition process and especially torture as an integral attribute of the latter. Beccaria was one of the first in Europe to abolish the death penalty and other most cruel punishments. Beccaria's judgments about the causes of crime became one of the starting points for the formation of a new science - criminology .
Significance and Recognition
The treatise “On Crimes and Punishments” had a huge impact in Europe, it significantly influenced the minds of the public and government officials of that time, which contributed to the first liberal reforms of justice and criminal law in the enlightened monarchies of Austria , Prussia , Sweden , Tuscany (abolition of torture, reduction application of the death penalty, the adoption of the principle of legality). In 1786 , Beccaria's ideas formed the basis of the first modern criminal code, which was published in Tuscany by the Grand Duke Leopold (later, in 1790-1792, Emperor Leopold II ). In particular, the death penalty was completely abolished for the first time in Europe.
In Russia , Catherine II tried to implement Beccaria's ideas, who even invited him to come to the country to participate in the drafting of the new Law Code (the trip did not take place).
For more than 200 years since the appearance of Beccaria's book, his classic work has not lost its relevance and continues to be reprinted in Russia and abroad. It is not only a valuable guide to the history of socio-political and legal thought, but also a living call for a humane and fair criminal policy. Michel Foucault addressed the fundamental legal ideas of Beccaria in his book Supervision and Punishment ( 1975 ).
J. Schumpeter highly appreciates the economic writings of Beccaria and calls him Italian Adam Smith [6] .
Publications in Russian
- Beccaria C. About crimes and punishments / Comp. and foreword. BC Ovchinsky. - M .: INFRA-M. 2004 .-- 184 p.
See also
- The death penalty
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 BNF identifier : Open Data Platform 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Beccaria Cesare // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
- ↑ German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 118855263 // General Normative Control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Part II. Chapter 3. Advisory administrators and pamphletists // Schumpeter J. History of economic analysis. T. 1.
Literature
- Beccaria Cesare // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Beccaria / O. A. Ostanina // New philosophical encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.
- Biography of C. Beccaria on the site "Legal Psychology"