Violet tricolor

The national name for tricolor violets is Ivan da Marya , but this is the name of plants of some other genera, for example, Mariannik oak ( Melampyrum nemorosum ) from the Norichnikov family.

Other popular names for the plant: brother-and-sister , moths , field bros , half- flowers , hatchets , three-flowers .

In horticulture, pansies are also often called Wittrock's hybrid violet ( Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Hegi ), which has larger and more brightly colored flowers .

Life form

Tricolor violet - an annual or biennial land herb (according to I. G. Serebryakov ), a therophyte or hemicryptophyte (according to H. Raunkier ).

Root

The tricolor violet has a thin, rod, slightly branched, brownish root that almost vertically penetrates the ground.

Stem

The stem is usually branched, trihedral, glabrous or pubescent with hairs bent downward, hollow inside, reaching a height of 10-30 (45) cm; quite often several erect or creeping stems depart from the root.

Leaves

Leaves are alternate, petiolate, glabrous, or scattered across the veins scattered-hairy, coarse. The lower leaves are broad-ovate, with rather long petioles , the upper ones are oblong- lanceolate , sessile with short petioles; stipules , two on each leaf, pinnate-lyre-shaped, longer than leaf petioles.

Flower

The type of inflorescence of tricolor violets is a frontal simple brush . Zygomorphic flowers, sitting on long, three- or four-sided, bare or slightly pubescent, bent peduncles at the top, emerging singly from the leaf sinuses ; each peduncle carries in its upper part, near the flower, 2 small bracts .

The calyx is five - leafed, green; after flowering, it does not fall; its leaflets are elongated-lanceolate, pointed, soft-hairy, short ciliate along the edges, at the base with a blunt short lamellar process; the two lower sepals are slightly larger than the others.

Corolla 18 (20) - 27 (30) mm, flat of five free petals , blue color prevails in its color. The upper petals are slightly larger than average, dark blue-violet or light purple in color, bent upward, obovate; each of them is equipped at the base with a small marigold, without hairs at the base.

The middle two petals are of the same shape and color as the upper ones, or lighter or yellow, diverging obliquely to the sides and bent upward, somewhat covering the upper pair of petals. Short hairs are located at the junction of the marigold into the limb.

The lower petal at the base is whitish or yellowish with a blunt bluish spur , which is twice as long as the processes of the calyx; at the point of departure of the spur there are short hairs.

Five stamens , pressed to a pistil and in contact with their anthers , with short, barely noticeable stamens ; anthers are bilobate, cordate, ciliate on the sides, light yellow, turned inward of the flower and continued at the apex into membranous, orange-yellow processes; the two lower stamens have one slightly curved, greenish spur, embedded in the spur of the lower lobe. Gynoecium is a cenocarpous of the three carpels .

Pestle alone, with a single-nested, ovoid upper ovary and articulated curved at the base with a club-shaped yellowish column extended upward; in the club-shaped head of the column is located on the side facing the lower lobe, the stigma seated on the sides with hairs, representing a water-shaped recess and provided below with a transverse, film-like appendage, having the form of a lid. Placenta - sutural wall (parietal).

Fruits , seeds

The coenocarp fruit is round-triangular, oblong-ovate, glabrous, single-nosed greenish capsule up to 10 mm long, with a seed-wedge arrangement, surrounded by a retaining calyx and revealed by three cusps at the site of carpel jointing; sash in the form of boats.

The seeds are small, 1.25-1.75 long, 0.75-1 mm wide and thick, obovate in shape with a small appendage. The color of the seeds is light brown or light yellow. The surface is shiny, smooth. The germ is straight. Seeds ripen starting in June. One box can produce up to 3000 seeds. The mass of 1000 seeds is 0.4-0.5 g. Germination is maintained for up to two years.

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  Viola tricolor

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  Viola tricolor

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  Viola tricolor

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  Viola tricolor

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  Viola tricolor

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  Viola tricolor
  var. tricolor

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  Viola tricolor
  var. maritima

General distribution - Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , Western Siberia , the Far East ^[2] ; Scandinavia , Central and Atlantic Europe, Asia Minor (according to Coode, Cullen) ^[3] .

In the Atlas of Areas and Resources of Medicinal Plants of the USSR ^[4] tricolor violet is described as a European species, found in Siberia only as an invasive plant .

Widely distributed throughout the European part of the former USSR.

The northern border of the range passes along the lines of Murmansk , Kirovsk , Kandalaksha , the White Sea , Ponoi ( Kola Peninsula ), the city of Mezen , the middle reaches of the Mezen river, the city of Ukhta , Pechora , Vorkuta . Further, the border goes along the 60th meridian to Yekaterinburg , wedging itself in the east near Tobolsk . Some locations are known in the vicinity of Tomsk , in the Kemerovo region , in the Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories , where tricolor violet is found as a weed plant .

The southern border of the range passes through Chelyabinsk , south of Ufa (between Ufa and Orenburg ), rises north to Izhevsk , then through Samara , Saratov , Volgograd , somewhat south of the Tsimlyansk reservoir , goes to Rostov-on-Don , then follows through Donetsk to Zaporozhye , Odessa , Chisinau and the Carpathians . In the west, the range border extends beyond the former state border of the USSR. In the northwest it reaches the coast of the Baltic Sea , along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland it reaches St. Petersburg , then it goes north along the border with Finland to Murmansk .

In Crimea , only one location of violets is known - in the Kachi river valley.

It is cultivated, sometimes runs wild; weed in fields, lawns , vacant lots, landfills.

It is found on fertile soils in meadows , among shrubs , along the edges of forests , on pastures and old deposits . Wild plants can be found in old parks, gardens, former estates , near roads.

As a medicinal raw material, tricolor violet grass ( Latin Herba Violae tricoloris ) is used, which is collected during flowering and dried in ventilated rooms, decomposed with a thin layer, or in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C. Shelf life of raw materials is 1.5 years. The main active ingredients are flavonoids ( rutin , vitexin , orientin ), anthocyanins , salicylic acid . Infusion of herbs is used as an expectorant; grass is part of the chest and diuretic collections ^[5] .

Wild pansies are used in traditional and traditional medicine as a remedy for many diseases: scrofula , cough , cough , hernia , toothache and many others. Its medicinal properties (as well as similar properties of many other members of the family) are explained by the presence of saponin , inulin , violin and other glycosides in all parts of the plant.

In decorative gardening, many forms and varieties of this type of violet with flowers of white, yellow, blue and purple color are known. The unusual variety is ' Bowls' Black ', the flowers of which have velvet petals of black color and small bright yellow centers, as if covered from above with short purple hairs ^[6] .

There are five subtypes of tricolor violets (each taxon has a personal page on the Germplasm Resources Information Network site):

• Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii ( E.Forst. ) Syme [1] - Violet tricolor subspecies of Curtis

Synonym: Viola curtisii E.Forst.

• Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica ( Boiss. & Heldr. ) AFWSchmidt [2] - Violet tricolor subspecies Macedonian

Synonym: Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr.

• Viola tricolor subsp. matutina ( Klokov ) Valentine [3] - Violet tricolor subspecies morning

Synonym: Viola matutina Klokov

• Viola tricolor subsp. subalpina Gaudin [4] - Violet tricolor subspecies subalpine

Synonym: Viola saxatilis FWSchmidt

• Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor [5] - Violet tricolor subspecies tricolor

Synonym: Viola tricolor var. hortensis DC.

• By its structure, the violet flower resembles a human figure and symbolizes meditation. In the language of flowers, it means: "All my thoughts are about you." It affects the impact of "folk etymology." In Fr. pensée means both “pansies” and “thought” ^[7] .
• Pansies are the floral symbol of Ingermanland ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} .
• Three-colored violet - the official flower emblem of the Swedish province of Ongermanland ^[12] .

• In Russia, it was believed that pansies are not suitable for the garden, since these flowers are not for the living, but for the dead ^[13] .
• According to the English folk belief, if you tear pansies on a clear day, then it will rain soon ^[13] .

• Gubanov I.A. et al. 922. Viola tricolor L. - Three-colored violet // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2003. - T. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 577. - ISBN 9-87317-128-9 .

• Pansies - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
• Pansies // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Ivan da Marya // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Three-colored violet (English) : information on the GRIN website.
• Kvashnina V.V. Gender aspect in the legends about the popular names of the plant Violet tricolor Viola tricolor .