Russian folk music ( Russian musical folklore ) - traditional music of the Russian people , is part of Russian folk culture . Russian folk music is the basis on which all Russian professional music has grown [1] .
| Russian folk music | |
|---|---|
| Direction | music |
| The origins | folklore of the Slavic tribes living on the territory of Russia . |
| Subgenres | |
| |
| Related | |
| Ukrainian folk music , Belarusian folk music | |
| Derivatives | |
| Russian classical music , folk music , folk rock | |
| see also | |
| Folk music | |
The Russian musical culture of oral tradition has a pronounced unity. The basis of the genre system is composed of labor tunes, choruses and songs, ritual folklore (calendar-farming and family-household), epic genres ( epics , historical songs ), spiritual poems , round dances and dances with songs, lyric songs of the peasant tradition, urban lyric songs, instrumental music.
Musical traditions are different in the ratio of genres, musical and poetic stylistics, manner of performance. Generalized local traditions can be grouped by region: western, northern, central, southern, Volga, Ural, Siberian. The geographical boundaries of local musical characteristics are quite flexible and subject to change.
Origins
The origins of Russian folk music date back to the folklore of the East Slavic tribes living on the territory of Kievan Rus [2] . Russian folk music is heterogeneous - there are notable regional traditions. So, folk song art of the northern, western, southern, central regions, settlements in the basins of large rivers - the Oka , Volga , Don [3] has its own peculiarities. Already in the VI century, the harp was one of the common tools of the Slavs.
The general type of Great Russian tunes probably formed by the end of the " Tatar era ", by the time of the "kings" (XIV century). A characteristic feature is the fret structure, in contrast to the major minor, common among the Western Slavs, and a peculiar style of polyphony. Since the fourteenth century, clerical influence has been gradually increasing and is often expressed in the form of persecution of a folk song, as a remnant of paganism and in general a sinful occupation. Performers (“craftsmen”) were harassed, and musical instruments were declared “demonic trial vessels”. By decree of the Stoglavy Cathedral (1551), songs are prohibited in cities and villages. Persecution reached its climax in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich [4] . Until the XVII century, the church and the state issued decrees and letters directed against folk (" demonic ") games and songs [2] .
Main genres
Among the main genres of folk music, one can distinguish labor tunes, choruses and songs , ritual folklore (calendar-farming and family-household), epic genres ( epics , historical songs), spiritual poems , round dances and dances with songs, lyric songs of the peasant tradition, urban lyric songs, instrumental music [5] .
Folk music was more song than instrumental (possibly influenced by the church ban on Russian musical instruments). In the middle of the XIX century a new genre appeared - ditty .
Folk Song
An essential feature of most genres of Russian folk songs is the direct connection of folk songs with everyday life and work: labor songs (accompanying various types of labor - burlak, mowing, weeding, reaping, threshing, etc.), ritual (accompanying agricultural and family ceremonies and festivals , - carols , Pancake week , carnival , kupalsky , wedding , funeral ), game, calendar, etc.
Presumably in the XVI-XVII centuries a Russian lyric song was formed and its highest form is a long one . This appearance is associated with the emergence of folk polyphony of polyphonic or heterophonic types of voice singing with sub -voice polyphony - voice singing with a shifted tonality relative to the average key of the lead voice in the choir . In different regions of Russia, the tradition of singing with an echo differs [6] . Folk singing is almost always polyphonic, with the exception of epics , cries , lullabies and children's nursery rhymes performed in the same voice. Developed in a melodic sense are some types of cries included in the wedding rite, and funeral laments (lamentations): they are characterized by expressiveness resulting from a combination of ritual formulas with the personal improvisation of the performer (usually women) [3] >.
The fret system of Russian folk singing is unique: it is close to the pentatonic scale of the Chinese or Scottish scales , tetrachordic and complete diatonic . Monophonic and polyphonic folk singing has its own system of modal tones, which differs from tonal functionality built on chords [7] .
Russian folk songs of non-Russian origin include, for example, “ Valenki ”. Russian folk songs, popularized by Russian classical musicians and the Soviet stage, include “ There was a birch in the field ”, “ Oh you, the wide steppe ”, “ Yablochko ”, “ Porushka-Paranya ”.
Traditional Instruments
Folklore folk instruments are usually used in the life of shepherds or for some types of dances and songs. Among the instruments are all-Russian (balalaika, accordion) and characteristic only for certain regions [5] . The most common are stringed instruments ( balalaika , hooter , harp , domra , violin ), wind instruments ( mute , horn , googles ). In the annals are mentioned: military pipes , hunting horns , tambourines . Instruments such as the button accordion ( accordion ), mandolin , seven-string guitar , spread to Russia relatively late (XIX-XX centuries).
Artists
- Ensemble "Will"
- The ensemble "Dmitrov horns"
- The ensemble "Crossed"
- Ensemble "Urd"
- The ensemble "Russian will" [8]
- The ensemble "Sirin" [9]
- State Academic Russian Orchestra named after V.V. Andreev [10]
- The Volga State Russian Folk Choir P. M. Miloslavova [11]
- State Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Blizzard" [12]
- Dmitry Kalinin
- Zhanna Bichevskaya
- The Tale Quartet
- Nadezhda Babkina
- Pelagia
- Amateur peasant choir P. G. Yarkova
- Sergey Starostin
- Tallinna Balalaika [13]
See also: Category: Performers of Russian folk songs .
See also
- Folk music of the Slavs
- Russian folk song
- Ritual poetry of the Slavs
- Musical Ethnography
- Musical instruments of the Slavs
- Orchestra of Russian folk instruments
- Russian folk dance
- New folk wave
Notes
- ↑ Tretyakova, 1976 , p. 7.
- ↑ 1 2 Keldysh, 1978 .
- ↑ 1 2 Russian folk music . Encyclopedia " Around the World ."
- ↑ Sabaneev L. History of Russian music - Moscow: Worker of enlightenment, 1924 - P. 16
- ↑ 1 2 Fraenova, 2004 , p. 775.
- ↑ Subtitle in the music encyclopedia
- ↑ Fine systematics of Russian folk song
- ↑ Russian will
- ↑ Ensemble "Sirin"
- ↑ State Academic Russian Orchestra named after V.V. Andreev
- ↑ Volga State Russian Folk Choir P. M. Miloslavova
- ↑ State Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Blizzard"
- ↑ Ilya Lunin. Balalaika in Europe
Literature
- Russian folklore - 1956–2013 . Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - 1956–2013
- Musical folklore: regional features / E. Frayonova // Russia. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2004. - S. 775—778. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. [b. n ]). - ISBN 5-85270-326-5 .
- Folk music / Zemtsovsky I.I. // Corto - Oktol. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia: Soviet Composer, 1976. - (Encyclopedias. Dictionaries. Directories: Musical Encyclopedia : [in 6 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. V. Keldysh ; 1973-1982, vol. 3).
- Russian music / Keldysh Yu. V. // Okunev - Simovich. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia: Soviet Composer, 1978. - (Encyclopedias. Dictionaries. Directories: Musical Encyclopedia : [in 6 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. V. Keldysh ; 1973-1982, vol. 4).
- Vertkov K. A. Russian folk musical instruments - L .: Music, 1975 - 280 p.
- Tretyakova L. S. Russian music of the 19th century: a book for high school students. - M .: Education, 1976. - 205 p.
- New folklore wave / Fraenova OV // Nikolay Kuzansky - Ocean. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2013. - P. 135. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 23). - ISBN 978-5-85270-360-6 .
Links
- Russian folk music in the encyclopedia " Around the World "
- Russian folk music on folkmusic.ru
- State Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Blizzard"