The Orekhov Peace , also the Orekhovets Peace , the Notberg Peace is the first peace treaty on the establishment of borders between the Novgorod Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden . It was concluded on August 12, 1323 in the fortress Oreshek (Orekhovets), after 30 years of hostilities. According to the Orekhov peace treaty, the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the neighboring region of Savolaks went to the Kingdom of Sweden, the eastern part of the isthmus with Korela (now Priozersk) remained part of Novgorod land. For the first time, the state border between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Novgorod Republic was officially established, passing from the Gulf of Finland along the Sestra River, in the north to Lake Saimaa and then in the northwest to the coast of the Kayana Sea [1] .
| Orekhovsky world | |
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| Signing | |
The contract from the Novgorodians was concluded: Prince of Novgorod Yuri Daniilovich , Posadnik Alforomey and thousands of Avram .
From Sweden there were ambassadors: Eric Turisson ( Swede. Herra Eric Turisson , in the contract is named Gerik Duurovits), Heminger Egisleson ( Swede. Herra Heminger Øgiszleson , is called in the contract of Geminki Orislovits), Peter Jönsson ( Swede. Peter Jønsson , is named in the contract Petr ), presbyter Vedmunder ( Swede. herra Wædmunder prestir , referred to in the contract pop Vimunder). In addition, representatives of merchants from the island of Gotland (“from the Gothic coast”) Lodvik ( Swede. Loduich ) and Fedor ( Swede. Fødru ) [2] participated in the conclusion of the contract. The name of the 7-year-old King of Sweden Magnus Ericsson appears in the document as Manush Oricovits [3] .
Content
History
In Sweden, in 1319, 3-year-old Magnus Ericsson (1316–1374) became king, but the country was governed by a regency council led by his mother, Duchess Ingeborg of Norway .
In 1322, Yuri III Danilovich and Novgorod went to Vyborg Castle , preparing 6 vices , but could not take it. Only many Swedes were killed, while others were captured. Some of the prisoners were outweighed, others were sent to Suzdal . In anticipation of revenge from the Swedes, Yuri set the city on the Nut Island ( Oreshek ) at the source of the Neva. But instead of ratification, the Swedish ambassadors appeared with peaceful proposals, and peace was concluded in the old days [4] . Yuri and Novgorodians lost to the Swedes three Karelian graveyards : Savolaks (Sevilakshu) , Jaaski (Yaski) , Eyurapäa (Ogreb)
The Orekhovets Treaty was the first agreement of the Novgorod Republic on “eternal peace” with a neighboring country; earlier international agreements of such a high rank in Russia have not yet been concluded. The next agreement on the “eternal peace” of Russia with a neighboring power - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - dated 1494 .
And after one and a half hundred years, in 1478 , when the Novgorod Republic lost its independence and was subordinated to the Moscow princes, the Russian state , and then the Russian , considered the Orekhovets Treaty as a continuing international agreement, as the treaty of Russia and Sweden, which remains in force; in this capacity, it functioned for another 120 years. In total, the Orekhovets Treaty was in effect for more than 270 years, until 1595 , before the conclusion of the new treaty of “eternal peace” in Tyavzin in the highly changed international environment [5] .
Terms of the contract [6]
1. Novgorod “for love” gave Sweden three graveyards in Finland - Savolaks, Jaskis and Eurepa, who had been captured and controlled by the Swedes for 30 years.
2. The Novgorod-Swedish border divided the Karelian Isthmus along, from south to north, passing along the Sestra River and further along swamps, rivers and lakes, right up to the confluence of the River into the Gulf of Bothnia :
... from Sistermoss , mid-moss mountain, from the Say river, from Say Sun stones , from Sun stone to the Red Slit, from the Red Slit to Lake Lembo, to the moss to Pekhkei, to the lake Kangas, to the ice, to Purnoyarvi, the tol ... Yantojärvi, to the Terzhejärvi, to the thaw of Sergilakoszti, from Korelomkoshki, from the Kolemakoshka, from the Patsoeki, from the Kayano Sea ...
3. The Novgorodians retained the right to hunt and fish on the land (loots) leaving to Sweden: six of them could be used equally by the Swedes and Novgorodians, and one sixth belonged to the Novgorodians on two more lands.
4. For all merchants, unhindered access to Novgorod was established by water along the Neva or land.
5. Forbidden to build fortresses near the border on both sides.
6. The parties pledged to give each other defectors: debtors , runaway slaves and felons .
7. It was forbidden by the Swedes to buy land and land in the border of Novgorod.
8. In the event of an attack on the Novgorod land by third forces due to Narva, the Swedes were forbidden to provide them with military assistance.
9. If mutual grievances arose, they were resolved by peaceful means.
The full text of the contract is here.
See also
- Landskrona
Notes
- ↑ TSB, 1975 .
- ↑ Hakutulos / Sökresultat Archived on September 27, 2007.
- ↑ Royal Chronicle (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 16, 2010. Archived June 2, 2011.
- ↑ Konstantin Ryzhov . All the monarchs of the world. Russia. 600 short biographies. - M .: Veche , 1999. - ISBN 5-7838-0268-9
- ↑ Shaskolsky I.P. Russian-Swedish negotiations in 1323 and the Orekhovets peace treaty
- ↑ Zhukov K. History of the Neva Territory (from ancient times to the end of the 18th century ). - SPb .: Art-SPb, 2010 . - S. 97-98 - ISBN 978-5-210-01565-5
Literature
- Orekhovsky world // Otomi - Plaster. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 19).