Russian citizenship

RSFSR Citizenship

See also Citizenship of the Russian Empire

Until September 1 (September 14), 1917, the date of adoption of the Decree of the Provisional Government ^[2] on the establishment of a republican form of government in Russia, the institution of citizenship existed in the Russian Empire , which reinforced the legal inequality of citizens, which in many ways developed in the feudal era of the Middle Ages .

Citizens of the Russian Empire by October 1917 were divided into several categories with special legal status:

• natural subjects, in which, in turn, stood out:
  1. nobles (hereditary and personal);
  2. clergy (shared by religion);
  3. urban residents (divided into groups: honorary citizens, merchants, bourgeois and guild);
  4. rural inhabitants ;
• foreigners (eastern peoples and Jews );
• Finnish inhabitants.

Imperial legislation linked very significant differences in rights and obligations with belonging to a particular category of subjects. For example, four groups of natural subjects were divided into individuals with a taxable and exorbitant status. Persons of exorbitant status (nobles and honorary citizens) enjoyed freedom of movement and received unlimited passports for residence throughout the Russian Empire; persons of a taxable status (petty bourgeois and peasants) did not have such rights ^[3] .

After the October Revolution, the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 10 (23), 1917 adopted the Decree "On the destruction of estates and civil ranks" ^[4] . It established that:

1. All classes and class divisions of citizens that existed in Russia until now, class privileges and restrictions, class organizations and institutions, as well as all civil ranks are abolished.
2. Any titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc., titles - princely, count, etc.) and the name of civil ranks (secret, state and other advisers) are destroyed and one common name is established for the entire population of Russia - citizens Russian Republic .

On April 5, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted the Decree "On the acquisition of the rights of Russian citizenship" ^[5] . It provided an opportunity for a foreigner living within the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic to become a Russian citizen. The authority to accept foreigners into Russian citizenship was granted to the local Councils , which issued them certificates of acquisition of Russian citizenship rights. In exceptional cases, it was allowed that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee accept persons outside the Russian Federation through the diplomatic representative of the RSFSR. The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs registered all foreigners accepted into citizenship and published their lists for general information.

Adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic classified the publication of general resolutions on the acquisition and loss of Russian citizenship rights and on the rights of foreigners on the territory of the Republic as subject to the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (p. 49, art. ) The Constitution of the local Soviets secured the authority “without any difficult formalities” to grant the rights of Russian citizenship “based on the solidarity of the working people of all nations” to those foreigners who lived in the Republic “for work, belonged to the working class or to the peasantry not using other people's labor” (Article 20) ^[6] .

USSR citizenship

With the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , all-Union citizenship of the USSR was introduced. In Chapter II of the 1924 Basic Law (Constitution) of the USSR “On Sovereign Rights of Union Republics and on Union Citizenship” it was established that a single union citizenship is established for citizens of union republics ^[7] .

Citizenship of the Russian Federation

On November 28, 1991, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the Supreme Council of Russia adopted the Law of the RSFSR “On Citizenship of the RSFSR” ^[8] , which entered into force on the date of publication - February 6, 1992 . The essence of Russian citizenship is that the Russian Federation is the legal successor and the legal successor of the Russian state, the Russian Republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the institute of Russian citizenship is correlated with the principle of continuity (continuity) of Russian statehood ^[9] When determining a person’s citizenship of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to apply legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the republics as part of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, the former USSR or existing until November 7 (25 October 1917, the Russian state, acting at the time of the onset of circumstances, which are associated with a person woo the Russian Federation ^[10] .

In connection with the change in the name of the state in the name and text of the Law, the words "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" and "RSFSR" on July 14, 1993 were replaced by the words "Russian Federation" in the corresponding case ^[11] .

In 1997, the Commission on Citizenship under the President of the Russian Federation decided to develop a new version of the Law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation", since the 1991 Law of the Russian Federation was developed during the transition period of the formation of new Russian statehood, and it did not take into account the features of subsequent development Russia, the nature of relations with the new independent states, it did not fully comply with the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. In addition, the Russian Federation in 1997 took steps to sign the European Convention on Citizenship ^[12] .

On July 1, 2002, the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” came into force, adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on May 31 of the same year ^[1] .

Issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation are regulated by:

• The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993
• international treaties of Russia
• Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” of 2002
• as well as other normative legal acts of Russia adopted in accordance with them.

The Russian Constitution establishes that citizenship matters fall within the competence of the Russian Federation.

Section 4 of the Federal Law contains the principles of citizenship:

• The citizenship of the Russian Federation is uniform and equal regardless of the grounds for its acquisition (paragraph 2)
• Residence of a Russian citizen outside the Russian Federation does not terminate his citizenship of the Russian Federation (paragraph 3)
• A citizen of Russia may not be deprived of the citizenship of the Russian Federation or the right to change him (clause 4)
• A citizen of Russia cannot be expelled from the Russian Federation or extradited to a foreign state (clause 5)
• The Russian Federation encourages the acquisition of Russian citizenship by stateless persons residing in the Russian Federation (paragraph 6)
• A person’s citizenship of the Russian Federation or the fact of a person’s USSR citizenship in the past is determined on the basis of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, the RSFSR or the USSR, international treaties of the Russian Federation, the RSFSR or the USSR that were in effect on the day of the onset of circumstances that are associated with the person’s citizenship (item 7).

The procedure for acquiring Russian citizenship is established in the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” and is determined in the Decree of the President of Russia dated November 14, 2002 “On Approving the Regulation on the Procedure for Considering Issues of Citizenship of the Russian Federation” ^[13] .

The acquisition of Russian citizenship is based on a combination of two principles: “blood rights” ( jus sanguinis ) and “soil rights” ( jus soli ).

Grounds for acquiring Russian citizenship:

1) Filiation - by birth. Kinds:

• both parents or a single parent have Russian citizenship. The child’s place of birth is not important;
• one of the parents has citizenship of the Russian Federation, the second parent is a stateless person or is recognized as missing;
• one parent is a citizen of the Russian Federation, the second parent is a foreign citizen. The child’s place of birth is the territory of the Russian Federation, or outside the territory of the Russian Federation, and the state of birth does not grant the child its citizenship. Otherwise, the child becomes a citizen of the state of birth or of the state of the second parent;
• both parents are foreign citizens or stateless persons residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the state, the citizens of which are his parents or his only parent, does not grant the child his citizenship;
• parents are unknown and not announced within 6 months.

2) Naturalization. Admission to the citizenship of the Russian Federation upon application. Criteria for the applicant in general order:

• adulthood;
• 5 years of continuous residence in the Russian Federation from the moment of obtaining a residence permit;
• citizen's obligation to comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• knowledge of the Russian language (persons defined by law are exempt from providing a document confirming knowledge of the Russian language);
• the existence of a legitimate source of livelihood.

The period of residence in Russia can be reduced to 1 year due to special professional features, due to which a citizen is of interest to Russia.

By his decree, the President may accept to the citizenship of the Russian Federation persons who have special merits to the Russian Federation, in the general manner, without observing the above criteria.

There is also a simplified procedure for admission to citizenship, removing the obligation to reside in the territory for 5 years. For simplified citizenship can apply for persons who:

• have at least one parent holding the citizenship of the Russian Federation and residing in the territory of the Russian Federation;
• had citizenship of the USSR, reside in the states that were members of the USSR, and have not acquired citizenship of these states (stateless persons);
• born on the territory of the RSFSR;
• 3 years married to a citizen of the Russian Federation;
• have a legally incompetent son or daughter;
• educated in the Russian Federation and worked for three years;
• are entrepreneurs and have paid taxes of at least 1,000,000 rubles for 3 years;
• are large investors;
• native speakers of the Russian language (persons living in the RSFSR, or having relatives on an ascending line, permanently living in the RSFSR);
• participants in the state program to facilitate the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad in the Russian Federation;

Simplified the procedure for admitting Russian citizenship to citizens of certain CIS countries with which agreements have been concluded on a simplified procedure for admission to citizenship.

Restrictions on admission to citizenship of the Russian Federation (both in the case of naturalization and in the case of restoration of citizenship). Are not subject to acceptance into the citizenship of the Russian Federation, and those who were citizens of the Russian Federation have not previously been restored:

• Persons who advocate forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation or by other actions threatening the security of Russia;
• persons participating or participating in the past in armed conflicts or in the commission in the course of such actions directed against the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, or in the commission of terrorist acts or in preparation for their commission;
• Persons providing false documents or reporting deliberately false information when submitting an application;
• Persons in military service, service in security agencies or law enforcement bodies of a foreign state;
• persons who have outstanding or unexpunged convictions both in the Russian Federation and abroad;
• Persons prosecuted by competent authorities (both Russia and foreign countries) for committing crimes (corresponding to crimes under our law).

3) Recovery.

Persons who previously had Russian citizenship are accepted into the citizenship of the Russian Federation by personal application.

Criteria:

• adulthood;
• 3 years of continuous residence in the Russian Federation from the moment of obtaining a residence permit;
• citizen's obligation to comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• knowledge of Russian language;
• the existence of a legitimate source of livelihood.

4) Option.

Acceptance of citizenship when choosing it as a result of a change in the state border of the Russian Federation ( option )

• active - any actions required by the citizen are required;

• passive - either a citizen’s agreement on this or his inaction is required.

5) Following the child citizenship of the parents.

A child acquires citizenship of the Russian Federation as a result of acquisition by his parents.

Grounds for terminating Russian citizenship:

1) Voluntary exit from citizenship of the Russian Federation. A citizen’s statement and the fulfillment of all obligations to Russia are required: no tax arrears, no incidents involving the competent authorities as a defendant in a criminal case and a conviction to be executed against a citizen. Also, the applicant must either have the citizenship of a foreign state, or a guarantee of its acquisition.

2) Reverse option. The choice of citizenship of another state when changing the state border of the Russian Federation .

3) Change of citizenship by parents.

The renunciation of Russian citizenship, in the absence of another citizenship and without guarantees of acquisition thereof, by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and applicable law was allowed until the entry into force of Federal Law of May 5, 2002 No. 62-FZ “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation”, which does not allow such an exit.

Securing the Permit for Exiting Citizenship of the Russian Federation

The applicant, Reinhard Heidrich, who wanted to get rid of Russian citizenship and become a stateless person ( stateless person), who received a refusal from the territorial department of the Federal Migration Service, recognized as the legitimate Central District Court of Novokuznetsk in the Kemerovo Region ^[14] , sent a complaint to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation about the violation of his constitutional rights paragraph “c” of Article 20 of the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” (the basis for refusing to withdraw from citizenship of the Russian Federation is the absence of other citizenship and guarantees of its acquisition) ^[1] . Суд отказался принять жалобу, ввиду отсутствия нарушения конституционных прав заявителя обжалуемым законоположением, тем самым не стал рассматривать жалобу Хайдриха по существу, обосновывая свой отказ статьей 6 Конституции Российской Федерации , а также п. b ст. 4 Европейской конвенции о гражданстве (Страсбург, 06.11.1997 г.) ^[15] , позволяющей государствам не допускать выхода из гражданства в тех случаях, когда человек в результате становится лицом без гражданства ^[16] .

В ряде случаев возможна такая ситуация, когда гражданин России является одновременно гражданином других государств.

Множественное гражданство — наличие у гражданина Российской Федерации гражданства ( подданства ) одного или нескольких иностранных государств.

Пребывание в множественном гражданстве не делает исключений из обязанностей для таких лиц. Такое лицо, как правило, обязано платить налоги в двух государствах, нести воинскую обязанность в двух государствах, лишается права занимать определённые должности (адвоката, судьи, госслужащего и т. д.).

Согласно Конституции РФ, гражданин РФ (цитата): «…может иметь гражданство иностранного государства (двойное гражданство) в соответствии с федеральным законом или международным договором Российской Федерации.»(ст. 62) ^[17] . Гражданин Российской Федерации, имеющий также иное гражданство, рассматривается Российской Федерацией только как гражданин Российской Федерации, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных международным договором Российской Федерации или федеральным законом ^[1] .

Приобретение гражданином Российской Федерации иного гражданства не влечет за собой прекращение гражданства Российской Федерации.

В настоящее время действуют следующие международные договоры Российской Федерации, регулирующие вопросы множественного (двойного) гражданства:

• Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Таджикистан об урегулировании вопросов двойного гражданства (1995 год).

До 18 мая 2015 года действовало Соглашение между Российской Федерацией и Туркменистаном об урегулировании вопросов двойного гражданства (1993 год).

Таким образом в настоящее время термин «двойное гражданство» в России применяется только к гражданам одновременно России и Таджикистана. Во всех остальных случаях используется понятие «иное гражданство».

Права и свободы человека в России закреплены в главе 2 Конституции «Права и свободы человека и гражданина». Провозглашается, что гражданин Российской Федерации обладает на её территории всеми правами и свободами и несёт равные обязанности, предусмотренные Конституцией России.

В науке права и свободы человека разделяются на шесть групп:

• Личные
• Политические
• Экономические
• Социальные
• Культурные
• Экологические

При этом личные права связаны со статусом гражданина как человека (например, право на жизнь) и потому присущи всем людям. Политические же права вытекают из состояния гражданства. Поэтому при наличии иного гражданства, гражданин России лишается некоторых политических прав (ограничения по государственной и муниципальной службе, ущемление пассивного избирательного права, ограничения при занятии некоторых должностей и т. д.).

Правам корреспондируют обязанности.

Гражданство Российской Федерации и брак

Отношения по данному вопросу урегулированы статьёй 8 закона:

• Заключение или расторжение брака между гражданином Российской Федерации и лицом, не имеющим гражданства Российской Федерации, не влечет за собой изменение гражданства указанных лиц
• Изменение гражданства одним из супругов не влечет за собой изменение гражданства другого супруга
• Расторжение брака не влечет за собой изменение гражданства родившихся в этом браке или усыновленных (удочеренных) супругами детей

После регистрации брака требуется получить разрешение на временное проживание (РВП). Оно действительно три года. Благодаря такому разрешению появляется право работать без получения дополнительных документов.

Гражданство детей

Отношения по данному вопросу урегулированы статьёй 9 закона:

• Гражданство ребёнка при приобретении или прекращении гражданства Российской Федерации одним из его родителей либо обоими его родителями сохраняется или изменяется в соответствии с законом.
• Для приобретения или прекращения гражданства Российской Федерации ребёнком в возрасте от четырнадцати до восемнадцати лет необходимо его согласие
• Гражданство Российской Федерации ребёнка не может быть прекращено, если в результате прекращения гражданства Российской Федерации он станет лицом без гражданства
• Гражданство ребёнка не изменяется при изменении гражданства его родителей, лишённых родительских прав. В случае изменения гражданства ребёнка не требуется согласие его родителей, лишённых родительских прав

В статье 10 закона сказано, что документом, удостоверяющим гражданство Российской Федерации, является паспорт гражданина Российской Федерации или иной основной документ, содержащий указание на гражданство лица ^[1] .

Passport

Паспорт гражданина Российской Федерации является основным документом, удостоверяющим личность гражданина Российской Федерации на территории Российской Федерации. Паспорт обязаны иметь все граждане Российской Федерации, достигшие 14-летнего возраста и проживающие на территории Российской Федерации.

В соответствии с ГК РФ , граждане приобретают права и исполняют обязанности под своим именем, фамилией и отчеством. Формально паспорт не нужен для того, чтобы гражданин обрёл гражданские права и смог исполнить обязанности. Однако отсутствие паспорта резко сокращает возможности гражданина реализовать свои права, даже если у него сохраняется заграничный паспорт , водительское удостоверение или военный билет , позволяющие его однозначно идентифицировать.

В 2010 году Федеральной миграционной службой России выявлено 65 тысяч человек, проживающих в России, имеющих российский паспорт, но не имеющих российского гражданства, так как на момент получения ими паспортов их данные не поступили в единую информационную базу. 35 тысяч паспортов на декабрь месяц было изъято. Их владельцам предстоит доказывать правомочность своего российского гражданства в суде ^[18] .

Граждане России составляют 1,50 % населения Латвии на середину 2010 года ^[19] , в Литве на 2010 год они составляют 0,35 % населения ^[20] . В Эстонии по переписи 2011 г. граждане России составляли 6,5 % населения ^[21] .

• Гражданство СССР
• Подданство Российской империи // Подданство

• Кутафин О. Е. Российское гражданство. — М.: Юристъ, 2004. — 589 c.
• Korzh N. Ya. Citizenship of the Russian Federation: historical and legal aspect . - St. Petersburg: NEVA Publishing House, 2004. - 160 p. - ISBN 5-7654-3316-2 .
• Avakyan S. A. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. - M .: Ros. Jurid. ed. house, 1994. - 128 p.
• Avakyan S.A. Russia: citizenship, foreigners, external migration. - St. Petersburg .: Jurid. Center Press, 2000. - 643 p.
• Barkhatova E. Yu. Citizenship and registration: Moscow, Russia, CIS / 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Prospect, 2009 .-- 480 p.
• Lepina M. [1] Russians who want to become a citizen of the world refuse to deprive of citizenship.
• Mostovoy A. Return citizenship! (practical guide for 27 million compatriots). - M.: “Russian panorama”, 2003. - 320 p.

• Text of the Decree of the Provisional Government of Russia of September 1 (14), 1917 on the Proclamation of Russia by the Republic
• The text of the Decree of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of May 16, 1996 No. 12-P in the case on the verification of the constitutionality of paragraph “d” of Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” in connection with the complaint of A. B. Smirnov // SZ RF 1996 No. 21. Art. 2579
• The text of the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” of 2002 // Official website of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
• Appeal ruling of February 17, 2012, Kemerovo Regional Court in the case number 33-1929 // Bank of judicial decisions.
• The Board of Appeal of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 02.03.2012 in case No. APL12-157 on the complaint of Heidrich Reinhard-Tristan-Oygen Rikhardovich (inaccessible link) // Official site of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
• The Federal Law “On the state policy of the Russian Federation in relation to compatriots abroad” 1999 (as amended on July 23, 2013 No. 203-ФЗ // SZ RF 1999. No. 22. St. 2670; 2002 No. 22. St. 2031