Filaret (Patriarch of Moscow)

Fyodor Romanov was born around 1553 ^[3] or 1554 ^[4] years. Already in his youth, he established himself as a great scholar ^{[5] [2]} , a first-class rider ^[2] and the first Moscow dandy (“If the tailor, having made someone a dress and tried on, wanted to praise, then he told his customer: now you are perfect Fedor Nikitich, ”wrote Nikolai Kostomarov ^[6] ). The discharge books testify that in February 1585 the future patriarch participated in a reception at the palace of the Lithuanian ambassador Lev Sapieha ^{[7] [8] [4]} , and the next year he had the rank of boyar and acted as the Nizhny Novgorod governor ^{[8] [4]} . In 1593-1594, Fyodor Nikitich was already mentioned as the Pskov governor ^[8] . It is known that during this period he negotiated with the Austrian diplomat Nikolai Varkoch ^[8] . Towards the end of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, the future patriarch had the rank of chief courtyard governor and was considered one of the three leaders of the close tsar’s duma ^[4] .

The son of the influential Nikita Zakharyin-Yuryev ^[9] , the nephew of Tsarina Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan IV the Terrible , he was considered a possible rival of Boris Godunov in the struggle for power after the death of Fedor Ioannovich , which in 1600 was the reason for the exile. Fyodor Nikitich and his wife Ksenia Shestova were forcibly tonsured as monks under the names of Filaret and Martha, which should have deprived them of their right to the throne. Their only surviving son - Mikhail Fedorovich - was elected the Russian Tsar in 1613 .

The Time of Troubles became a period of ups and downs for Filaret: freed as a "relative" from the Anthony-Siysky Monastery by False Dmitry I in 1605 and having occupied an important church post ( Metropolitan of Rostov ), Filaret remained on it even under Vasily Shuisky , and since 1608 he was captured the Tushins in Rostov, but adopted by False Dmitry II again as a “relative,” was forced to play the role of the “named patriarch” in the Tushino camp of the new impostor; his jurisdiction extended to territories controlled by the "Tushins", while he presented himself to the enemies of the impostor as his "captive" and did not insist on his patriarchal dignity ^[10] .

In 1610, he was recaptured (“repelled”) from the “Tushins”, and was soon appointed to the embassy to Sigismund III . He did not object to the election of the king of the Polish prince Vladislav Sigismundovich , but demanded that he accept Orthodoxy . Participating in negotiations with the father of Vladislav, the Polish king Sigismund III near Smolensk and refusing to sign the final version of the agreement prepared by the Polish side, he was arrested by the Poles (1611) ^[11] .

June 1, 1619 he was released (in the exchange of prisoners) in accordance with the conditions of the Deulinsky truce of 1618 and was solemnly met by his son.

Arrived in Moscow on June 14, 1619 ; On June 24, he was enthroned by the order of delivery of the first Moscow patriarch by the Jerusalem Patriarch Theophan III , who was in Moscow.

A week after this event, Filaret took an active part in the work of the Council, convened to review the case of the archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery of Dionysius and his reference colleagues: Arseny Glukhoy , Anthony Krylov and Ivan Nasedka . The fact is that on November 8 ( 18 ), 1616 , Mikhail Fedorovich instructed the learned elders to correct the Trebnik . The results of their work received a negative assessment of the church authorities, and on July 18 ( 28 ), 1618 , the monks were accused of heresy . One of the reasons for this was a change in the text of the prayer, read in the eve of the Epiphany , where from the petition: “Even now, Lord, sanctify the water with your Holy Spirit and fire” - it was deleted “and by fire” (not finding these words in the earliest sources text, directors quite justifiably regarded them as a later insertion and crossed out). The work of the Cathedral in 1619 ended with the complete justification of the Trinity Rector and his colleagues. In addition, Patriarch Filaret recognized the elimination of the words “and by fire” from the prayer mentioned above as logical: on December 9 ( 19 ), 1625 , he instructed the abbot of the Anthony-Siya Monastery Iona to make this correction in all the liturgical books accessible to him and to make sure that January, the clergy “sanctified the water in the reign of the Saints of the Epiphany according to this decree without the pretext of“ fire “” ^[12] . Many other corrections proposed by directors were approved ^[13] .

Being the parent of the sovereign, until the end of his life he was officially his co-ruler. He used the title “Great Sovereign” and a completely unusual combination of the monastic name “Filaret” with the patronymic “Nikitich”; actually led Moscow politics.

Filaret paid great attention to printing books and correcting errors in the texts of ancient manuscripts. In 1620, he resumed the work of the Moscow printing house on Nikolskaya Street , founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1553. Established the “right” - a special room for reference books (editors of ancient manuscripts). Filaret especially monitored the “purity” of ancient texts, for which the most educated directors were involved, who were obliged to check the texts with ancient Slavic manuscripts, and sometimes resorted to Greek sources. Corrected books were distributed to monasteries, churches, and retail stores at cost, with no extra charge. Books were sent to Siberia for free. In total, the Moscow printing house under Filaret has published many editions of monthly Mineas and a number of liturgical books.

Filaret strove to arrange the management of the patriarchal court on the model of the sovereign's court. A new class of patriarchal nobles and boyar children was created, receiving local salaries for their service.

On May 20, 1625, Filaret, on the rights of the sovereign, issued a royal decree, according to which the patriarch received the right to judge and know the spiritual and peasant population of the patriarchal region in all matters except tatya (theft) and robbery. Thus, under Filaret, the patriarchal region finally developed as a state in the state. Her management was streamlined, but also much more complicated; it was concentrated in patriarchal orders.

1. Judicial, or discharge - was in charge of court cases;
2. Church - was in charge of the affairs of church deanery;
3. Kazenny - was in charge of gatherings from the clergy;
4. Palace - kept the patriarchal estates;

In each order sat a patriarchal boyar with clerks and clerks. The patriarch personally accepted and signed the reports. Filaret also carried out a complete inventory of church and monastery property and revised the letters of credit issued to monasteries with lands transferred for their use.

In 1620, a new Tobolsk diocese was opened.

In 1625, a part of the Lord’s robe , which was placed in the ark in the Assumption Cathedral, was donated to the patriarch by the Persian Shah Abbas I. This Orthodox shrine is still kept in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior .

1. Tatyana (d. November 4, 1612) - the wife of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Katyrev-Rostovsky ;
2. Boris (d. November 20, 1592 in infancy);
3. Nikita (d. November 29, 1593 in infancy);
4. Michael (1596-1645), the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty;
5. Leo (d. September 22, 1597 in infancy);
6. Ivan (d. June 7, 1599 in infancy).

see also

• Filaret (Patriarch of Moscow) at the Rodovod . Tree of ancestors and descendants

Cinema

• 1913 - “ The accession of the Romanov dynasty ” (performer -?)
• 2013 - The Romanovs (starring Vladimir Frolov)
• 2018 - Godunov (performer - Alexander Ustyugov )

• Acts of the Siysky monastery . - Arkhangelsk: Archangel diocesan church and archaeological committee, 1913. - V. 1: Diplomas of Patriarch Filaret (1613-1633). - 116 p.
• Rosary 1585 // Ancient Russian vivlofika . - Ed. 2nd. - M .: In the printing house of the Printing House, 1790. - T. 14. - S. 462–485. - 496 p.
• Rosary 1586 // Ancient Russian vivlofika . - Ed. 2nd. - M .: In the printing house of the printing company, 1790. - T. 14. - S. 465–496. - 496 p.
• The rank of naming and placing on the patriarchal Russian throne, His Grace Filaret Nikitich, Rostov Metropolitan // Ancient Russian vivlofika . - Ed. 2nd. - M .: In the printing house of the Printing Company, 1788. - V. 6. - P. 125–162. - 506 s.

• Bogolyubsky M.S. , prot. Moscow hierarchy. Patriarchs. - M., 1895. - S. 16-18.
• Kizevetter A.A. Filaret, Russian Patriarch // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1902. - T. XXXVa.
• Kostomarov N.I. Filaret Nikitich Romanov // Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. - Ed. 6th - SPb. : Type of. M. M. Stasyulevich, 1912. - T. 1. - S. 588-594. - 594 p.
• N.S. Filaret Nikitich Romanov // Government Gazette . - March 28, 1913. - No. 70. - S. 2-3.
• Smirnov A. His Holiness Patriarch Filaret Nikitich of Moscow and All Russia. - M., 1874. Part I — 2. (in the Readings of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education, 1873–74).
• Platonov S.F. Filaret (Romanov-Yuriev) // Russian Biographical Dictionary : in 25 volumes. - SPb. , 1901. - T. 21: Faber - Tsavlovsky.
• Solodkin Ya. G. The emergence of the New Chronicler and Patriarch Filaret // Ancient Russia. Questions of Medieval Studies . - 2006. - No. 2 (24). - S. 55-60.
• Solodkin Ya. G. Filaret (in the world Fedor Nikitich Romanov-Yuryev) // Dictionary of scribes and books of Ancient Russia . - SPb. : Science , 2004 .-- T. 3/4. - S. 161–168. - 889 p. - 1,500 copies.
• Filaret // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
• Filaret / Ustinova I.A. // Uland - Khvattsev [Electronic resource]. - 2017. - P. 334. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 33). - ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 .
• Chetyrkin F.V. Filaret Nikitich, great sovereign and patriarch // Biographies of the Most Holy Patriarchs of Moscow and All Russia (1589-1700). - SPb. : Publ. Russian-Slavic book warehouse, 1893. - S. 29–41. - 97 p.

• Filaret (Romanov-Yuriev) on the website Russian Orthodoxy
• Biography of Filaret Nikitich Romanov on Runivers website
• The beginning of the reign of Mikhail Feodorovich. Primate of Patriarch Filaret (1613-1633) Orthodox Encyclopedia
• Bogdanov A.P. Patriarch Filaret Nikitich
• Two documents on the investigation of the case of priest Vasily, accused of insulting Patriarch Filaret
• Pervushin M.V. Ancestor of the Romanov clan : some questions of the biography of the fourth Patriarch (on the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty)